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Banerjee S, Smith IM, Hengen AC, Stroka KM. Methods for studying mammalian aquaporin biology. Biol Methods Protoc 2023; 8:bpad031. [PMID: 38046463 PMCID: PMC10689382 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water-conducting channels, have earned a great deal of scrutiny for their critical physiological roles in healthy and disease cell states, especially in the biomedical field. Numerous methods have been implemented to elucidate the involvement of AQP-mediated water transport and downstream signaling activation in eliciting whole cell, tissue, and organ functional responses. To modulate these responses, other methods have been employed to investigate AQP druggability. This review discusses standard in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods for studying AQPs, especially for biomedical and mammalian cell biology applications. We also propose some new techniques and approaches for future AQP research to address current gaps in methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohini Banerjee
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
| | - Ian M Smith
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
| | - Autumn C Hengen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD 21201, United States
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD 21201, United States
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Zhu Y, Wang G, Kolluru C, Gu Y, Gao H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wilson DL, Zhu X, Flask CA, Yu X. Transport pathways and kinetics of cerebrospinal fluid tracers in mouse brain observed by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13882. [PMID: 37620371 PMCID: PMC10449788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested the glymphatic system as a key mechanism of waste removal in the brain. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) using intracisternally administered contrast agents is a promising tool for assessing glymphatic function in the whole brain. In this study, we evaluated the transport kinetics and distribution of three MRI contrast agents with vastly different molecular sizes in mice. Our results demonstrate that oxygen-17 enriched water (H217O), which has direct access to parenchymal tissues via aquaporin-4 water channels, exhibited significantly faster and more extensive transport compared to the two gadolinium-based contrast agents (Gd-DTPA and GadoSpin). Time-lagged correlation and clustering analyses also revealed different transport pathways for Gd-DTPA and H217O. Furthermore, there were significant differences in transport kinetics of the three contrast agents to the lateral ventricles, reflecting the differences in forces that drive solute transport in the brain. These findings suggest the size-dependent transport pathways and kinetics of intracisternally administered contrast agents and the potential of DCE-MRI for assessing multiple aspects of solute transport in the glymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Guanhua Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chaitanya Kolluru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yuning Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Huiyun Gao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David L Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chris A Flask
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden 430, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Robert SM, Reeves BC, Kiziltug E, Duy PQ, Karimy JK, Mansuri MS, Marlier A, Allington G, Greenberg ABW, DeSpenza T, Singh AK, Zeng X, Mekbib KY, Kundishora AJ, Nelson-Williams C, Hao LT, Zhang J, Lam TT, Wilson R, Butler WE, Diluna ML, Feinberg P, Schafer DP, Movahedi K, Tannenbaum A, Koundal S, Chen X, Benveniste H, Limbrick DD, Schiff SJ, Carter BS, Gunel M, Simard JM, Lifton RP, Alper SL, Delpire E, Kahle KT. The choroid plexus links innate immunity to CSF dysregulation in hydrocephalus. Cell 2023; 186:764-785.e21. [PMID: 36803604 PMCID: PMC10069664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and the primary source of CSF. Acquired hydrocephalus, caused by brain infection or hemorrhage, lacks drug treatments due to obscure pathobiology. Our integrated, multi-omic investigation of post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models revealed that lipopolysaccharide and blood breakdown products trigger highly similar TLR4-dependent immune responses at the ChP-CSF interface. The resulting CSF "cytokine storm", elicited from peripherally derived and border-associated ChP macrophages, causes increased CSF production from ChP epithelial cells via phospho-activation of the TNF-receptor-associated kinase SPAK, which serves as a regulatory scaffold of a multi-ion transporter protein complex. Genetic or pharmacological immunomodulation prevents PIH and PHH by antagonizing SPAK-dependent CSF hypersecretion. These results reveal the ChP as a dynamic, cellularly heterogeneous tissue with highly regulated immune-secretory capacity, expand our understanding of ChP immune-epithelial cell cross talk, and reframe PIH and PHH as related neuroimmune disorders vulnerable to small molecule pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reeves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M Shahid Mansuri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ana B W Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tyrone DeSpenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amrita K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kedous Y Mekbib
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Le Thi Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rashaun Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael L Diluna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Philip Feinberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sunil Koundal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xinan Chen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhu Y, Wang G, Kolluru C, Gu Y, Gao H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wilson DL, Zhu X, Flask CA, Yu X. Transport Pathways and Kinetics of Cerebrospinal Fluid Tracers in Mouse Brain Observed by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2544475. [PMID: 36798228 PMCID: PMC9934740 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2544475/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have suggested the glymphatic system as a solute transport pathway and waste removal mechanism in the brain. Imaging intracisternally administered tracers provides the opportunity of assessing various aspects of the glymphatic function. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) allows the evaluation of both the kinetics and spatial distribution of tracer transport in the whole brain. However, assessing mouse glymphatic function by DCE-MRI has been challenged by the small size of a mouse brain and the limited volume of fluids that can be delivered intracisternally without significantly altering the intracranial pressure. Further, previous studies in rats suggest that assessment of glymphatic function by DCE-MRI is dependent on the molecular size of the contrast agents. Methods: We established and validated an intracisternal infusion protocol in mice that allowed the measurements of the entire time course of contrast agent transport for 2 hours. The transport kinetics and distribution of three MRI contrast agents with drastically different molecular weights (MWs): Gd-DTPA (MW=661.8 Da, n=7), GadoSpin-P (MW=200 kDa, n=6), and oxygen-17 enriched water (H 2 17 O, MW=19 Da, n=7), were investigated. Results: The transport of H 2 17 O was significantly faster and more extensive than the two gadolinium-based contrast agents. Time-lagged correlation analysis and clustering analysis comparing the kinetics of Gd-DTPA and H 2 17 O transport also showed different cluster patterns and lag time between different regions of the brain, suggesting different transport pathways for H 2 17 O because of its direct access to parenchymal tissues via the aquaporin-4 water channels. Further, there were also significant differences in the transport kinetics of the three tracers to the lateral ventricles, which reflects the differences in forces that drive tracer transport in the brain. Conclusions: Comparison of the transport kinetics and distribution of three MRI contrast agents with different molecular sizes showed drastically different transport profiles and clustering patterns, suggesting that the transport pathways and kinetics in the glymphatic system are size-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Yu
- Case Western Reserve University
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