1
|
Standards for Quantitative Measurement of DNA Damage in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065427. [PMID: 36982502 PMCID: PMC10051712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the potential applications of DNA diagnostics continue to expand, there is a need for improved methods and standards for DNA analysis. This report describes several methods that could be considered for the production of reference materials for the quantitative measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells. With the focus on DNA strand breaks, potentially useful methods for assessing DNA damage in mammalian cells are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of each method, as well as additional concerns with respect to reference material development, are also discussed. In conclusion, we outline strategies for developing candidate DNA damage reference materials that could be adopted by research laboratories in a wide variety of applications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Y, Zhang T, Tang M. The DNA damage potential of quantum dots: Toxicity, mechanism and challenge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120676. [PMID: 36395913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles (1-10 nm) with excellent optical and electrical properties. As QDs show great promise for applications in fields such as biomedicine, their biosafety is widely emphasized. Therefore, studies on the potential 'nanotoxicity' of QDs in genetic material are warranted. This review summarizes and discusses recent reports derived from different cell lines or animal models concerning the effects of QDs on genetic material. QDs could induce many types of genetic material damage, which subsequently triggers a series of cellular adverse outcomes, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence. However, the individual biological and ecological significance of the genotoxicity of QDs is not yet clear. In terms of mechanisms of genotoxicity, QDs can damage DNA either through their own nanomorphology or through the released metal ions. It also includes the reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation and failure of DNA damage repair. Notably, apoptosis may lead to false positive results in genotoxicity tests. Finally, given the different uses of QDs and the interference of the physicochemical properties of QDs on the test method, genotoxicity testing of QDs should be different from traditional toxic compounds, which requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, He K, Hu Y, Tang M. A review of pulmonary toxicity of different types of quantum dots in environmental and biological systems. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Development of a Reference Method and Materials for Quantitative Measurement of UV-Induced DNA Damage in Mammalian Cells: Comparison of Comet Assay and Cell Viability. J Nucleic Acids 2022; 2022:9188636. [PMID: 36164440 PMCID: PMC9509282 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9188636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of DNA damage diagnostic tests is rapidly growing, in particular for ovarian, prostate, and skin cancers; environmental monitoring; chronic and degenerative diseases; and male infertility. Such tests suffer from significant variability among different laboratories due the lack of standardization, experimental validation, and differences in data interpretation. Reference methods and materials for quantitative measurement of UVA-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells are frequently needed. In this study, we examined the use of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay to assess the UVA-induced DNA damage in surface-attached Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with a photosensitizer as a candidate cellular oxidative damage reference material. We found that the comet images became diffused and the viability of the cells decreased substantially (>20%) as the UVA dose and benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentration exceeded 6.3 J/cm2 and 10−6 mol/L BaP. Maintaining the conditions of exposure within this range can improve DNA damage measurement fidelity, particularly if used as a quantitative reference method and to produce materials considered as an in vitro standard for the comet assay.
Collapse
|
5
|
Le N, Zhang M, Kim K. Quantum Dots and Their Interaction with Biological Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810763. [PMID: 36142693 PMCID: PMC9501347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanocrystals with bright and tunable fluorescence. Due to their unique property, quantum dots are sought after for their potential in several applications in biomedical sciences as well as industrial use. However, concerns regarding QDs’ toxicity toward the environment and other biological systems have been rising rapidly in the past decade. In this mini-review, we summarize the most up-to-date details regarding quantum dots’ impacts, as well as QDs’ interaction with mammalian organisms, fungal organisms, and plants at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level. We also provide details about QDs’ cellular uptake and trafficking, and QDs’ general interactions with biological structures. In this mini-review, we aim to provide a better understanding of our current standing in the research of quantum dots, point out some knowledge gaps in the field, and provide hints for potential future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Investigating the Molecular Processes behind the Cell-Specific Toxicity Response to Titanium Dioxide Nanobelts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179432. [PMID: 34502343 PMCID: PMC8431385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Some engineered nanomaterials incite toxicological effects, but the underlying molecular processes are understudied. The varied physicochemical properties cause different initial molecular interactions, complicating toxicological predictions. Gene expression data allow us to study the responses of genes and biological processes. Overrepresentation analysis identifies enriched biological processes using the experimental data but prompts broad results instead of detailed toxicological processes. We demonstrate a targeted filtering approach to compare public gene expression data for low and high exposure on three cell lines to titanium dioxide nanobelts. Our workflow finds cell and concentration-specific changes in affected pathways linked to four Gene Ontology terms (apoptosis, inflammation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress) to select pathways with a clear toxicity focus. We saw more differentially expressed genes at higher exposure, but our analysis identifies clear differences between the cell lines in affected processes. Colorectal adenocarcinoma cells showed resilience to both concentrations. Small airway epithelial cells displayed a cytotoxic response to the high concentration, but not as strongly as monocytic-like cells. The pathway-gene networks highlighted the gene overlap between altered toxicity-related pathways. The automated workflow is flexible and can focus on other biological processes by selecting other GO terms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jagielski J, Przysiecka Ł, Flak D, Diak M, Pietralik-Molińska Z, Kozak M, Jurga S, Nowaczyk G. Comprehensive and comparative studies on nanocytotoxicity of glyceryl monooleate- and phytantriol-based lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:168. [PMID: 34082768 PMCID: PMC8176590 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LLCNPs) emerge as a suitable system for drug and contrast agent delivery. In this regard due to their unique properties, they offer a solubility of a variety of active pharmaceutics with different polarities increasing their stability and the possibility of controlled delivery. Nevertheless, the most crucial aspect underlying the application of LLCNPs for drug or contrast agent delivery is the unequivocal assessment of their biocompatibility, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and related aspects. Although studies regarding the cytotoxicity of LLCNPs prepared from various lipids and surfactants were conducted, the actual mechanism and its impact on the cells (both cancer and normal) are not entirely comprehended. Therefore, in this study, LLCNPs colloidal formulations were prepared from two most popular structure-forming lipids, i.e., glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and phytantriol (PHT) with different lipid content of 2 and 20 w/w%, and the surfactant Pluronic F-127 using the top-down approach for further comparison of their properties. Prepared formulations were subjected to physicochemical characterization and followed with in-depth biological characterization, which included cyto- and genotoxicity towards cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human fibroblast cells (MSU 1.1), the evaluation of cytoskeleton integrity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon treatment with prepared LLCNPs and finally the identification of internalization pathways. Results Results denote the higher cytotoxicity of PHT-based nanoparticles on both cell lines on monolayers as well as cellular spheroids, what is in accordance with evaluation of ROS activity level and cytoskeleton integrity. Detected level of ROS in cells upon the treatment with LLCNPs indicates their insignificant contribution to the cellular redox balance for most concentrations, however distinct for GMO- and PHT-based LLCNPs. The disintegration of cytoskeleton after administration of LLCNPs implies the relation between LLCNPs and F-actin filaments. Additionally, the expression of four genes involved in DNA damage and important metabolic processes was analyzed, indicating concentration–dependent differences between PHT- and GMO-based LLCNPs. Conclusions Overall, GMO-based LLCNPs emerge as potentially more viable candidates for drug delivery systems as their impact on cells is not as deleterious as PHT-based as well as they were efficiently internalized by cell monolayers and 3D spheroids. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00913-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jagielski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łucja Przysiecka
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Flak
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Diak
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Pietralik-Molińska
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nowaczyk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saeboe AM, Nikiforov AY, Toufanian R, Kays JC, Chern M, Casas JP, Han K, Piryatinski A, Jones D, Dennis AM. Extending the Near-Infrared Emission Range of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots for Multiplexed In Vivo Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3271-3279. [PMID: 33755481 PMCID: PMC8243857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This report of the reddest emitting indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) to date demonstrates tunable, near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL) as well as PL multiplexing in the first optical tissue window while avoiding toxic constituents. This synthesis overcomes the InP "growth bottleneck" and extends the emission peak of InP QDs deeper into the first optical tissue window using an inverted QD heterostructure, specifically ZnSe/InP/ZnS core/shell/shell nanoparticles. The QDs exhibit InP shell thickness-dependent tunable emission with peaks ranging from 515-845 nm. The high absorptivity of InP yields effective photoexcitation of the QDs with UV, visible, and NIR wavelengths. These nanoparticles extend the range of tunable direct-bandgap emission from InP-based nanostructures, effectively overcoming a synthetic barrier that has prevented InP-based QDs from reaching their full potential as NIR imaging agents. Multiplexed lymph node imaging in a mouse model demonstrates the potential of the NIR-emitting InP particles for in vivo imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Saeboe
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Reyhaneh Toufanian
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joshua C. Kays
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Margaret Chern
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J. Paolo Casas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Keyi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division and Center for Non-linear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Dennis Jones
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Allison M. Dennis
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- corresponding author: Allison M. Dennis,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toufanian R, Chern M, Kong VH, Dennis AM. Engineering Brightness Matched Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:1964-1975. [PMID: 34219920 PMCID: PMC8243842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The size-dependent optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanocrystals quantum dots (QDs) are hugely beneficial for color tunability but induce an inherent relative PL brightness mismatch in QDs emitting different colors, as larger emitters absorb more incident photons than smaller particles. Here, we examine the effect of core composition, shell composition, and shell thickness on optical properties including high energy absorption, quantum yield (QY), and the relative brightness of InP/ZnS and InP/ZnSe core/shell and InP/ZnSe/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs at different excitation wavelengths. Our analysis reveals that the presence of an intermediate ZnSe shell changes the wavelength of enhanced absorption onset and leads to highly excitation wavelength dependent QYs. Switching from commercial CdSe/ZnS to InP/ZnS reduces the brightness-mismatch between green and red emitters from 33- to 5-fold. Incorporating a 4-monolayer thick optically absorbing ZnSe shell into the QD heterostructure and heating the QDs in a solution of zinc oleate and trioctylphosphine produces InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs that are ~10-fold brighter than their InP/ZnS counterparts. In contrast to CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs, which only photoluminesce at red wavelengths with thicker CdS shells due to their Quasi-Type II bandstructure, Type I InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs are uniquely suited to creating a rainbow of visible-emitting, brightness matched emitters. By tailoring the thickness of the intermediate ZnSe shell, heavy metal-free, brightness-matched green and red emitters are produced. This study highlights the ability to overcome the inherent brightness mismatch seen in QDs through concerted materials design of heterostructured core/shell InP-based QDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Toufanian
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Margaret Chern
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Victoria H Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
CdSe/ZnS Core-Shell-Type Quantum Dot Nanoparticles Disrupt the Cellular Homeostasis in Cellular Blood-Brain Barrier Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031068. [PMID: 33499077 PMCID: PMC7866238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two immortalized brain microvascular endothelial cell lines (hCMEC/D3 and RBE4, of human and rat origin, respectively) were applied as an in vitro model of cellular elements of the blood–brain barrier in a nanotoxicological study. We evaluated the impact of CdSe/ZnS core-shell-type quantum dot nanoparticles on cellular homeostasis, using gold nanoparticles as a largely bioorthogonal control. While the investigated nanoparticles had surprisingly negligible acute cytotoxicity in the evaluated models, a multi-faceted study of barrier-related phenotypes and cell condition revealed a complex pattern of homeostasis disruption. Interestingly, some features of the paracellular barrier phenotype (transendothelial electrical resistance, tight junction protein gene expression) were improved by exposure to nanoparticles in a potential hormetic mechanism. However, mitochondrial potential and antioxidant defences largely collapsed under these conditions, paralleled by a strong pro-apoptotic shift in a significant proportion of cells (evidenced by apoptotic protein gene expression, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and membrane phosphatidylserine exposure). Taken together, our results suggest a reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular mechanism of blood–brain barrier damage by quantum dots, which may be toxicologically significant in the face of increasing human exposure to this type of nanoparticles, both intended (in medical applications) and more often unintended (from consumer goods-derived environmental pollution).
Collapse
|
11
|
Ruan F, Liu R, Wang K, Zeng J, Zuo Z, He C, Zhang Y. Cytotoxicity of black phosphorus quantum dots on lung-derived cells and the underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:122875. [PMID: 33254732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus quantum dots (BP-QDs) are a new type of zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterial that has been widely used due of their superior properties in many biomedical fields, but limited studies have focused on the biocompatibility of BP-QDs, particularly in the respiratory system. In this study, we investigated the potential lung cell toxicity of BP-QDs in vitro. Two human lung-derived cells, A549 and Beas-2B, were treated with 5∼20 μg/mL BP-QDs for 24 h. The results showed that BP-QDs triggered significant lung cell toxicity, including a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, cell shape changes, cellular oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest. In addition, pretreatment with the classical phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin D (Cyto D) alleviated the decrease in cell viability and LDH leakage induced by BP-QDs. In contrast, BP-QDs induced the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases in the glutathione level, whereas the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) could protect A549 and Beas-2B cells from BP-QD-induced cellular oxidative stress. Taken together, the results from this study indicate that the potential toxic effects and mechanisms of BP-QDs in two different human lung cells should be considered to evaluate the lung cell safety of BP-QDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengkai Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Yongxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu N, Tang M. Toxicity of different types of quantum dots to mammalian cells in vitro: An update review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122606. [PMID: 32516645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are a great quantity type of quantum dots (QDs) that has been developed by researchers. Depending on the core material, they can be roughly divided into cadmium, silver, indium, carbon and silicon QDs. And studies on the toxicity of QDs are also increasing rapidly, but in vivo tests in model animals fail to reach a consistent conclusion. Therefore, we review the literatures dealing with the cytotoxicity of QDs in mammalian cells in vitro. After a short summary of the application characteristics of five types of QDs, the fate of QDs in cells will be discussed, ranging from the uptake, transportation, sublocation and excretion. A substantial part of the review will be focused on in vitro toxicity, in which the type of QDs is combined with their adverse effect and toxic mechanism. Because of their different luminescent properties, different subcellular fate, and different degree of cytotoxicity, we provide an overview on the balance of optical stability and biocompatibility of QDs and give a short outlook on future direction of cytotoxicology of QDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kays JC, Saeboe AM, Toufanian R, Kurant DE, Dennis AM. Shell-Free Copper Indium Sulfide Quantum Dots Induce Toxicity in Vitro and in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1980-1991. [PMID: 31999467 PMCID: PMC7210713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive fluorescent contrast agents for in vivo imaging due to their superior photophysical properties, but traditional QDs comprise toxic materials such as cadmium or lead. Copper indium sulfide (CuInS2, CIS) QDs have been posited as a nontoxic and potentially clinically translatable alternative; however, previous in vivo studies utilized particles with a passivating zinc sulfide (ZnS) shell, limiting direct evidence of the biocompatibility of the underlying CIS. For the first time, we assess the biodistribution and toxicity of unshelled CIS and partially zinc-alloyed CISZ QDs in a murine model. We show that bare CIS QDs breakdown quickly, inducing significant toxicity as seen in organ weight, blood chemistry, and histology. CISZ demonstrates significant, but lower, toxicity compared to bare CIS, while our measurements of core/shell CIS/ZnS are consistent with literature reports of general biocompatibility. In vitro cytotoxicity is dose-dependent on the amount of metal released due to particle degradation, linking degradation to toxicity. These results challenge the assumption that removing heavy metals necessarily reduces toxicity: indeed, we find comparable in vitro cytotoxicity between CIS and CdSe QDs, while CIS caused severe toxicity in vivo compared to CdSe. In addition to highlighting the complexity of nanotoxicity and the differences between the in vitro and in vivo outcomes, these unexpected results serve as a reminder of the importance of assessing the biocompatibility of core QDs absent the protective ZnS shell when making specific claims of compositional biocompatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Kays
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Alexander M. Saeboe
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Reyhaneh Toufanian
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | | | - Allison M. Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Horstmann C, Kim DS, Campbell C, Kim K. Transcriptome Profile Alteration with Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide Quantum Dots in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110653. [PMID: 31731522 PMCID: PMC6920935 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) are becoming more prevalent in products used in our daily lives, such as TVs and laptops, due to their unique and tunable optical properties. The possibility of using QDs as fluorescent probes in applications, such as medical imaging, has been a topic of interest for some time, but their potential toxicity and long-term effects on the environment are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of yellow CdSe/ZnS-QDs on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We utilized growth assays, RNA-seq, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays, and cell wall stability experiments to investigate the potential toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS-QDs. We found CdSe/ZnS-QDs had no negative effects on cell viability; however, cell wall-compromised cells showed more sensitivity in the presence of 10 µg/mL CdSe/ZnS-QDs compared to non-treated cells. In CdSe/ZnS-treated and non-treated cells, no significant change in superoxide was detected, but according to our transcriptomic analysis, thousands of genes in CdSe/ZnS-treated cells became differentially expressed. Four significantly differentiated genes found, including FAF1, SDA1, DAN1, and TIR1, were validated by consistent results with RT-qPCR assays. Our transcriptome analysis led us to conclude that exposure of CdSe/ZnS-QDs on yeast significantly affected genes implicated in multiple cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniel S Kim
- Kickapoo High School, 3710 South Jefferson Ave, Springfield, MO 65807, USA;
| | - Chelsea Campbell
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
| |
Collapse
|