1
|
He Y, Jin W, Wan H, Zhang L, Yu L. Research progress on immune-related therapeutic targets of brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia. Cytokine 2024; 180:156651. [PMID: 38761715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. The innate immune response occurs immediately after cerebral ischemia, resulting in adaptive immunity. More and more experimental evidence has proved that the immune response caused by cerebral ischemia plays an important role in early brain injury and later the recovery of brain injury. Innate immune cells and adaptive cells promote the occurrence of cerebral ischemic injury but also protect brain cells. A large number of studies have shown that cytokines and immune-related substances also have dual functions of promoting injury, reducing injury, or promoting injury recovery in the later stage of cerebral ischemia. They can be an important target for treating cerebral ischemic recovery. Therefore, this study discussed the immune cells, cytokines, and immune-related substances with dual roles in cerebral ischemia and summarized the therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemia. To explore more effective methods to treat cerebral ischemia, promote the recovery of brain function, and improve the prognosis of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia He
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weifeng Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lijiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Meng R, Jiang M, Qing H, Ni J. Emerging Roles of Microglia in Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1189-1204. [PMID: 36740799 PMCID: PMC10964094 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230203103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective interface between the blood and the brain parenchyma. It plays an essential role in maintaining a specialized environment for central nervous system function and homeostasis. The BBB disrupts with age, which contributes to the development of many age-related disorders due to central and peripheral toxic factors or BBB dysfunction. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been explored for their ability to directly and indirectly regulate the integrity of the BBB. This review will focus on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized by microglia to regulate BBB integrity and how this becomes disrupted in aging and age-associated diseases. We will also discuss the rationale for considering microglia as a therapeutic target to prevent or slow down neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong W, Xie Z, Shang X, Hayashi Y, Lan F, Narengaowa, Zhao S, Li H, Quan Z, Wu Z, Nakanishi H, Qing H, Ni J. Zinc finger protein 335 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurodegeneration and memory loss as a transcriptional factor in microglia. Glia 2023; 71:2720-2734. [PMID: 37522284 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 335 (Zfp335) is a transcription factor that regulates mammalian neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. It is a causative factor for severe microcephaly, small somatic size, and neonatal death. Here, we evaluated the effects of Zfp335 in the adult mouse brain after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. We used wild-type (WT) and Zfp335 knock-down (Zfp335+/- ) mice with LPS administered in the intracerebral ventricle in vivo and cultured microglia treated with LPS in vitro. The impact of Zfp335 was evaluated by RT-PCR, RNA-sequencing, western blotting, immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and the memory behavior tests. Knockdown of Zfp335 expression ameliorated microglia activation significantly, including reduced mRNA and protein expression of Iba1, reduced numbers of microglia, reduced cell diameter, and increased branch length, in the brains of 2-month-old mice after LPS treatment. Zfp335 was expressed in microglia and neurons, but increased in microglia, not neurons, in the brain of mice after LPS administration. LPS-induced microglia-mediated neurodegeneration was dependent upon microglial Zfp335 controlled by nuclear factor-kappa B. Microglial Zfp335 affected neuronal activity through transcriptional regulation of lymphocyte antigen-6M (Ly6M). Our data suggest that Zfp335 is a key transcription factor that exacerbates microglia-mediated neurodegeneration through upregulation of Ly6M expression. Inhibition of microglial Zfp335 may be a new strategy for preventing brain disease induced by microglia activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Narengaowa
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu H, Peng J, Huang L, Ruan D, Li Y, Yuan F, Tu Z, Huang K, Zhu X. The role of lysosomal peptidases in glioma immune escape: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154146. [PMID: 37398678 PMCID: PMC10311646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, which has the characteristics of strong invasion, frequent recurrence, and rapid progression. These characteristics are inseparable from the evasion of glioma cells from immune killing, which makes immune escape a great obstacle to the treatment of glioma, and studies have confirmed that glioma patients with immune escape tend to have poor prognosis. The lysosomal peptidase lysosome family plays an important role in the immune escape process of glioma, which mainly includes aspartic acid cathepsin, serine cathepsin, asparagine endopeptidases, and cysteine cathepsins. Among them, the cysteine cathepsin family plays a prominent role in the immune escape of glioma. Numerous studies have confirmed that glioma immune escape mediated by lysosomal peptidases has something to do with autophagy, cell signaling pathways, immune cells, cytokines, and other mechanisms, especially lysosome organization. The relationship between protease and autophagy is more complicated, and the current research is neither complete nor in-depth. Therefore, this article reviews how lysosomal peptidases mediate the immune escape of glioma through the above mechanisms and explores the possibility of lysosomal peptidases as a target of glioma immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linzhen Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuguang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1182621. [PMID: 37361996 PMCID: PMC10285223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lifang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Zhao J, Gu Y, Wang H, Jiang M, Zhao S, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsin H: molecular characteristics and clues to function and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115585. [PMID: 37148981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin H (CatH) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with a unique aminopeptidase activity that is extensively expressed in the lung, pancreas, thymus, kidney, liver, skin, and brain. Owing to its specific enzymatic activity, CatH has critical effects on the regulation of biological behaviours of cancer cells and pathological processes in brain diseases. Moreover, a neutral pH level is optimal for CatH activity, so it is expected to be active in the extra-lysosomal and extracellular space. In the present review, we describe the expression, maturation, and enzymatic properties of CatH, and summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically links CatH to various physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potentials of CatH inhibitors in CatH-induced disease therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yebo Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou G, Ye Q, Xu Y, He B, Wu L, Zhu G, Xie J, Yao L, Xiao Z. Mitochondrial calcium uptake 3 mitigates cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related neuronal death and glial inflammation by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109614. [PMID: 36878048 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the cerebrovascular amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and always accompanied by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction-associated cellular events including cell death, inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated in the progression of CAA. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms revealing CAA pathogenesis are still obscure, thus requiring further studies. Mitochondrial calcium uptake 3 (MICU3), a regulator of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), mediates various biological functions, but its expression and influence on CAA are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that MICU3 expression was gradually declined in cortex and hippocampus of Tg-SwDI transgenic mice. Using stereotaxic operation with AAV9 encoding MICU3, we showed that AAV-MICU3 improved the behavioral performances and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in Tg-SwDI mice, along with markedly reduced Aβ deposition through mediating Aβ metabolism process. Importantly, we found that AAV-MICU3 remarkably improved neuronal death and mitigated glial activation and neuroinflammation in cortex and hippocampus of Tg-SwDI mice. Furthermore, excessive oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and dysfunction, decreased ATP and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in Tg-SwDI mice, while being considerably ameliorated upon MICU3 over-expression. More importantly, our in vitro experiments suggested that MICU3-attenuated neuronal death, activation of glial cells and oxidative stress were completely abrogated upon PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) knockdown, indicating that PINK1 was required for MICU3 to perform its protective effects against CAA. Mechanistic experiment confirmed an interaction between MICU3 and PINK1. Together, these findings demonstrated that MICU3-PINK1 axis may serve as a key target for CAA treatment mainly through improving mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guanghua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zijian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wagner A, Pehar M, Yan Z, Kulka M. Amanita muscaria extract potentiates production of proinflammatory cytokines by dsRNA-activated human microglia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1102465. [PMID: 37124206 PMCID: PMC10130647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in mushrooms and their components as potential therapies for mental health, along with recent government and health authority approvals, has necessitated a more comprehensive understanding of their effects on the cellular microenvironment of the brain. Amanita muscaria has been ingested as a treatment for a variety of ailments for centuries, most notably those affecting the central nervous system and conditions associated with neuroinflammation. However, the effects of these extracts on neuroinflammatory cells, such as microglia, are unknown. The effect of commercially-sourced A. muscaria extract (AME-1) on human microglial cell line (HMC3) expression of surface receptors such as CD86, CXCR4, CD45, CD125 and TLR4 was determined by flow cytometry. AME-1 upregulated expression of all of these receptors. The effect of AME-1 on HMC3 production of IL-8 and IL-6 was determined and compared to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], substance P and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), all known activators of HMC-3 and primary microglia. HMC3 produced both IL-8 and IL-6 when activated with LPS, TNF and poly(I:C) but not when they were activated with substance P. Although AME-1 at higher concentrations increased IL-8 production of HMC3 on its own, AME-1 notably potentiated HMC3 production of IL-8 in response to poly(I:C). AME-1 altered expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mRNA but not surface protein by HMC3. AME-1 also did not significantly alter expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), both cytosolic sensors of dsRNA. Metabolomics analysis showed that AME-1 contained several metabolites, including the autophagy inducer, trehalose. Like AME-1, trehalose also potentiated HMC3 poly(I:C) mediated production of IL-8. This study suggests that A. muscaria extracts can modify HMC3 inflammatory responses, possibly due to their trehalose content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Wagner
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marcus Pehar
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhimin Yan
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marianna Kulka,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
New Insights into the Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121796. [PMID: 34944440 PMCID: PMC8698589 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia and astrocytes, is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that activated microglia induce the expression and secretion of various lysosomal cathepsins, particularly during the early stage of neuroinflammation. This trigger signaling cascade that aggravate neurodegeneration. To date, most research on neuroinflammation has focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins, the largest cathepsin family. Cysteine cathepsins are primarily responsible for protein degradation in lysosomes; however, they also play a role in regulating a number of other important physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the functional roles of cysteine cathepsins in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on their roles in the polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation signaling, which in turn causes neuronal death and thus neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Li H, Hu J, Wu Z, Meng J, Hayashi Y, Nakanishi H, Qing H, Ni J. Differential Expression and Distinct Roles of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 in Microglia and Neurons in Neonatal Mouse Brain After Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:717-730. [PMID: 34762231 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation are critical factors in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Interest in protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is creasing. However, it is unclear the expression and functions of PAR2 in hypoxia-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Mice with HI and cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) were studied. Immunoblot and qRT-PCR were used to study the differential gene expression in cultured microglia and neurons. Immunofluorescent staining was used to study the expression pattern of PAR2 in the HI brain and phagocytotic activity of microglia after OGD/R. In neonatal mice brain after HI, we found PAR2 expression was abundant in neurons, but barely in microglia from the contralateral side of cortex and hippocampus. Conversely, PAR2 expression was barely in neurons while significantly increased in activated microglia from the ipsilateral side of cortex and hippocampus. The activations of PAR2 were increased in both microglia and neuron in a cell model of OGD/R. PAR2 activation mediated the cross-talk between microglia and neurons including the following: microglial PAR2 mediated inflammatory responses that induced neuronal damage; neuronal PAR2 regulated chemokines that recruited activated microglia to damage area; microglia PAR2 controlled the phagocytosis of degenerating neurons. These data suggested differential expression and distinct roles of PAR2 in microglia and neurons after HI injury; thereby, interventions targeting PAR2 may provide insights into the inflammatory-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.,Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiangqi Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|