Nanoarchitectured prototypes of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for innovative biomedical applications

A captivating approach to elevate the detection of Al3+ ions incorporates the utilization of a tripodal receptor intricately embellishing the surface of zinc oxide

The FDA (Food and Drug Administration, (USA)) lists ZnO as a material that is widely acknowledged to be safe. ZnO NPs with a range of tiny particle sizes were made using the precipitation process. ZnO nanoparticles' surface is embellished with a tripodal sensor containing naphthol units. The assembly with the same receptor decorated on ZnO NPs is contrasted with the cation detection capabilities of the purified tripodal receptor. The UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to study the state transitions of the receptor and the decorated ZnO receptor. A positive selectivity to Al3+ cations is determined by the fluorescence study under ideal circumstances. The particle size and surface morphologies are determined by DLS and SEM analysis for the same receptor - TP1 and embellished with a tripodal receptor TP2. Using a fluorescence switch-on Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) mechanism, the receptor coated on ZnO detects the presence of Al3+ ions with specificity. The binding constant value was determined using the B-H plot equation. Binding stoichiometry for [TP1-Al3+, TP2-Al3+] showed a 1:1 ratio. The fluorescence switches ON-OFF process of the ZnO surface adorned - TP2 with Tripodal receptor- TP1 was used to create molecular logic gates, which can function as a module for sensors and molecular switches. The addition of Na2EDTA in the solution of the [TP1; TP2 - Al3+] complex resulted in a noticeable reduction in the emission of fluorescence. This finding offers compelling support for the reversibility of the chemosensor. To enable the practical application of this sensor, we have developed a cassette containing receptors TP1 and TP2. Successfully, it can detect Al3+ metal ions. We performed a comprehensive assessment of the dependability and appropriateness of our approach in measuring the concentration of Al3+ ions in wastewater produced by important industrial procedures.

Ultra-stable and highly-bright CsPbBr3 perovskite/silica nanocomposites for miRNA detection based on digital single-nanoparticle counting

Single-nanoparticle counting (SNPC) based on fluorescent tag (FT) stands out for its capacity to achieve amplification-free and sensitive detection of biomarkers. The stability and luminescence of FT are important to the sensitivity and reliability of SPNC. In this work, we developed novel perovskite/silica nanocomposites by in-situ nanoconfined growth of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals inside mesoporous structure of silica nanoparticles. PbBr(OH) was formed in an alkaline-assisted reaction triggered by water on the surface of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. The as-obtained nanocomposites, featuring dual protection from silica matrix and PbBr(OH), exhibited high absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 86.5% and demonstrated outstanding PL stability confronting with water, heat, ultrasound and UV-irradiation, which is desired by SNPC-based biosensor. Thereafter, these nanocomposites were used to construct an operationally friendly SNPC assay for the amplification-free quantification of cancer-associated miRNA. Quantitative detection of miRNA could be accomplished by directly counting the number of nanocomposites using a flow cytometer in this assay. This strategy did not ask for multiple washing steps and demonstrated specific and sensitive detection of miRNA 21, which exhibited a dynamic range of 1-1000 pM and limit of detection of 79 amol. The employment of highly stable perovskite/silica nanocomposites improved the test reliability and stability of SNPC, revealing the vast potential of perovskites in biosensing.

Magnetic targeting and pH-microwave dual responsive Janus mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug encapsulation and delivery

In this paper, a new Janus-structured nano drug delivery carrier Fe3O4@TiO2&mSiO2was designed and synthesized, which consisted of a spherical head and a closely connected rod. The head was a nanocomposite of core/shell structure with magnetic spinel ferric tetraoxide core and anatase titanium dioxide shell (Fe3O4@TiO2), and the rod was ordered mesoporous silica (mSiO2). The nanocarriers showed excellent magnetic targeting capability (saturation magnetization, 25.18 emu g-1). The core/shell heads endowed the carriers with fine microwave responsiveness. The pore volume of mesoporous nanocarriers was 0.101 cm3g-1, and the specific surface area was 489.0 m2g-1. Anticancer drug doxorubicin could be loaded in the mesoporous of the carriers to form Fe3O4@TiO2&mSiO2-DOX. The drug loading capacity was 10.4%. Fe3O4@TiO2&mSiO2-DOX exhibited acid-sensitive and microwave-sensitive release properties along with good bio-compatibility. Fe3O4@TiO2&mSiO2Janus nanoparticles are expected to be ideal drug carriers.

Hierarchical mesoporous silicon and albumin composite microparticles delivering DOX and FU for liver cancer treatment

Drug delivery systems based on hydrogel microcarriers have shown enormous achievements in tumor treatment. Current research direction mainly concentrated on the improvement of the structure and function of the microcarriers to effectively deliver drugs for enhanced cancer treatment with decreased general toxicity. Herein, we put forward novel hierarchical mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (MSNs) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) composite microparticles (MPMSNs@DOX/FU) delivering doxorubicin (DOX) and 5-fluorouracil (FU) for effective tumor therapy with good safety. The DOX and FU could be efficiently loaded in the MSNs, which were further encapsulated into methacrylate BSA (BSAMA) microparticles by applying a microfluidic technique. When transported to the tumor area, DOX and FU will be persistently released from the MPMSNs@DOX/FU and kept locally to lessen general toxicity. Based on these advantages, MPMSNs@DOX/FU could observably kill liver cancer cells in vitro, and evidently suppress the tumor development of liver cancer nude mice model in vivo. These results suggest that such hierarchical hydrogel microparticles are perfect candidates for liver cancer treatment, holding promising expectations for impactful cancer therapy.

Transition Metal Oxide-Decorated MXenes as Drugless Nanoarchitectonics for Enriched Nanocatalytic Chemodynamic Treatment

Despite their unique characteristics, 2D MXenes with sole photothermal conversion ability are required to explore their superfluous abilities in biomedicine. The small-molecule-based chemotherapeutics suffer from various shortcomings of time-consuming and expensiveness concerning theoretical and performance (preclinical/clinical) checks. This study demonstrates the fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets (TC-MX NSs) and subsequent decoration with transition metal oxides, that is, copper oxide (Cu2O/MX, CO-MX NCs) as drugless nanoarchitectonics for synergistic photothermal (PTT)-chemodynamic therapeutic (CDT) efficacies. Initially, the monolayer/few-layered TC-MX NSs are prepared using the chemical etching-assisted ultrasonic exfoliation method and then deposited with Cu2O nanoconstructs using the in situ reduction method. Further, the photothermal ablation under near-infrared (NIR)-II laser irradiation shows PTT effects of CO-MX NCs. The deposited Cu2O on TC-MX NSs facilitates the release of copper (Cu+) ions in the acidic microenvironment intracellularly for Fenton-like reaction-assisted CDT effects and enriched PTT effects synergistically. Mechanistically, these deadly free radicals intracellularly imbalance the glutathione (GSH) levels and result in mitochondrial dysfunction, inducing apoptosis of 4T1 cells. Finally, the in vivo investigations in BALB/c mice confirm the substantial ablation of breast carcinoma. Together, these findings demonstrate the potential synergistic PTT-CDT effects of the designed CO-MX NCs as drugless nanoarchitectonics against breast carcinoma.

DNA-Directed Assembly of Hierarchical MOF-Cellulose Nanofiber Microbioreactors with "Branch-Fruit" Structures

Assembling metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into ordered multidimensional porous superstructures promises the encapsulation of enzymes for heterogeneous biocatalysts. However, the full potential of this approach has been limited by the poor stability of enzymes and the uncontrolled assembly of MOF nanoparticles onto suitable supports. In this study, a novel and exceptionally robust Ni-imidazole-based MOF was synthesized in water at room temperature, enabling in situ enzyme encapsulation. Based on this MOF platform, we developed a DNA-directed assembly strategy to achieve the uniform placement of MOF nanoparticles onto bacterial cellulose nanofibers, resulting in a distinctive "branch-fruit" structure. The resulting hybrid materials demonstrated remarkable versatility across various catalytic systems, accommodating natural enzymes, nanoenzymes, and multienzyme cascades, thus showcasing enormous potential as universal microbioreactors. Furthermore, the hierarchical composites facilitated rapid diffusion of the bulky substrate while maintaining the enzyme stability, with ∼3.5-fold higher relative activity compared to the traditional enzyme@MOF immobilized in bacterial cellulose nanofibers.

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Enhancing Bone Regeneration

The treatment of bone defects has been a long-standing challenge in clinical practice. Among the various bone tissue engineering approaches, there has been substantial progress in the development of drug delivery systems based on functional drugs and appropriate carrier materials owing to technological advances in recent years. A large number of materials based on functional nanocarriers have been developed and applied to improve the complex osteogenic microenvironment, including for promoting osteogenic activity, inhibiting osteoclast activity, and exerting certain antibacterial effects. This Review discusses the physicochemical properties, drug loading mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticles (NPs) used for constructing drug delivery systems. In addition, we provide an overview of the osteogenic microenvironment regulation mechanism of drug delivery systems based on nanoparticle (NP) carriers and the construction strategies of drug delivery systems. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of NP carriers are summarized along with their prospects and future research trends in bone tissue engineering. This Review thus provides advanced strategies for the design and application of drug delivery systems based on NPs in the treatment of bone defects.

Theranostics: a multifaceted approach utilizing nano-biomaterials

Biomaterials play a vital role in targeting therapeutics. Over the years, several biomaterials have gained wide attention in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Scientists are trying to make more personalized treatments for different diseases, as well as discovering novel single agents that can be used for prognosis, medication administration, and keeping track of how a treatment works. Theranostics based on nano-biomaterials have higher sensitivity and specificity for disease management than conventional techniques. This review provides a concise overview of various biomaterials, including carbon-based materials like fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nanofibers, and their involvement in theranostics of different diseases. In addition, the involvement of imaging techniques for theranostics applications was overviewed. Theranostics is an emerging strategy that has great potential for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of medicinal interventions. Despite the presence of obstacles such as disease heterogeneity, toxicity, reproducibility, uniformity, upscaling production, and regulatory hurdles, the field of medical research and development has great promise due to its ability to provide patients with personalised care, facilitate early identification, and enable focused treatment.

Advances in Nanomaterials and Composites Based on Mesoporous Materials as Antimicrobial Agents: Relevant Applications in Human Health

Nanotechnology has emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary research, marked by the advent of advanced technologies aimed at nanoengineering materials with diverse applications, particularly to address challenges in human health. Among these challenges, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has risen as a significant and pressing threat to public health, creating obstacles in preventing and treating persistent diseases. Despite efforts in recent decades to combat AMR, global trends indicate an ongoing and concerning increase in AMR. The primary contributors to the escalation of AMR are the misuse and overuse of various antimicrobial agents in healthcare settings. This has led to severe consequences not only in terms of compromised treatment outcomes but also in terms of substantial financial burdens. The economic impact of AMR is reflected in skyrocketing healthcare costs attributed to heightened hospital admissions and increased drug usage. To address this critical issue, it is imperative to implement effective strategies for antimicrobial therapies. This comprehensive review will explore the latest scientific breakthroughs within the metal-organic frameworks and the use of mesoporous metallic oxide derivates as antimicrobial agents. We will explore their biomedical applications in human health, shedding light on promising avenues for combating AMR. Finally, we will conclude the current state of research and offer perspectives on the future development of these nanomaterials in the ongoing battle against AMR.

Silicon-containing nanomedicine and biomaterials: materials chemistry, multi-dimensional design, and biomedical application

The invention of silica-based bioactive glass in the late 1960s has sparked significant interest in exploring a wide range of silicon-containing biomaterials from the macroscale to the nanoscale. Over the past few decades, these biomaterials have been extensively explored for their potential in diverse biomedical applications, considering their remarkable bioactivity, excellent biocompatibility, facile surface functionalization, controllable synthesis, etc. However, to expedite the clinical translation and the unexpected utilization of silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials, it is highly desirable to achieve a thorough comprehension of their characteristics and biological effects from an overall perspective. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the state-of-the-art progress of silicon-composed biomaterials, including their classification, characteristics, fabrication methods, and versatile biomedical applications. Additionally, we highlight the multi-dimensional design of both pure and hybrid silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials and their intrinsic biological effects and interactions with biological systems. Their extensive biomedical applications span from drug delivery and bioimaging to therapeutic interventions and regenerative medicine, showcasing the significance of their rational design and fabrication to meet specific requirements and optimize their theranostic performance. Additionally, we offer insights into the future prospects and potential challenges regarding silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials. By shedding light on these exciting research advances, we aspire to foster further progress in the biomedical field and drive the development of innovative silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials with transformative applications in biomedicine.

Preparation of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based magnetic microspheres for carbonyl reductase purification and immobilization

A polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) magnetic microsphere was designed for one-step purification and immobilization of a novel carbonyl reductase (RLSR5) from recombinant Escherichia coli lysate. The hydrophobic core of this microsphere was composed of a highly biocompatible polymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx), in which magnetic Fe3O4 particles were embedded during solvent evaporation. The hydrophilic shell of the fusion protein formed by PHA particle-binding protein (PhaP) and RLSR5 (PR) was expressed in recombinant E. coli. The magnetic core of Fe3O4@PHBHHx directly purified the hydrophilic shell from the E. coli lysate, and the two self-assembled to form Fe3O4@PHBHHx-PR through hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, eliminating the separation of the fusion protein. The microstructure, magnetic properties, morphology, size, and dispersion of Fe3O4@PHBHHx-PR were investigated by XRD, VSM, SEM, TEM, elemental mapping and DLS. It was found that Fe3O4@PHBHHx-PR correctly assembled, with a well dispersed spherical structure at the nanoscale and superparamagnetism properties. The amount of RLSR5 immobilized on PHA microspheres reached 121.9 mg/g. The Fe3O4@PHBHHx-PR was employed to synthesize (R)-tolvaptan with 99 % enantiomeric excess and 97 % bioconversion efficiency, and the catalyst maintained 78.6 % activity after 10 recovery cycles. These PHA magnetic microspheres are versatile carriers for enzyme immobilization and demonstrate improved stability and reusability of the free enzyme.

Antibacterial Bionanocomposites Based on Drug-Templated Bifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanocontainers

The creation of antibacterial nanocomposites that provide prolonged release of encapsulated drugs is of great interest for various fields of medicine (dentistry, tissue regeneration, etc.). This article demonstrates the possibility of creating such nanocomposites based on sodium alginate and drug-templated mesoporous silica nanocontainers (MSNs) loaded with two bioactive substances. Herein, we thoroughly study all stages of the process, starting with the synthesis of MSNs using antiseptic micelles containing the hydrophobic drug quercetin and ending with assessing the activity of the resulting composites against various microorganisms. The main emphasis is on studying the quercetin solubilization in antiseptic micelles as well as establishing the relationship between the conditions of MSN synthesis and micelle morphology and capacity. The effect of medium pH on the release rate of encapsulated drugs is also evaluated. It was shown that the MSNs contained large amounts of encapsulated drugs and that the rate of drug unloading depended on the medium pH. The incorporation of such MSNs into the alginate matrix allowed for a prolonged release of the drugs.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Types, Synthesis, Role in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, and Other Applications

Globally, many individuals struggle with Alzheimer's disease (AD), an unrelenting and incapacitating neurodegenerative condition. Despite notable research endeavors, effective remedies for AD remain constrained, prompting the exploration of innovative therapeutic avenues. Within this context, silica-based nanoplatforms have emerged with pronounced potential due to their unique attributes like expansive surface area, customizable pore dimensions, and compatibility with living systems. These nanoplatforms hold promise as prospective interventions for AD. This assessment provides a comprehensive overview encompassing various forms of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), techniques for formulation, and their applications in biomedicine. A significant feature lies in their ability to precisely guide and control the transport of therapeutic agents to the brain, facilitated by the adaptability of these nanoplatforms as drug carriers. Their utility as tools for early detection and monitoring of AD is investigated. Challenges and prospects associated with harnessing MSNs are studied, underscoring the imperative of stringent safety evaluations and optimization of how they interact with the body. Additionally, the incorporation of multifunctional attributes like imaging and targeting components is emphasized to enhance their efficacy within the intricate milieu of AD. As the battle against the profound repercussions of AD persists, MSNs emerge as a promising avenue with the potential to propel the development of viable therapeutic interventions.

Recent Advances in Polyoxometalate Based Nanoplatforms Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Cancer Therapy

The potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cancer therapy in tumor treatment has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of catalytically superior polyoxometalate (POM)-based nanoplatforms, mainly composed of atomic clusters consisting of pre-transition metals and oxygen. These nanoplatforms have unique advantages, such as Fenton activity at neutral pH, induction of cellular ferroptosis instead of just apoptosis, and sensitivity to external field stimulation. However, there are also inevitable challenges such as neutralization of ROS by the antioxidant system of the tumor microenvironment (TME), hypoxia, and limited hydrogen peroxide concentrations. This review article aims to provide an overview of recent research advancements in POM-based nanoplatforms for ROS therapy from the perspective of chemical reactions and biological processes, addressing endogenous and exogenous factors that affect the antitumor efficacy. Endogenous factors include the mechanism of ROS generation by POM, the impact of pH and antioxidant systems on POM, and the various manners of tumor cell death. Exogenous stimuli mainly include light, heat, X-rays, and electricity. The article analyzes the specific mechanisms of action of each influencing factor in the first two sections, concluding with the limitations of the present study and some possible directions for future research.

Computational assessment of the potential of cross-catalytic coprecipitating systems for the bottom-up design of nanocomposites

The production of nanocomposites is often economically and environmentally costly. Silica-witherite biomorphs, known for producing a wealth of life-like shapes, are nanocomposites entirely formed through self-organization processes. Behind these precipitates are two precipitation reactions that catalyze each other. Using a simple computational approach, we show here that this type of chemical system - defined here as Cross-Catalytic Coprecipitating Systems (CCCSs) - is of great interest to material design. Provided that cross-catalytic effects are sufficient to overcome the precipitation thresholds for each phase, all CCCSs can be expected to self-organize into nanocomposite materials through a one-pot, one-step synthesis protocol. Symmetry-breaking events generating various complex, ordered textures are predicted in CCCSs involving crystalline phases. While high levels of stochasticity lead to a loss of ordering, coprecipitation is found to be robust to diffusion or advection in the solution. This model shows that a couple of chemical reactions can generate a range of complex textures - with possibly distinct physical/chemical properties. Cross-catalytic coprecipitating systems consequently represent a promising avenue for producing nanocomposites with complex textures at reduced economic and environmental costs.

Bacteria metabolic adaptation to oxidative stress: the case of silica

Although the presence of silica in many living organisms offers advanced properties including cell protection, the different in vitro attempts to build living materials in pure silica never favoured the cells viability. Thus, little attention has been paid to host-guest interactions to modify the expected biologic response. Here we report the physiological changes undergone by Escherichia coli K-12 in silica from colloidal solution to gel confinement. We show that the physiological alterations in growing cultures are not triggered by the initial oxidative Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) response. Silica promotes the induction of alternative metabolic pathways along with an increase of growth suggesting the existence of rpoS polymorphisms. Since the functionality of hybrid materials depends on the specific biologic responses of their guests, such cell physiological adaptation opens perspectives in the design of bioactive devices attracting for a large field of sciences.

Temozolomide and chloroquine co-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles are effective against glioma

The past decades have witnessed great progress in nanoparticle-based cancer-targeting drug delivery systems, but their therapeutic potentials is yet to be fully exploited. In this research, temozolomide (TMZ) and chloroquine (CQ) were loaded into the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), the surface was coated with polydopamine (PDA), and the complex was coupled with arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) to successfully prepare TMZ/CQ@MSN-RGD. RGD-MSNs accumulated more in the cell and tumor models than in unmodified MSNs in the in vitro and in vivo experiments and can directly induce apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. In addition, TMZ/CQ@MSN-RGD therapy enhanced the apoptosis effect of the RGD-MSNs in glioma. Therefore, the combination of autophagy inhibitor with chemotherapy drugs in nanocarriers may promote therapeutic efficacy in treating glioma.

Lung inflammation perturbation by engineered nanoparticles

In recent years, the unique and diverse physicochemical properties of nanoparticles have brought about their wide use in many fields; however, it is necessary to better understand the possible human health risks caused by their release in the environment. Although the adverse health effects of nanoparticles have been proposed and are still being clarified, their effects on lung health have not been fully studied. In this review, we focus on the latest research progress on the pulmonary toxic effects of nanoparticles, and we summarized their disturbance of the pulmonary inflammatory response. First, the activation of lung inflammation by nanoparticles was reviewed. Second, we discussed how further exposure to nanoparticles aggravated the ongoing lung inflammation. Third, we summarized the inhibition of the ongoing lung inflammation by nanoparticles loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs. Forth, we introduced how the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles affect the related pulmonary inflammatory disturbance. Finally, we discussed the main gaps in current research and the challenges and countermeasures in future research.

Dispersion Performances of Naphthalimides Doped in Dual Temperature- and pH-Sensitive Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic Acid) Shell Assembled with Vinyl-Modified Mesoporous SiO2 Core for Fluorescence Cell Imaging

Developing effective intelligent nanocarriers is highly desirable for fluorescence imaging and therapeutic applications but remains challenging. Using a vinyl-grafted BMMs (bimodal mesoporous SiO₂ materials) as a core and PAN ((2-aminoethyl)-6-(dimethylamino)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione))-dispersed dual pH/thermal-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) as a shell, PAN@BMMs with strong fluorescence and good dispersibility were prepared. Their mesoporous features and physicochemical properties were extensively characterized via XRD patterns, N₂ adsorption-desorption analysis, SEM/TEM images, TGA profiles, and FT-IR spectra. In particular, their mass fractal dimension (d_m) features based on SAXS patterns combined with fluorescence spectra were successfully obtained to evaluate the uniformity of the fluorescence dispersions, showing that the d_m values increased from 2.49 to 2.70 with an increase of the AN-additive amount from 0.05 to 1%, along with the red shifting of their fluorescent emission wavelength from 471 to 488 nm. The composite (PAN@BMMs-I-0.1) presented a densification trend and a slight decrease in peak (490 nm) intensity during the shrinking process. Its fluorescent decay profiles confirmed two fluorescence lifetimes of 3.59 and 10.62 ns. The low cytotoxicity obtained via in vitro cell survival assay and the efficient green imaging performed via HeLa cell internalization suggested that the smart PAN@BMM composites are potential carriers for in vivo imaging and therapy.

The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics

The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.

Nucleolin aptamer conjugated MSNPs-PLR-PEG multifunctional nanoconstructs for targeted co-delivery of anticancer drug and siRNA to counter drug resistance in TNBC

The emergence of drug resistance in cancer cells is among the major challenges for treating cancer. In the last few years, the co-delivery of drug and siRNA has shown promising results against drug-resistant cancers. In the present study, we developed mesoporous silica-based multifunctional nanocarrier for co-delivery against drug-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. We synthesized the nanocarrier by modifying mesoporous silica nanoparticles with poly-L-arginine, polyethylene glycol and AS1411 aptamer to impart siRNA binding ability, biocompatibility, and cancer cell specificity, respectively. We optimized the loading of doxorubicin (DOX) within the developed nanocarrier to avoid interference with siRNA binding. We ascertained the target specificity by performing a receptor blockade assay during cellular uptake studies. The cytotoxic efficacy of DOX and siRNA co-delivered using the developed nanocarrier was assessed using DOX-resistant MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. The nanocarrier exhibited >10-fold and 40-fold reduction in the IC₅₀ values of DOX due to co-delivery with BCl-xL and BCL-2 siRNA, respectively. The results were further validated using a 3-D in vitro cell culture system. This study demonstrates that the targeted co-delivery of drug and siRNA has a strong potential to overcome drug resistance in TNBC cells.

Pleiotrophin-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Possible Treatment for Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease. Conventional treatments are based on the use of antiresorptive drugs and/or anabolic agents. However, these treatments have certain limitations, such as a lack of bioavailability or toxicity in non-specific tissues. In this regard, pleiotrophin (PTN) is a protein with potent mitogenic, angiogenic, and chemotactic activity, with implications in tissue repair. On the other hand, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have proven to be an effective inorganic drug-delivery system for biomedical applications. In addition, the surface anchoring of cationic polymers, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), allows for greater cell internalization, increasing treatment efficacy. In order to load and release the PTN to improve its effectiveness, MSNs were successfully internalized in MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblastic cells and human mesenchymal stem cells. PTN-loaded MSNs significantly increased the viability, mineralization, and gene expression of alkaline phosphatase and Runx2 in comparison with the PTN alone in both cell lines, evidencing its positive effect on osteogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. This proof of concept demonstrates that MSN can take up and release PTN, developing a potent osteogenic and differentiating action in vitro in the absence of an osteogenic differentiation-promoting medium, presenting itself as a possible treatment to improve bone-regeneration and osteoporosis scenarios.

Using magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles armed with EpCAM aptamer as an efficient platform for specific delivery of 5-fluorouracil to colorectal cancer cells

Background: Theranostic nanoparticles with both imaging and therapeutic capacities are highly promising in successful diagnosis and treatment of advanced cancers. Methods: Here, we developed magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and surface-decorated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) aptamer (Apt) for controlled release of 5-FU and targeted treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) both in vitro and in vivo. In this system, Au NPs are conjugated onto the exterior surface of MSNs as a gatekeeper for intelligent release of the anti-cancer drug at acidic conditions. Results: Nanocarriers were prepared with a final size diameter of 78 nm, the surface area and pore size of SPION-MSNs were calculated as 636 m²g^-1, and 3 nm based on the BET analysis. The release of 5-FU from nanocarriers was pH-dependent, with an initial rapid release (within 6 h) followed by a sustained release for 96 h at pH 5.4. Tracking the cellular uptake by flow cytometry technique illustrated more efficient and higher uptake of targeted nanocarriers in HT-29 cells compared with non-targeted formula. In vitro results demonstrated that nanocarriers inhibited the growth of cancer cells via apoptosis induction. Furthermore, the targeted NPs could significantly reduce tumor growth in immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice bearing HT-29 tumors, similar to those injected with free 5-FU, while inducing less side effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that application of Apt-PEG-Au-NPs@5-FU represents a promising theranostic platform for EpCAM-positive CRC cells, although further experiments are required before it can be practiced in the clinic.

Sponge-liked Silica Nanoporous Particles for Sustaining Release and Long-Term Antibacterial Activity of Natural Essential Oil

To improve the sustained release and long-term antibacterial activity of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. essential oil (CEO), novel sponge-liked nanoporous silica particles (SNP) were synthesized via the soft template method, which was employed as a biocompatible carrier to prepare spong-liked nanoporous silica particles loading with CEO (CEO-SNP) through physical adsorption. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized via N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier transform infrared, SEM and TEM. The result showed that the SNP exhibited an excellent loading capability of CEO up to 76.3%. The thermal stability and release behavior of the CEO were significantly improved via the physical adsorption of the SNP materials. The release profile of CEO was in accordance with the first-order kinetic model, which meant that the release mechanism was drug Fick's diffusion. The antibacterial evaluation results demonstrated that the CEO-SNP exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial results have shown that the CEO-SNP could destroy the cell structure of bacteria, and result in the generation of oxidative stress and the release of nucleic acid. After storage of 30 d at 25 °C, the CEO-SNP still had the stronger antibacterial activity towards S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa in comparison with CEO. Therefore, the sponge-like silica nanoporous particles seemed to be a promising carrier for long-term stability and antibacterial delivery of CEO.

Silica-Based Nanomaterials for Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease with an alarming global prevalence, is associated with several serious health threats, including cardiovascular diseases. Current diabetes treatments have several limitations and disadvantages, creating the need for new effective formulations to combat this disease and its associated complications. This motivated the development of therapeutic strategies to overcome some of these limitations, such as low therapeutic drug bioavailability or poor compliance of patients with current therapeutic methodologies. Taking advantage of silica nanoparticle characteristics such as tuneable particle and pore size, surface chemistry and biocompatibility, silica-based nanocarriers have been developed with the potential to treat diabetes and regulate blood glucose concentration. This review discusses the main topics in the field, such as oral administration of insulin, glucose-responsive devices and innovative administration routes.

A Facile Approach to the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticle/Carbon Nanostructure Luminescent Composites

Luminescent carbon nanostructures (CNSs) have been intensively researched, but there is still no consensus on a fundamental understanding of their structure and properties that limits their potential applications. In this study, we developed a facile approach to the synthesis of luminescent composite SiO₂ nanoparticles/CNSs by the targeted formation of a molecular fluorophore, as the significant luminescent component of CNSs, on the surface of a silica matrix during a one-stage hydrothermal synthesis. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse microemulsion and used as a matrix for luminescent composites. The as-prepared silica nanoparticles had a functional surface, a spherical shape, and a narrow size distribution of about 29 nm. One-stage hydrothermal treatment of citric acid and modified silica nanoparticles made it possible to directly form the luminescent composite. The optical properties of composites could be easily controlled by changing the hydrothermal reaction time and temperature. Thus, we successfully synthesized luminescent composites with an emission maximum of 450 nm, a quantum yield (QY) of 65 ± 4%, and an average size of ~26 nm. The synthesis of fluorophore doped composite, in contrast to CNSs, makes it possible to control the shape, size, and surface functionality of particles and allows for avoiding difficult and time-consuming fractionation steps.

Conquering Cancer Multi-Drug Resistance Using Curcumin and Cisplatin Prodrug-Encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Synergistic Chemo- and Photodynamic Therapies

Recently, the development of anti-cancer approaches using different physical or chemical pathways has shifted from monotherapy to synergistic therapy, which can enhance therapeutic effects. As a result, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing various delivery systems encapsulated with dual agents for synergistic effects and to combat cancer cells acquired drug resistance. In this study, we show how to make Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN)-1-based mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for multifunctional drug delivery to overcome drug resistance cancer therapy. Initially, curcumin (Cur)-embedded IBN-1 nanocomposites (IBN-1-Cur) are synthesized in a simple one-pot co-condensation and then immobilized with the prodrug of Cisplatin (CP) on the carboxylate-modified surface (IBN-1-Cur-CP) to achieve photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy in one platform, respectively, in the fight against multidrug resistance (MDR) of MES-SA/DX5 cancer cells. The Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer, as the structure-directing agent, in nanoparticles acts as a p-glycoprotein (p-gp) inhibitor. These designed hybrid nanocomposites with excellent structural properties are efficiently internalized by the endocytosis and successfully deliver Cur and CP molecules into the cytosol. Furthermore, the presence of Cur photosensitizer in the nanochannels of MSNs resulted in increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation. Thus, IBN-1-Cur-CP showed excellent anti-cancer therapy in the face of MES-SA/DX5 resistance cancer cells, owing to the synergistic effects of chemo- and photodynamic treatment.

Nanoplatforms for Irinotecan Delivery Based on Mesoporous Silica Modified with a Natural Polysaccharide

Natural compounds are an important source of beneficial components that could be used in cancer therapy along with well-known cytostatic agents to enhance the therapeutic effect while targeting tumoral tissues. Therefore, nanoplatforms containing mesoporous silica and a natural polysaccharide, ulvan, extracted from Ulva Lactuca seaweed, were developed for irinotecan. Either mesoporous silica-ulvan nanoplatforms or irinotecan-loaded materials were structurally and morphologically characterized. In vitro drug release experiments in phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.6 emphasized the complete recovery of irinotecan in 8 h. Slower kinetics were obtained for the nanoplatforms with a higher amount of natural polysaccharide. Ulvan extract proved to be biocompatible up to 2 mg/mL on fibroblasts L929 cell line. The irinotecan-loaded nanoplatforms exhibited better anticancer activity than that of the drug alone on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29), reducing their viability to 60% after 24 h. Moreover, the cell cycle analysis proved that the irinotecan loading onto developed nanoplatforms caused an increase in the cell number trapped at G0/G1 phase and influenced the development of the tumoral cells.

Engineered Mesoporous Silica-Based Core-Shell Nanoarchitectures for Synergistic Chemo-Photodynamic Therapies

Combinatorial therapies have garnered enormous interest from researchers in efficiently devastating malignant tumors through synergistic effects. To explore the combinatorial approach, multiple therapeutic agents are typically loaded in the delivery vehicles, controlling their release profiles and executing subsequent therapeutic purposes. Herein, we report the fabrication of core (silica)-shell (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MSNs) architectures to deliver methylene blue (MB) and cupric doxorubicin (Dox) as model drugs for synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy, and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). MB, as the photosensitizer, is initially loaded and stabilized in the silica core for efficient singlet oxygen generation under light irradiation towards PDT. The most outside shell with imidazole silane-modified MSNs is immobilized with a chemotherapeutic agent of Dox molecules through the metal (Copper, Cu)-ligand coordination interactions, achieving the pH-sensitive release and triggering the production of intracellular hydrogen peroxide and subsequent Fenton-like reaction-assisted Cu-catalyzed free radicals for CDT. Further, the designed architectures are systematically characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques and demonstrate the potent anti-cancer efficacy against skin melanoma. Together our results demonstrated that the MSNs-based core-shell nanoarchitectures have great potential as an effective strategy in synergistically ablating cancer through chemo-, chemodynamic, and photodynamic therapies.

Strategies and progresses for enhancing targeted antibiotic delivery

Antibiotic resistance is a global health issue and a potential risk for society. Antibiotics administered through conventional formulations are devoid of targeting effect and often spread to various undesired body sites, leading to sub-lethal concentrations at the site of action and thus resulting in emergence of resistance, as well as side effects. Moreover, we have a very slim antibiotic pipeline. Drug-delivery systems have been designed to control the rate, time, and site of drug release, and innovative approaches for antibiotic delivery provide a glint of hope for addressing these issues. This review elaborates different delivery strategies and approaches employed to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotic therapy. These include antibiotic conjugates, prodrugs, and nanocarriers for local and targeted antibiotic release. In addition, a wide range of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and biological carriers for targeted antibiotic delivery are discussed. The potential advantages and limitations of targeted antibiotic delivery strategies are described along with possible solutions to avoid these limitations. A number of antibiotics successfully delivered through these approaches with attained outcomes and potentials are reviewed.

Engineering cancer cell membrane-camouflaged metal complex for efficient targeting therapy of breast cancer

Background

Cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nanotechnology for metal complex can enhance its biocompatibility and extend the effective circulation time in body. The ruthenium polypyridyl complex (RuPOP) has extensive antitumor activity, but it still has disadvantages such as poor biocompatibility, lack of targeting, and being easily metabolized by the organism. Cancer cell membranes retain a large number of surface antigens and tumor adhesion molecules CD47, which can be used to camouflage the metal complex and give it tumor homing ability and high biocompatibility.

Results

Therefore, this study provides an electrostatic adsorption method, which uses the electrostatic interaction of positive and negative charges between RuPOP and cell membranes to construct a cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nano-platform (RuPOP@CM). Interestingly, RuPOP@CM maintains the expression of surface antigens and tumor adhesion molecules, which can inhibit the phagocytosis of macrophage, reduce the clearance rate of RuPOP, and increase effective circulation time, thus enhancing the accumulation in tumor sites. Besides, RuPOP@CM can enhance the activity of cellular immune response and promote the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6, which is of great significance in treatment of tumor. On the other hand, RuPOP@MCM can produce intracellular ROS overproduction, thereby accelerating the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of tumor cells to play an excellent antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

In brief, engineering cancer cell membrane-camouflaged metal complex is a potential strategy to improve its biocompatibility, biological safety and antitumor effects.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01593-5.

Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer in the Era of Precise Medicine

Primary liver cancer is the seventh-most-common cancer worldwide and the fourth-leading cause of cancer mortality. In the current era of precision medicine, the diagnosis and management of liver cancer are full of challenges and prospects. Mesoporous nanoparticles are often designed as specific carriers of drugs and imaging agents because of their special morphology and physical and chemical properties. In recent years, the design of the elemental composition and morphology of mesoporous nanoparticles have greatly improved their drug-loading efficiency, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Especially in the field of primary liver cancer, mesoporous nanoparticles have been modified as highly tumor-specific imaging contrast agents and targeting therapeutic medicine. Various generations of complexes and structures have been determined for the complicated clinical management requirements. In this review, we summarize these advanced mesoporous designs in the different diagnostic and therapeutic fields of liver cancer and discuss the relevant advantages and disadvantages of transforming applications. By comparing the material properties, drug-delivery characteristics and application methods of different kinds of mesoporous materials in liver cancer, we try to help determine the most suitable drug carriers and information media for future clinical trials. We hope to improve the fabrication of biomedical mesoporous nanoparticles and provide direct evidence for specific cancer management.

A review on the latest developments of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a promising platform for diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Cancer is the second cause of human mortality after cardiovascular disease around the globe. Conventional cancer therapies are chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In fact, due to the lack of absolute specificity and high drug concentrations, early recognition and treatment of cancer with conventional approaches have become challenging issues in the world. To mitigate against the limitations of conventional cancer chemotherapy, nanomaterials have been developed. Nanomaterials exhibit particular properties that can overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapies such as lack of specificity, high drug concentrations, and adverse drug reactions. Among nanocarriers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have gained increasing attention due to their well-defined pore size and structure, high surface area, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, ease of surface modification, and stable aqueous dispersions. This review highlights the current progress with the use of MSNs for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Various stimuli-responsive gatekeepers, which endow the MSNs with on-demand drug delivery, surface modification strategies for targeting purposes, and multifunctional MSNs utilized in drug delivery systems (DDSs) are also addressed. Also, the capability of MSNs as flexible imaging platforms is considered. In addition, physicochemical attributes of MSNs and their effects on cancer therapy with a particular focus on recent studies is emphasized. Moreover, major challenges to the use of MSNs for cancer therapy, biosafety and cytotoxicity aspects of MSNs are discussed.

Pulmonary Toxicity of Silica Linked to Its Micro- or Nanometric Particle Size and Crystal Structure: A Review

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a mineral compound present in the Earth’s crust in two mineral forms: crystalline and amorphous. Based on epidemiological and/or biological evidence, the pulmonary effects of crystalline silica are considered well understood, with the development of silicosis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The structure and capacity to trigger oxidative stress are recognized as relevant determinants in crystalline silica’s toxicity. In contrast, natural amorphous silica was long considered nontoxic, and was often used as a negative control in experimental studies. However, as manufactured amorphous silica nanoparticles (or nanosilica or SiNP) are becoming widely used in industrial applications, these paradigms must now be reconsidered at the nanoscale (<100 nm). Indeed, recent experimental studies appear to point towards significant toxicity of manufactured amorphous silica nanoparticles similar to that of micrometric crystalline silica. In this article, we present an extensive review of the nontumoral pulmonary effects of silica based on in vitro and in vivo experimental studies. The findings of this review are presented both for micro- and nanoscale particles, but also based on the crystalline structure of the silica particles.

Silica-based Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization and Delivery

Enzymes play an indispensable role in biosystems, catalyzing a variety of chemical and biochemical reactions with exceptionally high efficiency and selectivity. These features render them uniquely positioned in developing novel catalytic systems and therapeutics. However, their practical application is largely hindered by the vulnerability, low reusability and the inability to overcome the biological barriers of enzymes. Silica-based nanoparticles (SNPs) are a classic family of nanomaterials with tunable physicochemical properties, making them ideal candidates to address the intrinsic shortcomings of natural enzymes. SNPs not only improve the activity and durability of enzymes, but also provide precise spatiotemporal control over their intracellular as well as systemic biodistributions for boosting the catalytic outcome. Herein, the recent progress in SNPs for enzyme immobilization and delivery is summarized. The therapeutic applications, including cancer therapy and bacterial inhibition, are particularly highlighted. Our perspectives in this field, including current challenges and possible future research directions are also provided.

Some Preliminary Results to Eradicate Leukemic Cells in Extracorporeal Circulation by Actuating Doxorubicin-Loaded Nanochains of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

Leukemia is a non-solid cancer which features the malignant proliferation of leukocytes. Excessive leukocytes of lesions in peripheral blood will infiltrate organs, resulting in intumescence and weakening treatment efficiency. In this study, we proposed a novel approach for targeted clearance of the leukocytes in the peripheral blood ex vivo, which employed magnetic nanochains to selectively destroy the leukocytes of the lesions. The nanochains were doxorubicin-loaded nanochains of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles which were fabricated by the solvent exchange method combined with magnetic field-directed self-assembly. Firstly, the nanochains were added into the peripheral blood during extracorporeal circulation and subjected to a rotational magnetic field for actuation. The leukocytes of the lesion were then conjugated by the nanochains via folic acid (FA) targeting. Finally, the rotational magnetic field actuated the nanochains to release the drugs and effectively damage the cytomembrane of the leukocytes. This strategy was conceptually shown in vitro (K562 cell line) and the method’s safety was evaluated in a rat model. The preliminary results demonstrate that the nanochains are biocompatible and suitable as drug carriers, showing direct lethal action to the leukemic cells combined with a rotational magnetic field. More importantly to note is that the nanochains can be effectively kept from entry into the body. We believe this extracorporeal circulation-based strategy by activating nanochains magnetically could serve as a potential method for leukemia treatment in the future.

Membrane-cloaked polydopamine modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy

To improve the shortcomings of narrow therapeutic range and low bioavailability of traditional preparations, a composite drug carrier that combines the advantages of biological carriers and synthetic carriers was prepared in this project. The biomimetic nano-delivery system outer membrane vesicles-polydopamine-mesoporous silica nanoparticle (OMVs-PDA-MSN-DOX) for oral administration is composed of OMVs ofEscherichia colias shell and doxorubicin-loaded MSN modified by PDA as core. Several characterization techniques thoroughly examined the nano-drug delivery system to confirm its surface morphology and chemical property. OMVs-PDA-MSN-DOX with a particle size of 150 nm showed significant cell selectivity and safety. We demonstrated that OMVs are capable of protecting pH-sensitive nanostructure from the oral route of administration in the short term. Importantly, OMVs-PDA-MSN-DOX could facilitate intestinal adhesion and improve DOX bioavailability. Overall, the OMVs-cloaked nanocarrier provides an efficient delivery platform for the oral targeting treatment of cancer with pH-sensitive nano-formulations.

Tunable synthesis of dendritic fibrous nano silica using 1-pentanol-water microemulsion at low oil to water ratio

Dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS) is a suitable nano-carrier for loading pesticides with radially oriented pores and a large surface area. The microemulsion method is standard method to prepare DFNS, and 1-pentanol is taken to replace cyclohexane as an oil solvent due to its high stability and nontoxic property. The results showed that the volume ratio of 1-pentanol (oil) to water (O/W) and the molar ratio of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) had effected on morphology and adsorption properties of DFNS in the water-CTAB-1-pentanol-ethanol-trimethylbenzene (TMB) microemulsion system. DFNS with bicontinuous concentric lamellar morphologies can be synthesized in this microemulsion at the meager O/W volume ratio (0.025-0.045). It features a tight mesoporous structure with a thin dendritic fibrous in 0.03 to 0.04 O/W volume ratio. The particle sizes, surface areas, and porosity of DFNS were positively correlated with the addition of the silica precursor TEOS. The size of DFNS increased from 123 to about 220 nm with the CTAB/TEOS molar ratio decreasing from 0.119 to 0.050. When the molar ratio of CTAB to TEOS  = 0.119, DFNS has a smaller particle size (123 nm) with a larger surface area and abundant honeycomb mesopores; the low O/W volume ratio strategy provides theoretical support for the industrialization development of DFNS and nano-pesticides, which plays a profound role in promoting the sustainable development of pesticide reduction, efficiency and green agriculture.

An injectable photo-cross-linking silk hydrogel system augments diabetic wound healing in orthopaedic surgery through spatiotemporal immunomodulation

BACKGROUND

The complicated hyperglycaemic and chronic inflammation of diabetic wounds in orthopaedic surgery leads to dysregulated immune cell function and potential infection risk. Immune interventions in diabetic wounds face a possible contradiction between simultaneous establishment of the pro-inflammatory microenvironment in response to potential bacterial invasion and the anti-inflammatory microenvironment required for tissue repair. To study this contradiction and accelerate diabetic-wound healing, we developed a photocurable methacryloxylated silk fibroin hydrogel (Sil-MA) system, co-encapsulated with metformin-loaded mesoporous silica microspheres (MET@MSNs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs).

RESULTS

The hydrogel system (M@M-Ag-Sil-MA) enhanced diabetic-wound healing via spatiotemporal immunomodulation. Sil-MA imparts a hydrogel system with rapid in situ Ultra-Violet-photocurable capability and allows preliminary controlled release of Ag NPs, which can inhibit bacterial aggregation and create a stable, sterile microenvironment. The results confirmed the involvement of Met in the immunomodulatory effects following spatiotemporal dual-controlled release via the mesoporous silica and Sil-MA. Hysteresis-released from Met shifts the M1 phenotype of macrophages in regions of diabetic trauma to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Simultaneously, the M@M-Ag-Sil-MA system inhibited the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and decreased the release of neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and NETs-induced pro-inflammatory factors. As a result of modulating the immune microenvironmental, the M@M-Ag-Sil-MA system promoted fibroblast migration and endothelial cell angiogenesis in vivo, with verification of enhanced diabetic-wound healing accompanied with the spatiotemporal immunoregulation of macrophages and NETs in a diabetic mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrated that the M@M-Ag-Sil-MA hydrogel system resolved the immune contradiction in diabetic wounds through spatiotemporal immunomodulation of macrophages and NETs, suggesting its potential as a promising engineered nano-dressing for the treatment of diabetic wounds in orthopaedic surgery.

Inorganic Nanoparticles in Bone Healing Applications

Modern biomedicine aims to develop integrated solutions that use medical, biotechnological, materials science, and engineering concepts to create functional alternatives for the specific, selective, and accurate management of medical conditions. In the particular case of tissue engineering, designing a model that simulates all tissue qualities and fulfills all tissue requirements is a continuous challenge in the field of bone regeneration. The therapeutic protocols used for bone healing applications are limited by the hierarchical nature and extensive vascularization of osseous tissue, especially in large bone lesions. In this regard, nanotechnology paves the way for a new era in bone treatment, repair and regeneration, by enabling the fabrication of complex nanostructures that are similar to those found in the natural bone and which exhibit multifunctional bioactivity. This review aims to lay out the tremendous outcomes of using inorganic nanoparticles in bone healing applications, including bone repair and regeneration, and modern therapeutic strategies for bone-related pathologies.