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Rorex C, Cardona SM, Church KA, Rodriguez D, Vanegas D, Saldivar R, Faz B, Cardona AE. Astrogliosis in the GFAP-Cre ERT2:Rosa26 iDTR Mouse Model Does Not Exacerbate Retinal Microglia Activation or Müller Cell Gliosis under Hypoxic Conditions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:567. [PMID: 38785974 PMCID: PMC11117533 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects over 140 million people globally. The mechanisms that lead to blindness are still enigmatic but there is evidence that sustained inflammation and hypoxia contribute to vascular damage. Despite efforts to understand the role of inflammation and microglia in DR's pathology, the contribution of astrocytes to hypoxic responses is less clear. To investigate the role of astrocytes in hypoxia-induced retinopathy, we utilized a 7-day systemic hypoxia model using the GFAP-CreERT2:Rosa26iDTR transgenic mouse line. This allows for the induction of inflammatory reactive astrogliosis following tamoxifen and diphtheria toxin administration. We hypothesize that DTx-induced astrogliosis is neuroprotective during hypoxia-induced retinopathy. Glial, neuronal, and vascular responses were quantified using immunostaining, with antibodies against GFAP, vimentin, IBA-1, NeuN, fibrinogen, and CD31. Cytokine responses were measured in both the brain and serum. We report that while both DTx and hypoxia induced a phenotype of reduced microglia morphological activation, DTx, but not hypoxia, induced an increase in the Müller glia marker vimentin. We did not observe that the combination of DTx and hypoxic treatments exacerbated the signs of reactive glial cells, nor did we observe a significant change in the expression immunomodulatory mediators IL-1β, IL2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, CCL17, TGF-β1, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Overall, our results suggest that, in this hypoxia model, reactive astrogliosis does not alter the inflammatory responses or cause vascular damage in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Rorex
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Kaira A. Church
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
- Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Reina Saldivar
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
| | - Brianna Faz
- Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (C.R.)
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Wu X, Yu X, Chen C, Chen C, Wang Y, Su D, Zhu L. Fibrinogen and tumors. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1393599. [PMID: 38779081 PMCID: PMC11109443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1393599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma fibrinogen (Fg) levels consistently correlate with an unfavorable prognosis in various tumor patient cohorts. Within the tumor microenvironment, aberrant deposition and expression of Fg have been consistently observed, interacting with multiple cellular receptors and thereby accentuating its role as a regulator of inflammatory processes. Specifically, Fg serves to stimulate and recruit immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the promotion of tumor progression. Additionally, Fg and its fragments exhibit dichotomous effects on tumor angiogenesis. Notably, Fg also facilitates tumor migration through both platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms. Recent studies have illuminated several tumor-related signaling pathways influenced by Fg. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the intricate involvement of Fg in tumor biology, elucidating its multifaceted role and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenlu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongyan Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Liu J, Zhao Z, Li J, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang J. Association between transcutaneous oxygen saturation within 24 h of admission and mortality in critically ill patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1292260. [PMID: 38053796 PMCID: PMC10694199 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1292260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In critically ill patients, transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) upon admission is typically associated with in-hospital mortality. Nevertheless, the available information for patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is limited. In our study, our objective was to assess the correlation between SpO2 levels and mortality among patients diagnosed with severe SAH. Methods In this study, we extracted data from the Medical Information Marketplace in Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database, which comprises information on critically ill patients. By employing matching ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, we identified 3,328 patients diagnosed with SAH. Every individual who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) had their SpO2 data and various covariates, including age, sex, diagnosis, and duration of stay, recorded upon admission. Subsequently, the patients were categorized into three distinct groups according to their SpO2 levels: low (≤95%), moderate (95-98%), and high (≥98%). To investigate the association between percutaneous oxygen saturation and mortality in patients with severe SAH, logistic regression, and cubic spline models were utilized. The main outcomes of interest were 28- and 90-day mortality rates. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate these correlations and assess the consistency of interactions. Results A cohort of 864 patients diagnosed with non-traumatic SAH was included in this study. The correlation between SpO2 and mortality displayed a U-shaped curve when utilizing a finite cubic spline function (non-linearity < 0.001), with the nadir in the probability of in-hospital death at 96%. Mortality at 28 and 90 days showed an inverse correlation with SpO2 < 96% (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.95, and 0.76; 95% CI, 0.6-0.96). Conversely, there was a positive correlation between percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels of ≥96% and mortality rates at both 28 and 90 days (adjusted OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02-1.35 and 1.2; 95% CI, 1.05-1.39). Conclusion In patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage, the association between SpO2 and mortality at 28 and 90 days demonstrated a U-shaped pattern. When SpO2 levels were between 95 and 98%, both short- and long-term mortality rates were at their lowest. Patients with significant subarachnoid hemorrhage had a lower chance of survival when their SpO2 values were either high or low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zongxu Zhao
- College of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qiuhua Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Guan Y, Gu Y, Shao H, Ma W, Li G, Guo M, Shao Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Tian Z, Liu J, Ji X. Intermittent hypoxia protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inducing functional angiogenesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1656-1671. [PMID: 37395346 PMCID: PMC10581229 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231185507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) induces neurological damage due to cerebrovascular occlusion. Restoring blood perfusion to the ischemic brain area in a timely fashion is the most effective treatment strategy. Hypoxia is an effective way of restoring blood perfusion by improving cerebrovascular microcirculation, while the effect varies greatly depending on hypoxic mode. This study aimed to screen for the optimal hypoxic mode to improve cerebrovascular microcirculation and prevent IS. Here, we found that compared with continuous hypoxia (CH), intermittent hypoxia (IH) significantly improved cerebral blood flow and oxygen saturation in mice without causing neurological impairment. By analyzing cerebrovascular microcirculation from mice, we found that the IH mode (13%, 5*10) with 13% O2, 5 min interval, and 10 cycles per day significantly improved the cerebrovascular microcirculation by promoting angiogenesis without affecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, IH (13%, 5*10) treatment of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) mice significantly alleviated neurological dysfunction and reduced cerebral infarct volume by improving cerebrovascular microcirculation. CH had none of these positive effects. In summary, our study screened for an appropriate intermittent hypoxic mode that could improve cerebrovascular microcirculation, laying a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of IS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Guan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Gu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Shao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaifen Li
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Guo
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Tian
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Yin H, Yang R, Xin Y, Jiang T, Zhong D. In-hospital mortality and SpO2 incritical care patients with cerebral injury: data from the MIMIC‑IV Database. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:386. [PMID: 36510130 PMCID: PMC9743499 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence regarding the relationship between in-hospital mortality and SpO2 was low oxygen saturations are often thought to be harmful, new research in patients with brain damage has found that high oxygen saturation actually enhances mortality. However, there is currently no clear study to point out the appropriate range for oxygen saturation in patients with craniocerebral diseases. METHODS: By screening all patients in the MIMIC IV database, 3823 patients with craniocerebral diseases (according to ICD-9 codes and ICD-10) were selected, and non-linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between in-hospital mortality and oxygen saturation. Covariates for all patients included age, weight, diagnosis, duration of ICU stay, duration of oxygen therapy, etc. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality in patients with TBI and SAH was kept to a minimum when oxygen saturation was in the 94-96 range. And in all patients, the relationship between oxygen saturation and in-hospital mortality was U-shaped. Subgroup analysis of the relationship between oxygen saturation and mortality in patients with metabolic encephalopathy and other encephalopathy also draws similar conclusions In-hospital mortality and oxygen saturation were all U-shaped in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, metabolic and toxic encephalopathy, cerebral infarction, and other encephalopathy, but the nonlinear regression was statistically significant only in patients with cerebral infarction (p for nonlinearity = 0.002). CONCLUSION Focusing too much on the lower limit of oxygen saturation and ignoring too high oxygen saturation can also lead to increase in-hospital mortality. For patients with TBI and SAH, maintaining oxygen saturation at 94-96% will minimize the in-hospital mortality of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Yin
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Xin
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Zhong
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Knopp RC, Banks WA, Erickson MA. Physical associations of microglia and the vascular blood-brain barrier and their importance in development, health, and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102648. [PMID: 36347075 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Brain endothelial cells (BEC) of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) interact with many different cell types in the brain, including microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. Physical associations of microglia with the BBB and the importance of these interactions in health and disease are an emerging area of study and likely involved in neuroimmune communication. In this mini-review, we consider how microglia and the BBB are intrinsically linked in the developing brain, discuss possible mechanisms that attract microglia to the vasculature in healthy physiological conditions, and examine the known microglial-vascular associated changes in systemic infection and various disease states. Our findings shed light on the complexities of microglial-vascular interactions and highlight the contributions of microglia to the functions of the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Knopp
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA, 98108; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA, 98108; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA, 98108; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Tregub PP, Averchuk AS, Baranich TI, Ryazanova MV, Salmina AB. Physiological and Pathological Remodeling of Cerebral Microvessels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012683. [PMID: 36293539 PMCID: PMC9603917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the remodeling of cerebral microvessels plays an important role in plastic changes in the brain associated with development, experience, learning, and memory consolidation. At the same time, abnormal neoangiogenesis, and deregulated regulation of microvascular regression, or pruning, could contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases, stroke, and neurodegeneration. Aberrant remodeling of microvesselsis associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown, development of neuroinflammation, inadequate microcirculation in active brain regions, and leads to the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit and progressive neurological deficits. In this review, we summarize current data on the mechanisms of blood vessel regression and pruning in brain plasticity and in Alzheimer's-type neurodegeneration. We discuss some novel approaches to modulating cerebral remodeling and preventing degeneration-coupled aberrant microvascular activity in chronic neurodegeneration.
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Hao GS, Fan QL, Hu QZ, Hou Q. Research progress on the mechanism of cerebral blood flow regulation in hypoxia environment at plateau. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6353-6358. [PMID: 35235760 PMCID: PMC8973622 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The plateau is a special environment with low air pressure and low oxygen content. The average altitude of Qinghai-Tibet is 3,500 m, and the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure in most areas is lower than 60% of that at sea level. In order to adapt to the plateau low-oxygen environment, the human body has developed corresponding physiological structure and functions adjust. In the present review, the regulation mechanism of cerebral blood flow (CBF) under high-altitude environments was elaborated in eight aspects: the arterial blood gas, endogenous substances in the nerve and blood, the cerebral neovascularization, the hematocrit, cerebral auto-regulation mechanism, cerebrovascular reactivity, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and sympathetic automatic regulation, aiming to further explore the characteristics of changes in brain tissue and cerebral blood flow in a hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Sheng Hao
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Qing-Li Fan
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Quan-Zhong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
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10
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Guan Y, Liu J, Gu Y, Ji X. Effects of Hypoxia on Cerebral Microvascular Angiogenesis: Benefits or Damages? Aging Dis 2022; 14:370-385. [PMID: 37008044 PMCID: PMC10017152 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular microcirculation is essential for maintaining the physiological functions of the brain. The brain can be protected from stress injury by remodeling the microcirculation network. Angiogenesis is a type of cerebral vascular remodeling. It is an effective approach to improve the blood flow of the cerebral microcirculation, which is necessary for preventing and treating various neurological disorders. Hypoxia is one of the most important regulators of angiogenesis, affecting the sprouting, proliferation, and maturation stages of angiogenesis. Moreover, hypoxia negatively affects cerebral vascular tissue by impairing the structural and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier and vascular-nerve decoupling. Therefore, hypoxia has a dual effect on blood vessels and is affected by confounding factors including oxygen concentration, hypoxia duration, and hypoxia frequency and extent. Establishing an optimal model that promotes cerebral microvasculogenesis without causing vascular injury is essential. In this review, we first elaborate on the effects of hypoxia on blood vessels from two different perspectives: (1) the promotion of angiogenesis and (2) cerebral microcirculation damage. We further discuss the factors influencing the dual role of hypoxia and emphasize the benefits of moderate hypoxic irritation and its potential application as an easy, safe, and effective treatment for multiple nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Guan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Gu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Prof. Xunming Ji; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing 100069, China. E-mail: .
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