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Matias C, Yamada C, Movila A, Brault JJ. Optimizing Confocal Imaging Protocols for Muscle Fiber Typing in the Mouse Masseter Muscle. Bio Protoc 2025; 15:e5267. [PMID: 40224663 PMCID: PMC11986697 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
The masseter muscle, a key orofacial muscle, demonstrates unique anatomical and functional properties, including sexual dimorphism in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression and complex fiber architecture. Despite its importance in mastication and relevance to various disorders, phenotypic characterization of the masseter remains limited. Conventional fluorescence microscopy has been a cornerstone in muscle fiber typing, reliably identifying MyHC isoforms and measuring fiber cross-sectional areas. Building on this foundation, confocal microscopy offers complementary advantages, such as enhanced resolution, increased flexibility for multiplexing, and the ability to visualize complex structures in three dimensions. This study presents a detailed protocol for using confocal microscopy to achieve high-resolution imaging and molecular characterization of masseter muscle cryosections. By leveraging advanced technologies such as white light lasers and extended z-length imaging, this method ensures precise spectral separation, simultaneous multichannel fluorescence detection, and the ability to capture muscle architecture in three dimensions. The protocol includes tissue preparation, immunostaining for MyHC isoforms, and postprocessing for fiber segmentation and quantification. The imaging setup was optimized for minimizing signal bleed through, improving the signal-to-noise ratio, and enabling detailed visualization of muscle fibers and molecular markers. Image postprocessing allows for quantification of the cross-sectional area of individual fibers, nuclei location measurements, and identification of MyHC isoforms within each fiber. This confocal microscopy-based protocol provides similar resolution and contrast compared to conventional techniques, enabling robust multiplexed imaging and 3D reconstruction of muscle structures. These advantages make it a valuable tool for studying complex muscle architecture, offering broad applications in muscle physiology and pathology research. Key features • Enables high-resolution imaging of muscle fiber architecture, capturing detailed spatial relationships using extended z-length and advanced spectral separation techniques. • Supports simultaneous detection of multiple molecular markers for robust muscle fiber typing and molecular localization. • Allows for the generation of three-dimensional models to analyze muscle structures such as neuromuscular junctions, extracellular matrix, and mitochondrial organization. • Adaptable to various skeletal muscles and species, providing valuable insights into muscle physiology, regeneration, and disease processes. Graphical overview Analyzing muscle fiber composition and morphology in mice's masseter muscle using confocal microscopy. Workflow for characterizing rodent masseter muscle fibers using advanced confocal microscopy. Confocal microscopy, equipped with white light laser technology and optimized z-stack imaging, allows precise spectral unmixing to reduce bleed through and enhance signal detection. The z-length is extended beyond the physical thickness of the sample to account for potential variations in tissue flatness and ensure complete imaging of all focal planes. The resulting high-resolution images provide detailed insights into fiber architecture, molecular composition, and cross-sectional areas, ensuring robust and reproducible data for analyzing the complex phenotypic characteristics of the masseter and other muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Matias
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chiaki Yamada
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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McParland ED, Mitchell JK, Laurence-Chasen JD, Aspinwall LC, Afolabi O, Takahashi K, Ross CF, Gidmark NJ. The Kinematics of Proal Chewing in Rats. Integr Org Biol 2024; 6:obae023. [PMID: 39086740 PMCID: PMC11290364 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chewing kinematics are well-documented in several mammal species with fused mandibular symphyses, but relatively understudied in mammals with an unfused symphysis, despite the fact that more than half of extant Mammalia have an unfused mandibular symphysis. The Wistar brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is widely used in human health research, including studies of mastication or neurological studies where mastication is the output behavior. These animals are known to have unfused mandibular symphyses and proal jaw (rostrocaudal) motion during occlusion, but the lack of high resolution, 3-dimensional analysis of rat chewing leaves the functional significance of symphyseal mobility unknown. We used biplanar fluoroscopy and the X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology workflow to quantify chewing kinematics in 3 brown rats, quantifying overall jaw kinematics, including motions about the temporomandibular joint and unfused mandibular symphysis. During occlusion, the teeth and the mandibular condyle translate almost exclusively anteriorly (proal) during occlusion, with little motion in any other degrees of freedom. At the symphysis, we observed minimal flexion throughout the chew cycle. Overall, there are fundamental differences in jaw kinematics between rats and other mammals and therefore rats are not an appropriate proxy for ancestral mammal jaw mechanics. Additionally, differences between humans and rat chewing kinematics must be considered when using rats as a clinical model for pathological feeding research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D McParland
- Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL 61401, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - J K Mitchell
- Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL 61401, USA
| | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - L C Aspinwall
- Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL 61401, USA
| | - O Afolabi
- Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL 61401, USA
- College of Medicine, American University of Antigua, Osbourn, Antigua & Barbuda
| | - K Takahashi
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - C F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - N J Gidmark
- Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL 61401, USA
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Grande F, Lepidi L, Tesini F, Acquadro A, Valenti C, Pagano S, Catapano S. Investigation of the precision of a novel jaw tracking system in recording mandibular movements: A preliminary clinical study. J Dent 2024; 146:105047. [PMID: 38719134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This preliminary study aimed to clinically assess the precision of a novel optical jaw tracking system (JTS) in registering mandibular movements (MMs) of protrusion and mediotrusion. METHODS Twenty healthy participants underwent recordings using Cyclops JTS (Itaka Way Med) for functional MMs of protrusion and laterotrusion by two trained clinicians. Each subject performed five registrations at different times according to a standardized pattern within one-month period. The angulations of protrusive and mediotrusive functional paths within the first 2 mm from the maximal intercuspal position (MIP) were calculated for each trace, using a data software for angle measurements. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the repeatability of the recordings for each participant and MM. Additionally, inferential statistics were carried out on standard deviation values obtained (α=0.05). RESULTS The overall precision for all the patients was 7.07±3.37° for the protrusion angle, 5.24±2.24° for right laterotrusion and 5.14±3.06° for left laterotrusion angles. The protrusion angle ranged from 3.08° to 13.57°, while the right and left laterotrusion ranged from 1.82° to 9.42° and from 1.58° to 10.59°, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between different functional MM types and gender (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recordings functional MMs of mediotrusion and protrusion using Cyclops JTS showed consistent repeatability, regardless of gender and functional MM type. The results revealed non-negligible variations that may be due to the patients' abilities to precisely reproduce jaw movements or to the operator's ability to consistently connect the kinesiograph. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Capturing functional MMs digitally and importing the data into dental CAD software is essential for virtual waxing in prosthetic rehabilitations to design a functionalized adapted occlusion. Establishing the repeatability of MM recordings by a JTS is a crucial step in better understanding this novel JTS in the market. This process could facilitate the interpretation of cusp angles, aid in CAD dynamic technical modeling, and enhance clinical data communication between clinicians and technicians in a modern workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grande
- PhD student at Politecnico of Turin, Turin Italy; University of Ferrara, Ferrara Italy.
| | - Luca Lepidi
- Adjunct Professor Gnathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Pagano
- Chief-Professor Dental Materials, Oral Prosthodontic, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Santo Catapano
- Chief-Professor Dental Materials, Oral Prosthodontic, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Balanta-Melo J, Eyquem-Reyes A, Blanco N, Vásquez W, Kupczik K, Toro-Ibacache V, Buvinic S. Unilateral Hypofunction of the Masseter Leads to Molecular and 3D Morphometric Signs of Atrophy in Ipsilateral Agonist Masticatory Muscles in Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14740. [PMID: 37834190 PMCID: PMC10572689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice are commonly used to study mandibular dynamics due to their similarity in chewing cycle patterns with humans. Adult mice treated unilaterally with botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) in the masseter exhibit atrophy of this muscle characterized by an increase in the gene expression of atrophy-related molecular markers, and a reduction in both muscle fiber diameter and muscle mass at 14d. However, the impact of this muscle imbalance on the non-treated masticatory muscles remains unexplored. Here, we hypothesize that the unilateral masseter hypofunction leads to molecular and 3D morphometric signs of atrophy of the masseter and its agonist masticatory muscles in adult mice. Twenty-three 8-week-old male BALB/c mice received a single injection of BoNTA in the right masseter, whereas the left masseter received the same volume of saline solution (control side). Animals were euthanized at 2d, 7d, and 14d, and the masticatory muscles were analyzed for mRNA expression. Five heads were harvested at 14d, fixed, stained with a contrast-enhanced agent, and scanned using X-ray microtomography. The three-dimensional morphometric parameters (the volume and thickness) from muscles in situ were obtained. Atrogin-1/MAFbx, MuRF-1, and Myogenin mRNA gene expression were significantly increased at 2 and 7d for both the masseter and temporalis from the BoNTA side. For medial pterygoid, increased mRNA gene expression was found at 7d for Atrogin-1/MAFbx and at 2d-7d for Myogenin. Both the volume and thickness of the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles from the BoNTA side were significantly reduced at 14d. In contrast, the lateral pterygoid from the BoNTA side showed a significant increase in volume at 14d. Therefore, the unilateral hypofunction of the masseter leads to molecular and morphological signs of atrophy in both the BoNTA-injected muscle and its agonistic non-injected masticatory muscles. The generalized effect on the mouse masticatory apparatus when one of its components is intervened suggests the need for more clinical studies to determine the safety of BoNTA usage in clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Balanta-Melo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760043, Colombia;
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrea Eyquem-Reyes
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (A.E.-R.); (N.B.); (W.V.); (V.T.-I.)
| | - Noelia Blanco
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (A.E.-R.); (N.B.); (W.V.); (V.T.-I.)
| | - Walter Vásquez
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (A.E.-R.); (N.B.); (W.V.); (V.T.-I.)
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (A.E.-R.); (N.B.); (W.V.); (V.T.-I.)
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (A.E.-R.); (N.B.); (W.V.); (V.T.-I.)
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC2016, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Minervini G, Franco R, Crimi S, Basili M, Chaturvedi S, Cicciù M, Bianchi A, Cervino G. Assessment of fully digitalized workflow for implant-prosthetic rehabilitation in temporomandibular disorders patients: A clinical study. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:684-691. [PMID: 37817790 PMCID: PMC10562120 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Digitalized workflow eliminates the need for the tray, impression materials, its decontamination, packaging and shipping, pouring with plaster, cast fabrication, mounting in an articulator, reducing storage spaces, and the risks of any loss or fracture of the plaster model is overcome by archiving on the computer. This clinical investigation aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the fully digitalized rehabilitation [implant-supported prosthesis] method in partially edentulous patients and with TMD, using advanced software. Twelve patients requiring implant-supported prosthesis in the mandibular molar area with Temporomandibular disorders [TMD] were selected. The fully digitalized rehabilitation method with advanced software was used for rehabilitation. For each subject, Optical impressions, CBCT scan, and Digital recording of jaw movement data. Guided implant surgery and digitalized prosthetic rehabilitation; were performed. The effectiveness of the digitalized workflow was assessed by evaluating the changes in the joint symptoms before and after the end of the treatment, changes in the electromyographic tracings, the precision of the prosthetic artefact, assessed through the amount of chair adjustment operating time and the number of retouching/ modifications to be carried out before the completion of the work. The results showed that the mean operative time required in 12 patients was 9.42 min, significantly less than the time recorded in previous studies when the medium mean was 16.00 min. The mean number of touch-ups [adjustments] was less than 3, most of which were on the interproximal surfaces. There were no significant changes recorded in the electromyography tracings. There were also no changes in joint symptoms. It was found that this way of working was entirely reliable and significantly reduced operating times and the number of appointments. Digital flow is beneficial ei dysfunctional patients, not about improvements in temporomandibular symptoms but in times of operability and prosthetic retouching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Minervini
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Franco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Salvatore Crimi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuele Basili
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Saurabh Chaturvedi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alberto Bianchi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cervino
- School of Dentistry Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Kitaoka Y, Seki S, Kawata S, Nishiura A, Kawamura K, Hiraoka SI, Kogo M, Tanaka S. Analysis of Feeding Behavior Characteristics in the Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) SOD1G93A Mice Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071651. [PMID: 37049492 PMCID: PMC10097127 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Feeding disorders are observed in patients with ALS. The mastication movements and their systemic effects in patients with ALS with feeding disorders remain unclear. Currently, there is no effective treatment for ALS. However, it has been suggested that treating feeding disorders and improving nutritional status may prolong the lives of patients with ALS. Therefore, this study elucidates feeding disorders observed in patients with ALS and future therapeutic agents. We conducted a temporal observation of feeding behavior and mastication movements using an open-closed mouth evaluation artificial intelligence (AI) model in an ALS mouse model. Furthermore, to determine the cause of masticatory rhythm modulation, we conducted electrophysiological analyses of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons (MesV). Here, we observed the modulation of masticatory rhythm with a prolonged open phase in the ALS mouse model from the age of 12 weeks. A decreased body weight was observed simultaneously, indicating a correlation between the prolongation of the open phase and the decrease observed. We found that the percentage of firing MesV was markedly decreased. This study partially clarifies the role of feeding disorders in ALS.
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Yasuda G, Moriuchi E, Hamanaka R, Fujishita A, Yoshimi T, Yamamoto K, Hayashida K, Koga Y, Yoshida N. Visualization of mandibular movement relative to the maxilla during mastication in mice: integration of kinematic analysis and reconstruction of a three-dimensional model of the maxillofacial structure. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34649558 PMCID: PMC8515672 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastication is one of the most fundamental functions for the conservation of human life. To clarify the pathogenetic mechanism of various oral dysfunctions, the demand for devices for evaluating stomatognathic function has been increasing. The aim of the present study was to develop a system to reconstruct and visualize 3-dimensional (3D) mandibular movements relative to the maxilla, including dynamic transition of occlusal contacts between the upper and lower dentitions during mastication in mice. METHODS First, mandibular movements with six degrees of freedom were measured using a motion capture system comprising two high-speed cameras and four reflective markers. Second, 3D models of maxillofacial structure were reconstructed from micro-computed tomography images. Movement trajectories of anatomical landmark points on the mandible were then reproduced by integrating the kinematic data of mandibular movements with the anatomical data of maxillofacial structures. Lastly, 3D surface images of the upper dentition with the surrounding maxillofacial structures were transferred to each of the motion capture images to reproduce mandibular movements relative to the maxilla. We also performed electromyography (EMG) of masticatory muscles associated with mandibular movements. RESULTS The developed system could reproduce the 3D movement trajectories of arbitrary points on the mandible, such as incisor, molars and condylar points with high accuracy and could visualize dynamic transitions of occlusal contacts between upper and lower teeth associated with mandibular movements. CONCLUSIONS The proposed system has potential to elucidate the mechanisms underlying motor coordination of masticatory muscles and to clarify their roles during mastication by taking advantage of the capability to record EMG data synchronously with mandibular movements. Such insights will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of oral motor disorders by allowing comparisons between normal mice and genetically modified mice with oral behavioral dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Yasuda
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Emi Moriuchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ryo Hamanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ayumi Fujishita
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshimi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kaori Hayashida
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Koga
- Department of Orthodontics, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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Three-dimensional radiographic and histological tracking of rat mandibular defect repair after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 131:105252. [PMID: 34500260 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To sequentially track mandibular defect repair by using radiographic and histological techniques, so as to compare repair patterns of sensory denervated versus innervated mandibles. DESIGN Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) axotomy and bilateral 3 mm full-thickness circular osteotomy of their mandibles. Micro-CT and histological staining were applied to track the repair process of the mandibular defects at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS The bone volume of both sides increased by 2 weeks post-operation, and then gradually decreased. The new bone volumes of the axotomy side were significantly less than that of the sham side at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-surgery, whereas no significant differences were detected at 8 weeks post-surgery. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in bone mineral density between the two sides during repair. Noteworthy, the repaired bone remained more vertically than horizontally aligned throughout the repair process. CONCLUSION IAN axotomy decreases the quantity of bone calluses during the early stage of mandibular defect repair, but with no effect on the degree of mineralization. The shape of the defect area appeared to be aligned with the direction of local mechanical force produced by masticatory muscles.
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Liu X, Yu SY, Flierman NA, Loyola S, Kamermans M, Hoogland TM, De Zeeuw CI. OptiFlex: Multi-Frame Animal Pose Estimation Combining Deep Learning With Optical Flow. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:621252. [PMID: 34122011 PMCID: PMC8194069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.621252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal pose estimation tools based on deep learning have greatly improved animal behaviour quantification. These tools perform pose estimation on individual video frames, but do not account for variability of animal body shape in their prediction and evaluation. Here, we introduce a novel multi-frame animal pose estimation framework, referred to as OptiFlex. This framework integrates a flexible base model (i.e., FlexibleBaseline), which accounts for variability in animal body shape, with an OpticalFlow model that incorporates temporal context from nearby video frames. Pose estimation can be optimised using multi-view information to leverage all four dimensions (3D space and time). We evaluate FlexibleBaseline using datasets of four different lab animal species (mouse, fruit fly, zebrafish, and monkey) and introduce an intuitive evaluation metric-adjusted percentage of correct key points (aPCK). Our analyses show that OptiFlex provides prediction accuracy that outperforms current deep learning based tools, highlighting its potential for studying a wide range of behaviours across different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoLe Liu
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Si-yang Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Flierman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastián Loyola
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Photonics, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tycho M. Hoogland
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Okamura M, Suzuki T, Oomura Y, Matsunaga S, Nomura T. Effect of Bacterial Infection on Bone Quality and Structure in Osteonecrosis of the Jaw by Bisphosphonate (BP) Administration. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.30.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okamura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Taiki Suzuki
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yusuke Oomura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
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