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Rouse WB, Tompkins VS, O'Leary CA, Moss WN. The RNA secondary structure of androgen receptor-FL and V7 transcripts reveals novel regulatory regions. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae220. [PMID: 38554103 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor belonging to the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family. Due to its roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, AR is tightly regulated to maintain proper levels of itself and the many genes it controls. AR dysregulation is a driver of many human diseases including prostate cancer. Though this dysregulation often occurs at the RNA level, there are many unknowns surrounding post-transcriptional regulation of AR mRNA, particularly the role that RNA secondary structure plays. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of AR transcript secondary structure is needed. We address this through the computational and experimental analyses of two key isoforms, full length (AR-FL) and truncated (AR-V7). Here, a combination of in-cell RNA secondary structure probing experiments (targeted DMS-MaPseq) and computational predictions were used to characterize the static structural landscape and conformational dynamics of both isoforms. Additionally, in-cell assays were used to identify functionally relevant structures in the 5' and 3' UTRs of AR-FL. A notable example is a conserved stem loop structure in the 5'UTR of AR-FL that can bind to Poly(RC) Binding Protein 2 (PCBP2). Taken together, our results reveal novel features that regulate AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren B Rouse
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Collin A O'Leary
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Current Address: Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
| | - Walter N Moss
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Guzman J, Weigelt K, Neumann A, Tripal P, Schmid B, Winter Z, Palmisano R, Culig Z, Cronauer MV, Muschler P, Wullich B, Taubert H, Wach S. NanoLuc Binary Technology as a methodological approach: an important new tool for studying the localization of androgen receptor and androgen receptor splice variant V7 homo and heterodimers. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:346. [PMID: 38500100 PMCID: PMC10949640 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-signaling axis plays a central role in prostate cancer (PCa). Upon androgen-binding the AR dimerizes with another AR, and translocates into the nucleus where the AR-dimer activates/inactivates androgen-dependent genes. Consequently, treatments for PCa are commonly based on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The clinical benefits of ADT are only transitory and most tumors develop mechanisms allowing the AR to bypass its need for physiological levels of circulating androgens. Clinical failure of ADT is often characterized by the synthesis of a constitutively active AR splice variant, termed AR-V7. AR-V7 mRNA expression is considered as a resistance mechanism following ADT. AR-V7 no longer needs androgenic stimuli for nuclear entry and/or dimerization. METHODS Our goal was to mechanistically decipher the interaction between full-length AR (AR-FL) and AR-V7 in AR-null HEK-293 cells using the NanoLuc Binary Technology under androgen stimulation and deprivation conditions. RESULTS Our data point toward a hypothesis that AR-FL/AR-FL homodimers form in the cytoplasm, whereas AR-V7/AR-V7 homodimers localize in the nucleus. However, after androgen stimulation, all the AR-FL/AR-FL, AR-FL/AR-V7 and AR-V7/AR-V7 dimers were localized in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS We showed that AR-FL and AR-V7 form heterodimers that localize to the nucleus, whereas AR-V7/AR-V7 dimers were found to localize in the absence of androgens in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guzman
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Katrin Weigelt
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Angela Neumann
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schmid
- Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Zoltán Winter
- Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Ralph Palmisano
- Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Universität Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
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Zhu H, Lin Q, Gao X, Huang X. Identification of the hub genes associated with prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1168772. [PMID: 37251946 PMCID: PMC10213256 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1168772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the male urogenital system; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study integrated two cohort profile datasets to elucidate the potential hub genes and mechanisms in PCa. Methods and Results Gene expression profiles GSE55945 and GSE6919 were filtered from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain 134 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (14 upregulated and 120 downregulated) in PCa. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery, showing that these DEGs were mainly involved in biological functions such as cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, migration, focal adhesion, and vascular smooth muscle contraction. The STRING database and Cytoscape tools were used to analyze protein-protein interactions and identify 15 hub candidate genes. Violin plot, boxplot, and prognostic curve analyses were performed using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, which identified seven hub genes, including upregulated expressed SPP1 and downregulated expressed MYLK, MYL9, MYH11, CALD1, ACTA2, and CNN1 in PCa compared with normal tissue. Correlation analysis was performed using the OmicStudio tools, which showed that these hub genes were moderately to strongly correlated with each other. Finally, quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting were performed to validate the hub genes, showing that the abnormal expression of the seven hub genes in PCa was consistent with the analysis results of the GEO database. Discussion Taken together, MYLK, MYL9, MYH11, CALD1, ACTA2, SPP1, and CNN1 are hub genes significantly associated with PCa occurrence. These genes are abnormally expressed, leading to the formation, proliferation, invasion, and migration of PCa cells and promoting tumor neovascularization. These genes may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in patients with PCa.
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Zhao S, Liao J, Zhang S, Shen M, Li X, Zhou L. The positive relationship between androgen receptor splice variant-7 expression and the risk of castration-resistant prostate cancer: A cumulative analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1053111. [PMID: 36865799 PMCID: PMC9972874 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1053111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At present, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is still the standard regimen for patients with metastatic and locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). The level of androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7) in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has been reported to be elevated compared with that in patients diagnosed with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). Aim Herein, we performed a systematic review and cumulative analysis to evaluate whether the expression of AR-V7 was significantly higher in patients with CRPC than in HSPC patients. Methods The commonly used databases were searched to identify the potential studies reporting the level of AR-V7 in CRPC and HSPC patients. The association between CRPC and the positive expression of AR-V7 was pooled by using the relative risk (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) under a random-effects model. For detecting the potential bias and the heterogeneity of the included studies, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed. Publication bias was assessed Egger's and Begg's tests. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022297014). Results This cumulative analysis included 672 participants from seven clinical trials. The study group contained 354 CRPC patients, while the other group contained 318 HSPC patients. Pooled results from the seven eligible studies showed that the expression of positive AR-V7 was significantly higher in men with CRPC compared to those with HSPC (RR = 7.55, 95% CI: 4.61-12.35, p < 0.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the combined RRs did not change substantially, ranging from 6.85 (95% CI: 4.16-11.27, p < 0.001) to 9.84 (95% CI: 5.13-18.87, p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, a stronger association was detected in RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) measurement in American patients, and those studies were published before 2011 (all p < 0.001). There was no significant publication bias identified in our study. Conclusion Evidence from the seven eligible studies demonstrated that patients with CRPC had a significantly elevated positive expression of AR-V7. More investigations are still warranted to clarify the association between CRPC and AR-V7 testing. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022297014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maolei Shen
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Libo Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Libo Zhou,
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The Crucial Role of AR-V7 in Enzalutamide-Resistance of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194877. [PMID: 36230800 PMCID: PMC9563243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) has always been considered a key driver for triggering enzalutamide resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In recent years, both the homeostasis of AR-V7 protein and AR-V7’s relationship with LncRNAs have gained great attention with in-depth studies. Starting from protein stability and LncRNA, the paper discusses and summarizes the mechanisms and drugs that affect the CRPC patients’ sensitivity to enzalutamide by regulating the protein or transcriptional stability of AR-V7, hoping to provide therapeutic ideas for subsequent research to break through the CRPC therapeutic bottleneck. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) has the second highest incidence of malignancies occurring in men worldwide. The first-line therapy of PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Nonetheless, most patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after being treated by ADT. As a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, enzalutamide (ENZ) is the current mainstay of new endocrine therapies for CRPC in clinical use. However, almost all patients develop resistance during AR antagonist therapy due to various mechanisms. At present, ENZ resistance (ENZR) has become challenging in the clinical treatment of CRPC. AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) refers to a ligand-independent and constitutively active variant of the AR and is considered a key driver of ENZR in CRPC. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and biological behaviors of AR-V7 in ENZR of CRPC to contribute novel insights for CRPC therapy.
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