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Nawaz M, Huiyuan Y, Akhtar F, Tianyue M, Zheng H. Deep learning in the discovery of antiviral peptides and peptidomimetics: databases and prediction tools. Mol Divers 2025:10.1007/s11030-025-11173-y. [PMID: 40153158 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-025-11173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/30/2025]
Abstract
Antiviral peptides (AVPs) represent a novel and promising therapeutic alternative to conventional antiviral treatments, due to their broad-spectrum activity, high specificity, and low toxicity. The emergence of zoonotic viruses such as Zika, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2 have accelerated AVP research, driven by advancements in data availability and artificial intelligence (AI). This review focuses on the development of AVP databases, their physicochemical properties, and predictive tools utilizing machine learning for AVP discovery. Machine learning plays a pivotal role in advancing and developing antiviral peptides and peptidomimetics, particularly through the development of specialized databases such as DRAVP, AVPdb, and DBAASP. These resources facilitate AVP characterization but face limitations, including small datasets, incomplete annotations, and inadequate integration with multi-omics data.The antiviral efficacy of AVPs is closely linked to their physicochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and amphipathic α-helical structures, which enable viral membrane disruption and specific target interactions. Computational prediction tools employing machine learning and deep learning have significantly advanced AVP discovery. However, challenges like overfitting, limited experimental validation, and a lack of mechanistic insights hinder clinical translation.Future advancements should focus on improved validation frameworks, integration of in vivo data, and the development of interpretable models to elucidate AVP mechanisms. Expanding predictive models to address multi-target interactions and incorporating complex biological environments will be crucial for translating AVPs into effective clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nawaz
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Huiyuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fahad Akhtar
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ma Tianyue
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ezhilarasan D, Karthick M, Sharmila M, Sanjay S, Mani U. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanisms of HAART-Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2025; 39:e70174. [PMID: 39959953 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.70174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), consisting of three or more antiretroviral drugs, is recommended for patients with HIV infection. HAART effectively reduces HIV RNA levels, lowers the risk of opportunistic infections, and improves immune function and survival rates. However, it is also associated with an increased risk of liver injury in HIV-infected individuals. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms underlying HAART-induced liver injury. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE using keywords such as "Antiretroviral/ARV drugs and drug-induced liver injury (DILI)," "HAART and DILI," "Antiretroviral therapy and DILI," and "HIV infection and DILI." Relevant papers published before March 2024 were included. Experimental studies have demonstrated that zidovudine and efavirenz can cause structural alterations in mitochondria, impair the respiratory chain, generate free radicals, and deplete mitochondrial DNA, leading to oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, as well as the accumulation of advanced glycation end products in liver tissue. Zidovudine disrupts lipid homeostasis by increasing fatty acid synthesis and reducing metabolism. Efavirenz and its metabolite, 8-hydroxyefavirenz, induce hepatocellular death and activate proapoptotic markers through c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Additionally, lamivudine has been shown to induce liver injury and oxidative stress in rats. Clinically, approximately 50% of HIV patients on HAART regimens containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors experience mild to moderate liver injury. HAART regimens that include efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir impair glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats, highlighting the need for caution in HIV patients with fatty liver disease. Patients with viral hepatitis coinfection, those taking antitubercular drugs or cotrimoxazole, and those on nevirapine-containing regimens are at particularly high risk. Regular monitoring of liver function is essential to prevent liver damage associated with HAART in HIV-infected patients. While HAART significantly improves survival rates in HIV patients, it also poses a considerable risk of liver injury, necessitating careful monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology and Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Munusamy Karthick
- Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology and Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusethupathi Sharmila
- Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology and Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Somasundaram Sanjay
- Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology and Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uthirappan Mani
- Animal House Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, India
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Song C, Jiang L, Sha X, Jiao Z, Xing Y, Li X, Li X, Yao Z, Li Z, Wang D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yin F. Peptide Nanocarriers for Targeted Delivery of Nucleic Acids for Cancer Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2025; 36:25-33. [PMID: 39714310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Peptides have been extensively studied in nanomedicine with great bioactivity and biocompatibility; however, their poor cell-membrane-penetrating properties and nonselectivity greatly limit their clinical applications. In this study, tumor-targeting therapy was achieved by modifying our previously developed efficient peptide vector with the cancer-targeting peptide RGD, enabling it to specifically target tumor cells with a high expression of RGD-binding receptors. B-cell lymphoma-2 antisense oligonucleotides were selected as the target model to validate the effectiveness of the delivery carriers. Results demonstrated that this delivery system can be efficiently and selectively taken up by RGD receptor-positive cells (αvβ3 integrin receptor), further inducing effective target gene knockdown. Overall, this system provided a promising strategy for the targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Leying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinrui Sha
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zijun Jiao
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Shenzhen JXBio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
- Shenzhen JYMed Technology Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhiyong Yao
- Shenzhen JYMed Technology Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lixiang Zhang
- Shenzhen JXBio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
- Shenzhen JYMed Technology Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China
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Bakhtazad A, Kabbaj M, Garmabi B, Joghataei MT. The role of CART peptide in learning and memory: A potential therapeutic target in memory-related disorders. Peptides 2024; 181:171298. [PMID: 39317295 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA and peptide are vastly expressed in both cortical and subcortical brain areas and are involved in critical cognitive functions. CART peptide (CARTp), described in reward-related brain structures, regulates drug-induced learning and memory, and its role appears specific to psychostimulants. However, many other drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, opiates, nicotine, and caffeine, have been shown to alter the expression levels of CART mRNA and peptides in brain structures directly or indirectly associated with learning and memory processes. However, the number of studies demonstrating the contribution of CARTp in learning and memory is still minimal. Notably, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CARTp effects are still unknown. The discoveries that CARTp effects are mediated through a putative G-protein coupled receptor and activation of cellular signaling cascades via NMDA receptor-coupled ERK have enhanced our knowledge about the action of this neuropeptide and allowed us to comprehend better CARTp exact cellular/molecular mechanisms that could mediate drug-induced changes in learning and memory functions. Unfortunately, these efforts have been impeded by the lack of suitable and specific CARTp receptor antagonists. In this review, following a short introduction about CARTp, we report on current knowledge about CART's roles in learning and memory processes and its recently described role in memory-related neurological disorders. We will also discuss the importance of further investigating how CARTp interacts with its receptor(s) and other neurotransmitter systems to influence learning and memory functions. This topic is sure to intrigue and motivate further exploration in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Bakhtazad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, United States
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang C, Shao S, Li N, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Liu B. Advances in Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Aβ Therapy Based on Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13110. [PMID: 37685916 PMCID: PMC10487952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) urgently needs innovative treatments due to the increasing aging population and lack of effective drugs and therapies. The amyloid fibrosis of AD-associated β-amyloid (Aβ) that could induce a series of cascades, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, is a critical factor in the progression of AD. Recently, peptide-based therapies for AD are expected to be great potential strategies for the high specificity to the targets, low toxicity, fast blood clearance, rapid cell and tissue permeability, and superior biochemical characteristics. Specifically, various chiral amino acids or peptide-modified interfaces draw much attention as effective manners to inhibit Aβ fibrillation. On the other hand, peptide-based inhibitors could be obtained through affinity screening such as phage display or by rational design based on the core sequence of Aβ fibrosis or by computer aided drug design based on the structure of Aβ. These peptide-based therapies can inhibit Aβ fibrillation and reduce cytotoxicity induced by Aβ aggregation and some have been shown to relieve cognition in AD model mice and reduce Aβ plaques in mice brains. This review summarizes the design method and characteristics of peptide inhibitors and their effect on the amyloid fibrosis of Aβ. We further describe some analysis methods for evaluating the inhibitory effect and point out the challenges in these areas, and possible directions for the design of AD drugs based on peptides, which lay the foundation for the development of new effective drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunli Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116024, China; (C.W.); (S.S.); (N.L.); (Z.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shuai Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116024, China; (C.W.); (S.S.); (N.L.); (Z.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116024, China; (C.W.); (S.S.); (N.L.); (Z.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhengyao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116024, China; (C.W.); (S.S.); (N.L.); (Z.Z.); (H.Z.)
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116024, China; (C.W.); (S.S.); (N.L.); (Z.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116024, China; (C.W.); (S.S.); (N.L.); (Z.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Khandibharad S, Singh S. Artificial intelligence channelizing protein-peptide interactions pipeline for host-parasite paradigm in IL-10 and IL-12 reciprocity by SHP-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166466. [PMID: 35750267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification of molecular targets in any cellular phenomena is a challenge and a path that one endeavors upon independently. We have identified a phosphatase SHP-1 as a point of intervention of IL-10 and IL-12 reciprocity in leishmaniasis. The therapeutic model that we have developed uniquely targets this protein but the pipeline in general can be used by the researchers for their unique targets. Naturally occurring peptides are well known for their biochemical participation in cellular functions hence we were motivated to use this uniqueness of physico-chemical properties of peptides conferred by amino acids through machine learning to channelize a mode of therapeutic exploration in infectious disease. Using computational approaches, we identified high order sequence conservation and similarity in SHP-1 sequence which was also evolutionarily conserved, complete structure of Mouse SHP-1 was predicted and validated, a unique motif of the same was identified against which library of synthetic peptides were designed and validated followed by screening the library by docking them with MuSHP-1 protein structure. Our findings showed 3 peptides had high binding affinity and in future can be validated using cell based and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Khandibharad
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, INDIA
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, INDIA.
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 271.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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Gebremicael G, Tola HH, Gebreegziaxier A, Kassa D. Incidence of Hepatotoxicity and Factors Associated During Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with HIV in Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2021; 13:329-336. [PMID: 33790657 PMCID: PMC8006948 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s283076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hepatotoxicity is one of the risk factors associated with treatment non-adherence, which is the main risk factor for drug resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of hepatotoxicity during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among people living with HIV in Ethiopia. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted between April 2007 and January 2011 at Saint Peter Specialized Hospital, Akaki and Kality Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 316 HIV-infected adult individuals (70 participants were HIV and TB co-infected and 246 were infected with HIV alone) were included in this study. The study participants were followed for a total of 18 months with or without HAART. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and venous blood samples were collected for laboratory tests. Logistic regression and Poisson regression were used to determine the independent effect of each variable on hepatotoxicity at baseline and end of follow-up. Results Of 316 HIV-infected people, 72 (22.8%) participants had an elevated ALT/AST which was 100% mild-to moderate hepatotoxicity at baseline. Baseline CD4 T-cell count (p = 0.027) and HIV co-infection with TB (p < 0.001) were independently associated with hepatotoxicity at baseline. The overall incidence rate of hepatotoxicity in participants on HAART (21.8 per 100 person-years) was lower than participants who were HAART naïve (33.3 per 100 person-years) (p = 0.009). Conclusion High incidence of mild-to-moderate hepatotoxicity and low severe hepatotoxicity were observed in HIV-infected individuals who were on HAART or were HAART naïve. HAART may minimize the occurrence of hepatotoxicity. Although HAART could minimize hepatotoxicity among HIV-infected people, to manage mild and moderate hepatotoxicity liver function test monitoring is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin Gebremicael
- HIV and TB Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habteyes Hailu Tola
- HIV and TB Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atsbeha Gebreegziaxier
- HIV and TB Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Kassa
- HIV and TB Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Taramasso L, Lorenzini P, Di Biagio A, Lichtner M, Marchetti G, Rossotti R, Lapadula G, Cozzi-Lepri A, Vichi F, Antinori A, Bonora S, d'Arminio Monforte A. Incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevation among naive HIV-1-infected patients receiving ART in the ICONA cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:3295-3304. [PMID: 31504633 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevations (LEE) in patients initiating first-line ART in the ICONA prospective observational cohort, between June 2009 and December 2017. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 6575 ART-naive patients were selected, initiating two NRTIs with the third drug being a boosted PI (n=2436; 37.0%), an NNRTI (n=2384; 36.3%) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (n=1755; 26.7%). HBV surface antigen and HCV RNA were detected in 3.9% and 5.8% of the study population. Inverse probability weighted Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the HRs, according to first-line regimen, for LEE, defined as ALT or AST increases of ≥2.5× upper limit of normal (ULN) for patients with normal baseline values or ≥2.5× baseline for patients with higher baseline values. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-three LEE occurred over 20722 patient-years of follow-up. After adjusting for the main confounders, the risk of LEE halved with INSTIs compared with NNRTIs (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.86), with a significant reduction in the raltegravir group (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.84 using the NNRTI class as reference). HRs for LEE were significantly higher in subjects with HBV or HCV coinfection, in patients with poorly controlled HIV infection and in those who acquired HIV through homosexual transmission. CONCLUSIONS In our study, INSTI use almost halved the risk of LEE compared with other regimens. This finding could be particularly important for choosing ART in patients with risk factors for liver toxicity such as HCV and HBV coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taramasso
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lorenzini
- HIV/AIDS Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Vichi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- HIV/AIDS Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Barroso S, Morén C, González-Segura À, Riba N, Arnaiz JA, Manriquez M, Santana G, Blanco JL, Larousse M, Loncà M, de Lazzari E, Llopis J, Mallolas J, Miró O, Carné X, Gatell JM, Garrabou G, Martínez E. Metabolic, mitochondrial, renal and hepatic safety of enfuvirtide and raltegravir antiretroviral administration: Randomized crossover clinical trial in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216712. [PMID: 31120908 PMCID: PMC6532851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Classical antiretroviral agents may acutely impact on metabolic, mitochondrial, renal and hepatic function in HIV-infected and uninfected persons. Fusion and integrase inhibitors are supposed to be safer, but have been scarcely investigated. To avoid any interference with HIV or other antiretrovirals, we assessed markers of these toxicities in healthy adult volunteers treated with Enfuvirtide (T20) or Raltegravir (RAL). METHODS Twenty-six healthy participants were randomized to T20/90mg vs. placebo (n = 12) or RAL/400mg vs. placebo (n = 14) every 12h in two 7-day periods separated by a 4-week washout period. Major end-points were changes in lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides), insulin resistance (glucose) and mitochondrial toxicity (mitochondrial DNA content-mtDNA-in peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Renal and hepatic toxicity (creatinine, alanine transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin and total plasma proteins) and overall safety were also analysed. Effect of period, treatment, and basal measures were evaluated for each end-point. RESULTS Neither T20-administration nor RAL-administration yielded to any statistic significant change in the markers of metabolic, mitochondrial, renal or hepatic toxicity assessed. No symptoms indicative of drug toxicity were neither found in any subject. CONCLUSIONS In absence of HIV infection, or concomitant treatment, short-term exposure to T20 or RAL in healthy adult volunteers did not lead to any indicative changes in toxicity markers thus presuming the safe profile of both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barroso
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department—Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres of Rare Diseases CIBERER (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department—Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres of Rare Diseases CIBERER (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex González-Segura
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department—Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres of Rare Diseases CIBERER (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Riba
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A. Arnaiz
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Manriquez
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemina Santana
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Montse Loncà
- Infectious Diseases Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa de Lazzari
- Department of Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Llopis
- Department of Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Miró
- Emergency Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Carné
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, HCB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department—Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centres of Rare Diseases CIBERER (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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