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Iyaloo DP, Zohdy S, Carney RM, Mosawa VR, Elahee KB, Munglee N, Latchooman N, Puryag S, Bheecarry A, Bhoobun H, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Bedja SA, Spear J, Baldet T, Carter TE. A regional One Health approach to the risk of invasion by Anopheles stephensi in Mauritius. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011827. [PMID: 39259766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is an invasive malaria vector in Africa that threatens to put an additional 126 million people at risk of malaria if it continues to spread. The island nation of Mauritius is highly connected to Asia and Africa and is at risk of introduction due to this connectivity. For early detection of An. stephensi, the Vector Biology and Control Division under the Ministry of Health in Mauritius, leveraged a well-established Aedes program, as An. stephensi is known to share Aedes habitats. These efforts triggered multisectoral coordination and cascading benefits of integrated vector and One Health approaches. METHODS Beginning June 2021, entomological surveys were conducted at points of entry (seaport, airport) and on ships transporting livestock in collaboration with the Civil Aviation Department, the Mauritian Port Authority and National Veterinary Services. A total of 18, 39, 723 mosquito larval surveys were respectively conducted in the airport, seaport, and other localities in Mauritius while two, 20, and 26 adult mosquito surveys were respectively conducted in the airport, seaport, and twenty-six animal assembly points. Alongside adult mosquito surveys, surveillance of vectors of veterinary importance (e.g.- Culicoides spp.) was also carried out in collaboration with National Parks and Conservation Service and land owners. RESULTS A total of 8,428 adult mosquitoes were collected and 1,844 larval habitats were positive for mosquitoes. All collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified and 151 Anopheles and 339 Aedes mosquitoes were also molecularly characterized. Mosquito species detected were Aedes albopictus, Anopheles arabiensis, An. coustani, An. merus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. thalassius and Lutzia tigripes. Anopheles stephensi was not detected. The One Health approach was shared with the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), strengthening collaboration between Mauritius and Réunion Island on vector surveillance at entry points and insecticide resistance monitoring. The Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) was also alerted to the risk of An. stephensi, leading to regional efforts supporting trainings and development of a response strategy to An. stephensi bringing together stakeholders from Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion Island and Seychelles. CONCLUSIONS Mauritius is a model system showing how existing public health entomology capabilities can be used to enhance vector surveillance and control and create multisectoral networks to respond to any emerging public and veterinary health vector-borne disease threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Iyaloo
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- US President's Malaria Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ryan M Carney
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varina Ramdonee Mosawa
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Khouaildi B Elahee
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Nabiihah Munglee
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Nilesh Latchooman
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Surendra Puryag
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Ambicadutt Bheecarry
- Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Curepipe, Mauritius
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Hemant Bhoobun
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
- Livestock and Veterinary Division, Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Harena Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
- Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Saïd Ahmed Bedja
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
- Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
| | - Joseph Spear
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thierry Baldet
- Surveillance Epidemiologique et Gestion des Alertes (SEGA) One Health network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius
- UMR ASTRE, Cirad, INRAe, Univ. Montpellier, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Tamar E Carter
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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Salim M, Kamran M, Khan I, Saljoqi AUR, Ahmad S, Almutairi MH, Sayed AA, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM, Shah M. Effect of larval diets on the life table parameters of dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) using age-stage two sex life table theory. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11969. [PMID: 37488190 PMCID: PMC10366198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study regarding the effects of larval diets on the life table parameters of dengue mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti was conducted under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% relative humidity at NIFA (Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture) Peshawar, Pakistan. The data on life table parameters of Ae. aegypti reared on Diet 1 (replacement diet), Diet 2 (Khan's diet for Anopheles), Diet 3 (Khan's modified diet) and Diet 4 (IAEA diet) were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table software. Diet 4 (IAEA) was used as a control for comparison. The results indicated that significantly maximum percentage of egg hatching of Ae. aegypti was observed when reared on Diet 4 (73.86%) and Diet 3 (72.90%), while less % of egg hatching was recorded in Diet 1 (40.67%) and Diet 2 (55.53%). The data further showed that the Diet 3 had a highest intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.097 ± 5.68 day-1), finite rate of increase (λ) (1.10 ± 6.26 day-1) and net reproductive rate (R0) (11.99 ± 1.52 eggs/female) followed by Diet 2 and Diet 4. The mean generation time (T) of Ae. aegypti reared on Diet 3 (23.67 ± 0.86 days) and Diet 1 (24.05 ± 0.61 days) was significantly shorter than Diet 2 (26.15 ± 0.71 days) and Diet 4 (26.41 ± 0.38 days). The overall results revealed that Diet 3 showed good results at different life table parameters of Ae. aegypti and can be used as the preferred diet in the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) where the mass culture of mosquitoes is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salim
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Inamullah Khan
- Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), P. O. Box 446, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ur Rahman Saljoqi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sarir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mikhlid H Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany A Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, CEDEX, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté University, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Muddaser Shah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa, 616, Oman
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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Tuno N, Farjana T, Uchida Y, Iyori M, Yoshida S. Effects of Temperature and Nutrition during the Larval Period on Life History Traits in an Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi. INSECTS 2023; 14:543. [PMID: 37367359 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is an Asian and Middle Eastern malaria vector, and it has recently spread to the African continent. It is needed to measure how the malaria parasite infection in A. stephensi is influenced by environmental factors to predict its expansion in a new environment. Effects of temperature and food conditions during larval periods on larval mortality, larval period, female wing size, egg production, egg size, adult longevity, and malaria infection rate were studied using a laboratory strain. Larval survival and female wing size were generally reduced when reared at higher temperatures and with a low food supply during the larval period. Egg production was not significantly affected by temperature during the larval period. Egg size was generally smaller in females reared at higher temperatures during the larval period. The infection rate of mosquitoes that fed on blood from malaria-infected mice was not affected by rearing temperature or food conditions during the larval period. Higher temperatures may reduce infection. A. stephensi; however, larger individuals can still be infective. We suggest that routinely recording the body size of adults in field surveys is effective in finding productive larval breeding sites and in predicting malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Tuno
- Laboratory of Ecology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Thahsin Farjana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yui Uchida
- Laboratory of Ecology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iyori
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Allan R, Weetman D, Sauskojus H, Budge S, Hawail TB, Baheshm Y. Confirmation of the presence of Anopheles stephensi among internally displaced people's camps and host communities in Aden city, Yemen. Malar J 2023; 22:1. [PMID: 36593465 PMCID: PMC9806911 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines in global malaria cases and deaths since the millennium are currently challenged by multiple factors including funding limitations, limits of, and resistance to vector control tools, and also recent spread of the invasive vector species, Anopheles stephensi-especially into novel urban settings where malaria rates are typically low. Coupled with general increases in urbanization and escalations in the number of conflicts creating rapid and unplanned population displacement into temporary shelter camps within host urban areas, particularly in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, increased urban malaria is a major threat to control and elimination. METHODS Entomological monitoring surveys (targeting Aedes aegypti) of water containers across urban areas hosting internally displaced people (IDP) communities in Aden city, Yemen, were performed by The MENTOR Initiative, a non-governmental organisation. As part of these surveys in 2021 23 larvae collected and raised to adults were morphologically identified as An. stephensi. Twelve of the samples were sent to Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine for independent morphological assessment and genetic analysis by sequencing the ribosomal ITS2 region and the mitochondrial COI gene. RESULTS All twelve samples were confirmed morphologically and by sequence comparison of the single ITS2 and COI haplotype detected to the NCBI BLAST database as An. stephensi. Phylogenetic analysis with comparable COI sequences indicated close relationship to haplotypes found in Djibouti and Ethiopia. CONCLUSION The study results confirm the presence of An. stephensi in Yemen. Confirmation of the species in multiple urban communities hosting thousands of IDPs living in temporary shelters with widescale dependency on open water containers is of particular concern due to the vulnerability of the population and abundance of favourable breeding sites for the vector. Proactive monitoring and targeted integrated vector management are required to limit impacts in this area of typically low malaria transmission, and to prevent further the spread of An. stephensi within the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Allan
- The MENTOR Initiative, Burns House, Harlands Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 1PG UK
| | - David Weetman
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Hendrik Sauskojus
- The MENTOR Initiative, Burns House, Harlands Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 1PG UK
| | - Sophie Budge
- The MENTOR Initiative, Burns House, Harlands Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 1PG UK
| | - Tarek Bin Hawail
- The MENTOR Initiative, Burns House, Harlands Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 1PG UK
| | - Yasser Baheshm
- Ministry of Health in Yemen, National Malaria Control Programme, Aden, Yemen
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Allan R, Budge S, Sauskojus H. What sounds like Aedes, acts like Aedes, but is not Aedes? Lessons from dengue virus control for the management of invasive Anopheles. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e165-e169. [PMID: 36427517 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for transmission of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses. Aedes mosquitoes are the pathfinders of invasive urban-living mosquitoes, and have spread into 129 countries over the past five decades. In the past 10 years Anopheles stephensi has been identified within densely populated cities in Yemen and across the Horn of Africa and as far west as Nigeria. A stephensi's aggressive spread is closely linked to increases in population movement due to migration, conflict, and climate change; rapid unplanned urbanisation; and resulting poor water quality, sanitation, waste container removal, and hygiene systems. As a highly invasive vector that is adept at transmitting malarial pathogens (eg, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum), A stephensi's spread holds huge implications for increasing malaria morbidity and mortality. Both vectors (ie, Aedes species and A stephensi) thrive in the same urban environments, and urgent action is needed to seize the opportunity to integrate disease control resources and generate innovative vector-control tools for urban populations, to protect the many millions at risk.
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