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Lin J, Chen ZF, Guo GD, Chen X. Impact of Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff expression on the prognosis of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:687-698. [PMID: 38577442 PMCID: PMC10989384 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alcian blue (AB) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stains are representative mucus markers in gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). They are low-cost special staining methods used to detect acidic mucus and neutral mucus, respectively. However, the clinical importance of the special combined AB and PAS stain is unclear. AIM To investigate AB expression, PAS expression and the AB-to-PAS (A/P) ratio in gastric SRCC patients and to assess patient prognosis. METHODS Paraffin-embedded sections from 83 patients with gastric SRCC were stained with AB and PAS, and signet ring cell positivity was assessed quantitatively. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki67, protein 53 (P53) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was performed simultaneously. The cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate was estimated via Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used for univariate and multivariate survival analyses. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the 3-year CSS rate was significantly greater in the high-PAS-expression subgroup than in the low-PAS-expression subgroup (P < 0.001). The 3-year CSS rate in the A/P ≤ 0.5 group was significantly greater than that in the A/P > 0.5 group (P = 0.042). Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the factors affecting prognosis included tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, vessel carcinoma embolus, tumor stage, the A/P ratio and the expression of Ki67, P53 and the PAS. Cox multivariate regression analysis confirmed that low PAS expression [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.809, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.563-9.283, P = 0.003] and large tumor diameter (HR = 2.761, 95%CI: 1.086-7.020, P = 0.033) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. CONCLUSION A/P > 0.5 is potentially a risk factor for prognosis, and low PAS expression is an independent risk factor in the prognosis of gastric SRCC. PAS expression and the A/P ratio could help in predicting the clinical prognosis of patients with SRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhu-Feng Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Guo-Dong Guo
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
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Montecino RMB, Sukhorosl M, Francis MA, Kancherla N, Akuma O, Nwangene NL, Nandyal S, Raj R, Akuma CM, Zahdeh T, Kaushik S, Khan AM. A Rare Case of Primary Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma: a Review of Guidelines for the Management of Gastric Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2024; 15:153-159. [PMID: 38511028 PMCID: PMC10948689 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-023-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is the fifth most common and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The incidence of diffuse-type gastric cancer, of which signet ring cell carcinoma is a subtype, is rising in the world. Due to non-specific gastritis-like symptoms, difficulty in assessing true tumor characteristics owing to its horizontal spread, and non-distinguishable endoscopic appearance from other gastric pathologies, the diagnosis of this subtype is challenging. We present a case of a 67-year-old woman with progressively worsening abdominal pain who came for an endoscopic ultrasound evaluation of an incidentally noted pancreatic cyst on a previous MRI. During endoscopy, a 1-cm gastric ulcer was noted along the lesser curvature of the gastric body. Biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) with CDX-2 and keratin positivity. The patient underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Gross specimen revealed a diffuse SRCC invading the muscularis propria, along with lymphovascular and perineural invasion. In the context of our case, we discuss the morphological features of SRCC and the effectiveness of treatment options based on existing literature. Early accurate diagnosis and staging play an important role in determining treatment options as well as the clinical course of gastric SRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Sukhorosl
- S M Kirov Military Medical Academy: Voenno-Medicinskaa Akademia Imeni S M Kirova Ministerstva Oborony Rossijskoj Federacii, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mayi Ann Francis
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | | | | | - Shreyas Nandyal
- Gandhi Medical College, 8-2-601/B/3 G2, Ashoka Silent Valley, Road Number 10, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, TS 500034 India
| | - Rohan Raj
- Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | | | | | - Sharanya Kaushik
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute: Bangalore Medical College, Bengaluru, India
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3
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Jalali Z, Nejad Ebrahimi S, Rezadoost H. Identifying natural products for gastric cancer treatment through pharmacophore creation, 3D QSAR, virtual screening, and molecular dynamics studies. Daru 2023; 31:243-258. [PMID: 37733194 PMCID: PMC10624797 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is known as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and the fifth major cancer in the world, and this is a serious threat to general health all over the world. The lack of early detection markers results in a belated diagnosis, i.e. the final stages, which could be associated with the ineffectiveness of the treatment strategies, and naturally, it leads to poor prognosis. Even though a variety of treatments have been developed, there is a trend of studying traditional medicinal plants, due to the worrying side effect of drugs available in the market. METHODS In this study, pharmacophore generation and 3D-QSAR model were created using 50 compounds with anti-gastric cancer activity (with IC50 had been reported in the previous studies). RESULTS Based on three of the best pharmacophoric hypotheses, virtual screening was performed to discover the top anti-gastric cancer compounds from a database of 183,885 compounds. The selected compounds were used for molecular docking with three protein receptors 7BKG, 4F5B, and 4ZT1 to investigate the intermolecular interactions between these ligands and receptors. Finally, 21 lead compounds with the highest amount of docking score ranging from - 13.366 to -6.404 kcal/mol were selected, and then the ADME/Tox properties of these compounds were calculated. All these compounds have a fitness score above 1.8, a molecular weight of less than 500 g/mol, hydrogen bond donors up to 3, hydrogen bond acceptors up to 8.50, and logP of 1.013 to 4.174. Finally, molecular dynamic simulations for top-scoring ligand-receptor complexes were investigated. CONCLUSION These selected lead compounds have the most anti-gastric cancer effects among the 183,885 compounds in the database. Therefore, lead compounds might be considered for gastric cancer therapy in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Jalali
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
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Liu Y, Yin W, Li X, Li B, Liu F, Kang P. Comparative analysis of tumor biology and prognosis in mucinous and signet-ring cell colon cancers versus classical adenocarcinoma. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1199211. [PMID: 37588851 PMCID: PMC10426799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1199211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited information is currently available on the natural history and prognosis of two distinct histological subtypes of adenocarcinoma (AC) in the colon: mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) and signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the clinicopathological characteristics of colon MAC and SRCC, comparing them to classical AC, using a large cohort of cases from the United States. Methods: Patients diagnosed with colon AC, MAC, or SRCC from the SEER database between 2000 and 2018 were included in our study. Incidence trends, patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and survival were analyzed. Results: In our study, we analyzed a total of 310,813 patients with colon cancers, including 271,382 cases of classical AC, 34,750 cases of MAC, and 4,681 cases of SRCC. Over the study period, we observed a decline in the age-adjusted incidence rates of colon AC, MAC, and SRCC. Notably, the MAC and SRCC cohorts differed significantly from AC in terms of patient characteristics, tumor locations, and treatment patterns. Patients with MAC and SRCC had poorer survival outcomes compared to those with AC. Factors associated with worse survival included older age, male sex, poorly differentiated tumors, advanced stage, and the presence of MAC or SRCC histology. On the other hand, surgical intervention was associated with improved survival. Conclusion: Our study underscores the significance of recognizing the distinct features and outcomes associated with different histological subtypes of colon cancer. Further research is warranted to delve into the underlying biological traits that contribute to these differences and to develop more tailored treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenxin Yin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pengcheng Kang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Giampieri R, Baleani MG, Bittoni A, Rastelli F, Catalano V, Del Prete M, Chiorrini S, Pinterpe G, Graziano F, Giorgi FC, Bisonni R, Silva R, Alessandroni P, Mencarini L, Berardi R. Impact of Signet-Ring Cell Histology in the Management of Patients with Non-Metastatic Gastric Cancer: Results from a Retrospective Multicenter Analysis Comparing FLOT Perioperative Chemotherapy vs. Surgery Followed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3342. [PMID: 37444451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FLOT perioperative chemotherapy represents the standard of care in non-metastatic gastric cancer patients. Signet-ring cell positivity is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with gastric cancer treated with chemotherapy. Comparison between FLOT perioperative chemotherapy vs. surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy based on signet-ring cell positivity is lacking. The aim of the analysis was to compare perioperative FLOT with adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients stratified by signet-ring cell positivity. METHODS We conducted a retrospective multicenter analysis based on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with gastric cancer who received perioperative chemotherapy with a FLOT regimen and compared their survival with a historical cohort of patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, matched by cT and cN stage and by tumor histological features. RESULTS Seventy-six patients were enrolled and 24 (32%) were signet-ring cell positive. At a median follow-up time of 39 months, the median DFS was 26.3 months and the median OS was 37.3 months. Signet-ring cell positivity was associated with a shorter OS (median OS: 20.4 vs. 46.9 months, HR: 3.30, 95%CI: 1.56-6.99, p = 0.0018) and DFS (mDFS: 15.2 vs. 38.6 months, HR: 3.18, 95%CI: 1.55-6.54, p = 0.0016). This was confirmed by multivariate analysis for DFS (Exp(B): 2.55) and OS (Exp(B): 2.68). After propensity score matching, statistically significant shorter DFS (HR: 3.30, 95%CI: 1.50-7.35, p = 0.003) and OS (HR: 5.25, 95%CI: 2.18-12-68, p = 0.0002) were observed for patients with signet-ring cell positivity who received perioperative treatment vs. those who received surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Signet-ring positivity was associated with shorter DFS and OS in patients who received perioperative treatment with FLOT compared with surgery followed by adjuvant therapy. These data suggest that for patients with signet-ring cell histology, FLOT perioperative treatment might not always be the best choice of treatment, and further research should be focused on this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Giampieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bittoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Francesca Rastelli
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale "C.e G. Mazzoni" Ascoli Piceno, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Catalano
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, AV1, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michela Del Prete
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale Augusto Murri di Fermo, 63900 Fermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Chiorrini
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale E. Profili, 60044 Fabriano, Italy
| | - Giada Pinterpe
- Medical Oncology Unit, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Graziano
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Marche Nord, AV1, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiara Giorgi
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale Madonna del Soccorso, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Renato Bisonni
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale Augusto Murri di Fermo, 63900 Fermo, Italy
| | - Rosarita Silva
- Department of Oncology, Ospedale E. Profili, 60044 Fabriano, Italy
| | - Paolo Alessandroni
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Marche Nord, AV1, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Lara Mencarini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Steinhoff H, Acs M, Blaj S, Dank M, Herold M, Herold Z, Herzberg J, Sanchez-Velazquez P, Strate T, Szasz AM, Piso P. Prolonged hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy duration with 90 minutes cisplatin might increase overall survival in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2850-2863. [PMID: 37274066 PMCID: PMC10237111 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced gastric cancer with synchronous peritoneal metastases (GC-PM) is associated with a poor prognosis. Although cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC) is a promising approach, only a limited number of Western studies exist.
AIM To investigate the clinicopathological outcomes of patients who underwent CRS-HIPEC for GC-PM.
METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients with GC-PM was conducted. All patients were seen at the Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg, Germany between January 2011 and July 2021 and underwent CRS-HIPEC. Preoperative laboratory results, the use of neoadjuvant trastuzumab, and the details of CRS-HIPEC, including peritoneal carcinomatosis index, completeness of cytoreduction, and surgical procedures were recorded. Disease-specific (DSS), and overall survival (OS) of patients were calculated.
RESULTS A total of 73 patients were included in the study. Patients treated with neoadjuvant trastuzumab (n = 5) showed longer DSS (P = 0.0482). Higher white blood cell counts (DSS: P = 0.0433) and carcinoembryonic antigen levels (OS and DSS: P < 0.01), and lower hemoglobin (OS and DSS: P < 0.05) and serum total protein (OS: P = 0.0368) levels were associated with shorter survival. Longer HIPEC duration was associated with more advantageous median survival times [60-min (n = 59): 12.86 mo; 90-min (n = 14): 27.30 mo], but without statistical difference. To obtain additional data from this observation, further separation of the study population was performed. First, propensity score-matched patient pairs (n = 14 in each group) were created. Statistically different DSS was found between patient pairs (hazard ratio = 0.2843; 95% confidence interval: 0.1119-0.7222; P = 0.0082). Second, those patients who were treated with trastuzumab and/or had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity (median survival: 12.68 mo vs 24.02 mo), or had to undergo the procedure before 2016 (median survival: 12.68 mo vs 27.30 mo; P = 0.0493) were removed from the original study population.
CONCLUSION Based on our experience, CRS-HIPEC is a safe and secure method to improve the survival of advanced GC-PM patients. Prolonged HIPEC duration may serve as a good therapy for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Steinhoff
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg 93049, Germany
| | - Miklos Acs
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg 93049, Germany
| | - Sebastian Blaj
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg 93049, Germany
| | - Magdolna Dank
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Herold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Jonas Herzberg
- Department of Surgery, Krankenhaus Reinbek St. Adolf-Stift, Reinbek 21465, Germany
| | | | - Tim Strate
- Department of Surgery, Krankenhaus Reinbek St. Adolf-Stift, Reinbek 21465, Germany
| | - Attila Marcell Szasz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Pompiliu Piso
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg 93049, Germany
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Ilerhunmwuwa N, Raza HM, Tan J, Belousova T, Wasifuddin M. A Rare Case of Metastatic Gastric Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma in a 23-Year-Old Female Presenting as Malignant Pleural Effusion. Cureus 2022; 14:e33085. [PMID: 36726911 PMCID: PMC9886370 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a poorly differentiated mucin-producing adenocarcinoma with greater than 50% signet ring cells. It commonly arises from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and rarely from extraintestinal organs. This is a rare case of a young African American female who presented with metastatic spread of signet ring cell gastric cancer (pleural and lymph nodal involvement) as the initial presentation of SRCC. Knowledge of the various clinical manifestations of SRCC can help with its early diagnosis, and there is a high need for detailed physical examination, early referral, and prompt treatment in patients with SRCC.
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Yun CO, Hong J, Yoon AR. Current clinical landscape of oncolytic viruses as novel cancer immunotherapeutic and recent preclinical advancements. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953410. [PMID: 36091031 PMCID: PMC9458317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical industry as a novel immunotherapeutic and therapeutic adjuvant due to their ability to induce and boost antitumor immunity through multiple mechanisms. First, intrinsic mechanisms of OVs that enable exploitation of the host immune system (e.g., evading immune detection) can nullify the immune escape mechanism of tumors. Second, many types of OVs have been shown to cause direct lysis of tumor cells, resulting in an induction of tumor-specific T cell response mediated by release of tumor-associated antigens and danger signal molecules. Third, armed OV-expressing immune stimulatory therapeutic genes could be highly expressed in tumor tissues to further improve antitumor immunity. Last, these OVs can inflame cold tumors and their microenvironment to be more immunologically favorable for other immunotherapeutics. Due to these unique characteristics, OVs have been tested as an adjuvant of choice in a variety of therapeutics. In light of these promising attributes of OVs in the immune-oncology field, the present review will examine OVs in clinical development and discuss various strategies that are being explored in preclinical stages for the next generation of OVs that are optimized for immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: A-Rum Yoon,
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