RRM2 expression in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer and its prognostic significance

Surface-modified nintedanib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for effective targeting of non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains a significant global health burden as the second most common and fatal malignancy, with treatment complexities heightened by limited knowledge of inhaler techniques and respiratory challenges, particularly in elderly and pediatric patients. Despite the availability of oral chemotherapeutics like Nintedanib, its clinical efficacy is undermined by suboptimal pharmacokinetics, high systemic toxicity, and low bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, we developed folic acid-conjugated Nintedanib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FA-NIN-SLNPs), which offer targeted therapy with enhanced delivery and reduced adverse effects, potentially improving patient adherence. Prepared through a refined nanoprecipitation and self-assembly method, FA-NIN-SLNPs exhibited a particle size of 220.5 ± 6.08 nm, a zeta potential of 32.1 ± 3.05 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 98.3 ± 0.80 %. In vitro release studies indicated accelerated drug release at acidic tumor pH, with FA-NIN-SLNPs showing significantly enhanced apoptosis (86.65 %) in A549 lung cancer cells versus NIN-SLNPs (67.65 %) and free drug (23.53 %). Cellular uptake assays highlighted its targeted capabilities, while histopathological and hemolysis assessments confirmed its safety profile. In vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies further demonstrated superior lung-specific accumulation, positioning this nanoformulation as a promising, safer, and more efficacious approach for targeted lung cancer therapy.

DNA damage repair-related methylated genes RRM2 and GAPDH are prognostic biomarkers associated with immunotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma

Research has highlighted the significant role of methylated genes associated with DNA damage repair in pathogenesis of Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the potential of DNA damage repair-related gene (DDRG) methylation as a prognostic biomarker remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of methylated DDRGs in LUAD. Analysis of the TCGA-LUAD dataset revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated genes (DE-MGs), from which methylated DE-DDRGs were identified. An independent prognostic risk model was constructed based on these methylated DE-DDRGs by integrating risk scores with clinical features. Additionally, the study examined responses to immunotherapy. Results indicated that CLU exhibited hypermethylation and elevated expression in LUAD tissues, while eight other genes (BUB1B, SHCBP1, RRM2, RPL39L, TRIP13, GAPDH, ENO1, and CENPM) showed high expression and hypomethylation. Among these, RRM2 and GAPDH were significantly linked to poorer overall survival. Furthermore, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) revealed that patients with LUAD in the high-risk group had lower immune scores and less immune cell infiltration. TIDE analysis suggested that patients in the low-risk group may exhibit greater sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In conclusion, RRM2 and GAPDH represent promising prognostic and immunotherapeutic biomarkers, offering new avenues for LUAD treatment strategies.

RRM2 Is a Putative Biomarker and Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, characterized by its high recurrence and progression rates. Thus, identifying prognostic biomarkers and understanding its underlying mechanisms are imperative to enhance patient outcomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic significance, expression, functional activity, and underlying mechanisms of RRM2 in BLCA. RRM2 expression and its association with pathological grading and survival were investigated in samples from TCGA dataset and BLCA tissue microarray. CCK8 assays, colony formation assays, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to assess the role of RRM2 in BLCA cell proliferation and migration. Western blot was employed to investigate alterations in markers associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate the biological processes associated with RRM2, which were subsequently validated. The expression of RRM2 was significantly elevated in both BLCA tissues and cells. Our results also indicated a positive correlation between RRM2 expression and high tumor stage, high tumor grade, and poor survival. Knockdown of RRM2 inhibited cell proliferation and migration of BLCA. RRM2 knockdown significantly induced apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Opposite results were observed in the RRM2 overexpression cells. Additionally, our study demonstrates that RRM2 promotes BLCA progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. RRM2 is remarkably correlated with poor prognosis in BLCA and facilitate its progression via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. It is suggested that RRM2 might become an effective prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for BLCA.

Indirect targeting of MYC and direct targeting in combination with chemotherapies are more effective than direct mono-targeting in triple negative breast cancer

MYC amplification is disproportionally elevated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to other subtypes of breast cancer. Indeed, MYC has long been considered an undruggable oncogene using conventional drug design strategies or small molecules. We hypothesized that targeting MYC using asymmetric siRNA (asiRNA) alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or indirectly via BRD4 and RRM2, may curb its oncogenic behavior. We developed paclitaxel-, doxorubicin-, and cisplatin-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells to study MYC's role in upregulating DNA repair genes during drug resistance development. Our results showed that the knockdown of either MYC or RRM2 downregulated both RAD51 and PARP1 but increased γH2AX. The cytotoxic effect of RRM2 knockdown was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of direct MYC knockdown. The knockdown of BRD4 was more effective than the direct knockdown of MYC in downregulating MYC protein. The combined use of asiRNA-VP (Vinylphosphonate) with dacomitinib or talazoparib was synthetic lethal in TNBC cell lines. Compared to chemotherapy-sensitive cells, resistant cells showed overexpression of MYC, RRM2, RAD51, and PARP1 proteins upon chemotherapy treatment, but downregulated in cells treated with asiRNA-VP combination. We confirmed that MYC knockdown upregulated cFLIP, BCL2, STAT1, pSTAT1, STAT2, and cleaved saspase-3 in both TNBC and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Finally, we recommend a combination treatment approach that synergizes with MYC inhibition rather than monotherapy or indirect targeting via upstream regulators such as the BRD4 and RRM2 genes or selective modulation at the protein level to suppress anti-apoptotic genes (cFLIP and BCL2) at the same time.

Epigenome-wide association study of long-term psychosocial stress in older adults

Long-term psychosocial stress is strongly associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, as well as adverse health behaviours; however, little is known about the role that stress plays on the epigenome. One proposed mechanism by which stress affects DNA methylation is through health behaviours. We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of cumulative psychosocial stress (n = 2,689) from the Health and Retirement Study (mean age = 70.4 years), assessing DNA methylation (Illumina Infinium HumanMethylationEPIC Beadchip) at 789,656 CpG sites. For identified CpG sites, we conducted a formal mediation analysis to examine whether smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) mediate the relationship between stress and DNA methylation. Nine CpG sites were associated with psychosocial stress (all p < 9E-07; FDR q < 0.10). Additionally, health behaviours and/or BMI mediated 9.4% to 21.8% of the relationship between stress and methylation at eight of the nine CpGs. Several of the identified CpGs were in or near genes associated with cardiometabolic traits, psychosocial disorders, inflammation, and smoking. These findings support our hypothesis that psychosocial stress is associated with DNA methylation across the epigenome. Furthermore, specific health behaviours mediate only a modest percentage of this relationship, providing evidence that other mechanisms may link stress and DNA methylation.

IGF2BP3 regulates the expression of RRM2 and promotes the progression of rheumatoid arthritis via RRM2/Akt/MMP-9 pathway

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Ribonucleotide Reductase Regulatory Subunit M2 (RRM2) is a crucial and a rate-limiting enzyme responsible for deoxynucleotide triphosphate(dNTP) production. We have found a high expression level of RRM2 in patients with RA, but the molecular mechanism of its action remains unclear.

METHODS

We analyzed the expression of hub genes in RA using GSE77298 datasets downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. RRM2 and insulin-like growth factor-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) gene knockdown was achieved by infection with lentiviruses. The expression of RRM2, IGF2BP3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-9 were detected via western blotting assay. Cell viability was detected via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MeRIP-qRT-PCR was performed to test the interaction of IGF2BP3 and RRM2 mRNA via m6A modification. Cell proliferation was determined by clone formation assay. Migration and invasion assays were performed using transwell Boyden chamber.

RESULTS

RRM2 and IGF2BP3 were highly expressed in clinical specimens and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated synovial cells. RRM2 and IGF2BP3 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MH7A cells. The inhibitory effects of IGF2BP3 knockdown were effectively reversed by simultaneously overexpressing RRM2 in MH7A cells. By analyzing N6-methyladenosine (m6A)2Target database, five m6A regulatory target binding sites for IGF2BP3 were identified in RRM2 mRNA, suggesting a direct relationship between IGF2BP3 and RRM2 mRNA. Additionally, in RRM2 small hairpin (sh)RNA lentivirus-infected cells, the levels of phosphorylated Akt and MMP-9 were significantly decreased compared with control shRNA lentivirus-infected cells.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that RRM2 promoted the Akt phosphorylation leading to high expression of MMP-9 to promote the migration and invasive capacities of MH7A cells. Overall, IGF2BP promotes the expression of RRM2, and regulates the migration and invasion of MH7A cells via Akt/MMP-9 pathway to promote RA progression.

Characterization of risks and pathogenesis of respiratory diseases caused by rural atmospheric PM2.5

Forty-six percent of the world's population resides in rural areas, the majority of whom belong to vulnerable groups. They mainly use cheap solid fuels for cooking and heating, which release a large amount of PM2.5 and cause adverse effects to human health. PM2.5 exhibits urban-rural differences in its health risk to the respiratory system. However, the majority of research on this issue has focused on respiratory diseases induced by atmospheric PM2.5 in urban areas, while rural areas have been ignored for a long time, especially the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. This is not helpful for promoting environmental equity to aid vulnerable groups under PM2.5 pollution. Thus, this study focuses on rural atmospheric PM2.5 in terms of its chemical components, toxicological effects, respiratory disease types, and pathogenesis, represented by PM2.5 from rural areas in the Sichuan Basin, China (Rural SC-PM2.5). In this study, organic carbon is the most significant component of Rural SC-PM2.5. Rural SC-PM2.5 significantly induces cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Based on multiomics, bioinformatics, and molecular biology, Rural SC-PM2.5 inhibits ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) to disrupt the cell cycle, impede DNA replication, and ultimately inhibit lung cell proliferation. Furthermore, this study supplements and supports the epidemic investigation. Through an analysis of the transcriptome and human disease database, it is found that Rural SC-PM2.5 may mainly involve pulmonary hypertension, sarcoidosis, and interstitial lung diseases; in particular, congenital diseases may be ignored by epidemiological surveys in rural areas, including tracheoesophageal fistula, submucous cleft of the hard palate, and congenital hypoplasia of the lung. This study contributes to a greater scientific understanding of the health risks posed by rural PM2.5, elucidates the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, clarifies the types of respiratory diseases, and promotes environmental equity.

Prediction of biomarkers associated with membranous nephropathy: Bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation

Membranous nephropathy (MN), the most prevalent form of nephrotic syndrome in non-diabetic adults globally, is currently the second most prevalent and fastest-increasing primary glomerular disease in China. Numerous renal disorders are developed partly due to ferroptosis. However, its relationship to the pathogenesis of MN has rarely been investigated in previous studies; actually, ferroptosis is closely linked to the immune microenvironment and inflammatory response, which might affect the entire process of MN development. In this study, we aimed to identify ferroptosis-related genes that are potentially related to immune cell infiltration, which can further contribute to MN pathogenesis. The microarray datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FDEGs) were identified, which were further used for functional enrichment analysis. The common genes identified using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression algorithm and the support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm were used to identify the characteristic genes related to ferroptosis. The feasibility of the 7 genes as a distinguishing factor was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, with the area under the curve (AUC) score serving as the evaluation metric. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and correlation analysis of these genes were further performed. The correlation between the expression of these genes and immune cell infiltration inferred by single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm was explored. As a result, 7 genes, including NR1D1, YTHDC2, EGR1, ZFP36, RRM2, RELA and PDK4, which were most relevant to immune cell infiltration, were identified to be potential diagnostic genes in MN patients. Next, the signature genes were validated with other GEO datasets. In the subsequent steps, we conducted quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) method on the cationic bovine serum albumin (C-BSA) induced membranous nephropathy (MN) rat model and the passive Heymann nephritis (pHN) rat model to examine characteristic genes. Finally, we analysed the mRNA expression patterns of hub genes in MN patients and normal controls using the Nephroseq V5 online platform. In concise terms, our study successfully identified biomarkers specific to MN patients and delved into the potential interplay between these markers and immune cell infiltration. This knowledge bears significance for the diagnosis and prospective treatment strategies for individuals affected by MN.

Higher concentration of P7C3 than required for neuroprotection suppresses renal cell carcinoma growth and metastasis

Background: P7C3 is a novel compound that has been widely applied in neurodegenerative diseases and nerve injury repair. Here, we show that higher concentrations of P7C3 than are required for in vivo neuroprotection have the novel function of suppressing renal cell carcinoma (RCC) proliferation and metastasis. Methods: Colony formation, CCK-8 and EdU assay were applied to evaluate RCC cell proliferation. Wound healing and transwell assay were used to measure RCC cell migration and invasion. Flow cytometry assay was employed to detect RCC cell apoptosis and cell cycle. qRT-PCR assay was carried out to measure ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) mRNA expression level, while western blot assay was utilized to detect the expression level of target proteins. RCC cell growth in vivo was determined by xenografts in mice. Results: We observed that high concentrations of P7C3 could restrain the proliferation and metastasis of RCC cells and promote cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, this new effect of higher dose of P7C3 was associated with reduced expression of RRM2, and the beneficial efficacy of P7C3 in RCC was blocked when suppression of RRM2 was prevented. When RRM2 suppression was permitted, the cGAS-STING pathway was activated by virtue of RRM2/Bcl-2/Bax signaling. Lastly, intraperitoneal injection of this high level of P7C3 in mice potently inhibited tumor growth. Conclusion: In conclusion, we show here that P7C3 that exerts an anti-cancer effect in RCC. Our study indicated that P7C3 might act as a novel drug for RCC in the future. The regulatory signal pathway RRM2/Bcl-2/BAX/cGAS-STING might present novel insight to the potential mechanism of RCC development.

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Perlecan (Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycan 2) Expression in Invasive Female Breast Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the commonest type of female cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Perlecan expression increases in aggressive breast cancers, pointing to a possible significance of this novel target therapy. Consequently, the current research investigates the immunohistochemical expression of Perlecan by tumor cells in female breast cancer and the correlation of such expression with the pathologic parameters of the tumors.

METHODS

A retrospective cross-sectional investigation was carried out. Seventy-four formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma tissue samples from patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) or conservative breast surgery (CBS) were collected from the pathology department at Kasr El Aini Hospital. The paraffin blocks were sectioned and immunostained with Perlecan, and their expression was investigated in tumor cells and evaluated according to the H-score and classified into low and high expression. The expression was statistically correlated with the clinicopathological parameters of the cases.

RESULTS

Perlecan expression was low in 41 cases (55.4%) and high in 33 cases (44.6%). It showed a statistically insignificant correlation with all studied parameters, but increased Perlecan expression was directly associated with poor tumor prognostic factors including higher tumor grade, advanced T stage, N3 stage, advanced anatomic stage, high Ki-67 index, positive lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion, luminal B molecular subtype, and HER2 over-expression.

CONCLUSION

Perlecan expression measured by immunohistochemical staining is associated with aggressive characteristics in breast cancer, suggesting that Perlecan may help in cancer progression and can be investigated as a possible target therapy.

Highly sensitive and naked-eye detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 using LAMP- CRISPR/Cas12 diagnostic technology and gold nanoparticles

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Keratitis (HSK) is a highly prevalent eye disease worldwide, characterized by lifelong recurrent episodes and a major risk of leading to blindness. Detecting HSV-1 promptly and accurately can initiate a timely and appropriate therapeutic regimen, minimizing tissue damage and preventing vision impairment. Currently, PCR is the most reliable method for identifying HSV-1, but its utilization for point-of-care (POC) HSV-1 detection is limited due to the need for sophisticated equipment, particularly in areas with limited resources. Here, we propose a new method for on-site HSV detection by using LAMP-Cas12 diagnostic technology and gold nanoparticles. This technique possesses comparable sensitivity to qPCR, and its detection results could be easily read and interpreted without the need for complex equipment. In detecting HSV in clinical tear specimens, this strategy achieved a 93.9 % consistency in positive detection and a 100 % consistency in negative detection compared to qPCR. Our strategy innovates the technique of current HSV-1 detections and is expected to play a crucial role in POC diagnosis of HSK in the future.

Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-Proliferative Action of Gut Microbial Metabolites against Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells

The gut microbiota undergoes metabolic processes to produce by-products (gut metabolites), which play a vital role in the overall maintenance of health and prevention of disease within the body. However, the use of gut metabolites as anticancer agents and their molecular mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the anti-proliferative effects of three key gut microbial metabolites-sodium butyrate, inosine, and nisin, against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. To determine the potential mechanistic action of these gut metabolites, flow cytometric assessments of apoptotic potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production measurements and proteomics analyses were performed. Sodium butyrate exhibited promising cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 5.23 mM and 5.06 mM against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. All three metabolites were found to induce apoptotic cell death and inhibit the production of ROS in both cell lines. Nisin and inosine indicated a potential activation of cell cycle processes. Sodium butyrate indicated the possible initiation of signal transduction processes and cellular responses to stimuli. Further investigations are necessary to ascertain the effective therapeutic dose of these metabolites, and future research on patient-derived tumour spheroids will provide insights into the potential use of these gut metabolites in cancer therapy.

Ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) as a potential sero-diagnostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVES

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage using current tumor markers. Here, we aimed to identify potential novel potential biomarkers for NSCLC.

MATERIAL/METHODS

Four independent datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed. The relative expression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) mRNA in 30 paired of NSCLC paired tissues was measured by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Serum levels of cytokeratin fragment 21-1 (CYFRA21-1), pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays, and serum RRM2 levels were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

The mRNA expression level of RRM2 was significantly increased in most NSCLC lesions compared to para-adjacent tissues. Serum RRM2 levels in NSCLC patients were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls and were also associated with distant metastasis and histological type, but not with tumor size or lymph node metastasis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a higher diagnostic ratio for NSCLC using RRM2 alone compared to other traditional tumor markers.

CONCLUSIONS

RRM2 is a potential sero-diagnostic biomarker for NSCLC.

Over-expression of RRM2 predicts adverse prognosis correlated with immune infiltrates: A potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) has been reported to be an oncogene in some malignant tumors, such as lung adenocarcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and breast cancer. However, the clinical significance of RRM2 in hepatocellular carcinoma has been less studied. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of RRM2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.

Methods

The RRM2 expression levels and clinical features were downloaded from the TCGA database. Immunohistochemistry results between tumor tissues and normal tissues were downloaded from the Proteinatlas database. Meanwhile, the expression levels of RRM2 in tumor and paraneoplastic tissues were further verified by qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. Gene Ontology (GO)/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein-protein-interactions (PPI) network were constructed to analyze RRM2-related downstream molecules. In addition, RRM2 expression-related pathways performed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Association analysis of RRM2 gene expression and immune infiltration was performed by single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA).

Results

The RRM2 expression level in tumor tissues was higher than normal tissues (P &lt;0.001). The elevated expression of RRM2 in HCC was significantly correlated with T stage (P &lt;0.05), pathologic stage (P &lt;0.05), tumor status (P &lt;0.05), histologic grade (P&lt;0.001), and AFP (P &lt;0.001). HCC with higher RRM2 expression was positively associated with worse OS (overall survival), PFS (progression-free survival), and DSS (disease-specific survival). In the univariate analysis, the expression of RRM2, T stage, M stage, pathologic stage, and tumor status were negatively correlated with OS (P &lt;0.05). Further analysis using multivariate Cox regression showed that tumor status (P&lt;0.01) and RRM2 expression (P&lt;0.05) were independent prognostic factors of OS in HCC. GO/KEGG analysis showed that the critical biological process (chromosome condensation and p53 signaling pathway) might be the possible function mechanism in promoting HCC. Moreover, GSEA showed that several pathways were enriched in RRM2 high-expression samples, including PD-1 signaling, cell cycle, P27 pathway, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. RRM2 was significantly correlated with the infiltration level of CD8 T cells, Cytotoxic cells, DCs, Neutrophils, NK cells, and T helper cells (P &lt;0.05).

Conclusion

Over-expression of RRM2 predict adverse prognosis and is correlated with immune infiltrates in HCC. RRM2 may be a significant molecular biomarker for HCC diagnosis and prognosis.

Inhibition of the MNK1/2-eIF4E Axis Augments Palbociclib-Mediated Antitumor Activity in Melanoma and Breast Cancer

Aberrant cell-cycle progression is characteristic of melanoma, and CDK4/6 inhibitors, such as palbociclib, are currently being tested for efficacy in this disease. Despite the promising nature of CDK4/6 inhibitors, their use as single agents in melanoma has shown limited clinical benefit. Herein, we discovered that treatment of tumor cells with palbociclib induces the phosphorylation of the mRNA translation initiation factor eIF4E. When phosphorylated, eIF4E specifically engenders the translation of mRNAs that code for proteins involved in cell survival. We hypothesized that cancer cells treated with palbociclib use upregulated phosphorylated eIF4E (phospho-eIF4E) to escape the antitumor benefits of this drug. Indeed, we found that pharmacologic or genetic disruption of MNK1/2 activity, the only known kinases for eIF4E, enhanced the ability of palbociclib to decrease clonogenic outgrowth. Moreover, a quantitative proteomics analysis of melanoma cells treated with combined MNK1/2 and CDK4/6 inhibitors showed downregulation of proteins with critical roles in cell-cycle progression and mitosis, including AURKB, TPX2, and survivin. We also observed that palbociclib-resistant breast cancer cells have higher basal levels of phospho-eIF4E, and that treatment with MNK1/2 inhibitors sensitized these palbociclib-resistant cells to CDK4/6 inhibition. In vivo we demonstrate that the combination of MNK1/2 and CDK4/6 inhibition significantly increases the overall survival of mice compared with either monotherapy. Overall, our data support MNK1/2 inhibitors as promising drugs to potentiate the antineoplastic effects of palbociclib and overcome therapy-resistant disease.

Simulated galactic cosmic radiation (GCR)-induced expression of Spp1 coincide with mammary ductal cell proliferation and preneoplastic changes in ApcMin/+ mouse

Female astronauts inevitably exposed to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) are considered at a greater risk for mammary cancer development. The purpose of this study is to assess the status of mammary cancer-associated preneoplasia markers after GCR and γ-ray irradiation using a mouse model of human mammary cancer. Female Apc^Min/+ mice were irradiated to 50 cGy of either γ-ray (¹³⁷Cs) or full-spectrum simulated galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) (33-beam), and at 110 - 120 days post-irradiation mice were euthanized, and normal-appearing mammary tissues were analyzed for histological and molecular markers of preneoplasia. Whole-mount staining, hematoxylin and eosin-based histological assessment, and Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to analyze ductal outgrowth and cell proliferation. Additionally, mRNA expression of known mammary preneoplasia markers (Muc1, Exo1, Foxm1, Depdc1a, Nusap1, Spp1, and Rrm2) was analyzed using qPCR, and their respective protein expression was validated using immunohistochemistry. A significant increase in ductal outgrowth and cell proliferation in mammary tissues of GCR-irradiated mice was noted which indicates a higher risk of mammary cancer, relative to γ-rays. Increased mRNA and protein expression of Spp1 was observed in the GCR group, relative to γ-rays. This study demonstrates the plausibility of Spp1 as a preneoplasia marker in the early detection of mammary cancer after space radiation exposure.

The Core-Targeted RRM2 Gene of Berberine Hydrochloride Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion via the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Berberine hydrochloride (BBR) could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of various cancer cells. As the only enzyme for the de novo synthesis of ribonucleotides, RRM2 is closely related to the development of tumorigenesis. However, not much is currently known about the functional roles of RRM2 in breast cancer (BRCA), and whether BBR regulates the migration and invasion of BRCA cells by regulating the expression of RRM2 remains to be determined. We study the effects of BBR on BRCA cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo by using colony formation assays, EdU assays, and xenograft models. Transcriptome sequencing, the random forest algorithm, and KEGG analysis were utilized to explore the therapeutic target genes and relative pathways. The expression of RRM2 in BRCA patients was analyzed with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, the GEPIA website tool, the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the UALCAN database. The survival probability of BRCA patients could be predicted by survival curve and nomogram analysis. Molecular docking was used to explore the affinity between BBR and potential targets. Gain- and loss-of-function methods were employed to explore the biological process in RRM2 participants. We comprehensively investigated the pharmacological characteristics of BBR on BRCA cell lines and discovered that BBR could inhibit the proliferation of BRCA cells in vitro and in vivo. Combining transcriptome sequencing and KEGG analysis, we found that BBR mainly affected the biological behavior of BRCA cells via HIF-1α and AMPK signal pathways. Additionally, by using bioinformatics and molecular docking, we demonstrated that RRM2 plays an oncogenic role in BRCA samples and that it acts as the hub gene of BBR on BRCA cells. Knockdown and overexpression studies indicated that RRM2 promoted BRCA cell migration as well as invasion in vitro by affecting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our study demonstrated the significance of BBR regulating HIF-1α and AMPK signaling pathways in BRCA cells. Moreover, we revealed the carcinogenic role and potential mechanism of RRM2 as a core regulatory factor of BBR in BRCA in controlling BRCA invasion, migration, and EMT, suggesting that RRM2 may be a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for BRCA therapy.

Choice of High-Throughput Proteomics Method Affects Data Integration with Transcriptomics and the Potential Use in Biomarker Discovery

In recent years, several advances have been achieved in breast cancer (BC) classification and treatment. However, overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and recurrent disease are still significant causes of complication and death. Here, we present the development of a protocol aimed at parallel transcriptome and proteome analysis of BC tissue samples using mass spectrometry, via Data Dependent and Independent Acquisitions (DDA and DIA). Protein digestion was semi-automated and performed on flowthroughs after RNA extraction. Data for 116 samples were acquired in DDA and DIA modes and processed using MaxQuant, EncyclopeDIA, or DIA-NN. DIA-NN showed an increased number of identified proteins, reproducibility, and correlation with matching RNA-seq data, therefore representing the best alternative for this setup. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis pointed towards complementary information being found between transcriptomic and proteomic data. A decision tree model, designed to predict the intrinsic subtypes based on differentially abundant proteins across different conditions, selected protein groups that recapitulate important clinical features, such as estrogen receptor status, HER2 status, proliferation, and aggressiveness. Taken together, our results indicate that the proposed protocol performed well for the application. Additionally, the relevance of the selected proteins points to the possibility of using such data as a biomarker discovery tool for personalized medicine.

Blood transcriptome analysis revealed the crosstalk between COVID-19 and HIV

BACKGROUND

The severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has resulted in the most devastating pandemic in modern history. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroys immune system cells and weakens the body's ability to resist daily infections and diseases. Furthermore, HIV-infected individuals had double COVID-19 mortality risk and experienced worse COVID-related outcomes. However, the existing research still lacks the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying crosstalk between COVID-19 and HIV. The aim of our work was to illustrate blood transcriptome crosstalk between COVID-19 and HIV and to provide potential drugs that might be useful for the treatment of HIV-infected COVID-19 patients.

METHODS

COVID-19 datasets (GSE171110 and GSE152418) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including 54 whole-blood samples and 33 peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples, respectively. HIV dataset (GSE37250) was also obtained from GEO database, containing 537 whole-blood samples. Next, the "Deseq2" package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 datasets (GSE171110 and GSE152418) and the "limma" package was utilized to identify DEGs between HIV dataset (GSE37250). By intersecting these two DEG sets, we generated common DEGs for further analysis, containing Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, transcription factor (TF) candidate identification, microRNAs (miRNAs) candidate identification and drug candidate identification.

RESULTS

In this study, a total of 3213 DEGs were identified from the merged COVID-19 dataset (GSE171110 and GSE152418), and 1718 DEGs were obtained from GSE37250 dataset. Then, we identified 394 common DEGs from the intersection of the DEGs in COVID-19 and HIV datasets. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that common DEGs were mainly gathered in chromosome-related and cell cycle-related signal pathways. Top ten hub genes (CCNA2, CCNB1, CDC20, TOP2A, AURKB, PLK1, BUB1B, KIF11, DLGAP5, RRM2) were ranked according to their scores, which were screened out using degree algorithm on the basis of common DEGs. Moreover, top ten drug candidates (LUCANTHONE, Dasatinib, etoposide, Enterolactone, troglitazone, testosterone, estradiol, calcitriol, resveratrol, tetradioxin) ranked by their P values were screened out, which maybe be beneficial for the treatment of HIV-infected COVID-19 patients.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we provide potential molecular targets, signaling pathways, small molecular compounds, and promising biomarkers that contribute to worse COVID-19 prognosis in patients with HIV, which might contribute to precise diagnosis and treatment for HIV-infected COVID-19 patients.

Expression and Significance of Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY)–Box 12 (SOX12) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a ubiquitous malignancy and is associated with high mortality. Accumulating evidence indicates that transcription factors play a pivotal role in the progression of OSCC. This study was aimed to investigate the expression of SOX12 in OSCC and its significance. SOX12 expression in OSCC tissues was analyzed through TCGA databases and then tested by Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. Moreover, SOX12 was silenced by RNA interference in OSCC cells (SCC-25 and SCC-4), and the growth ability of OSCC cells was examined using MTT assay. The level of SOX12 was upregulated in OSCC according to the TCGA results, which was further confirmed in the OSCC cell lines. Patients with high SOX12 expression had shorter overall survival (OS) than those with low SOX12 expression. High expression of SOX12 is positively correlated with T stage of OSCC. In addition, MTT analysis indicated that silencing of SOX12 resulted in reduced OSCC cell proliferation. Taken together, the high expression of SOX12 in OSCC indicates that SOX12 gene may play an essential role in OSCC. Our research indicates that SOX12 expression could be a predictive biomarker and is a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.

Immunohistochemical Marker Patterns in Female Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) represents the most common cancer in women worldwide and in Bulgaria. Its great medico-social importance determines the intensive complex research devoted to BC prevention, early diagnosis and management. AIM: The objective of the present investigation is to reveal some essential peculiarities of four main immunohistochemical markers used in the diagnosis of molecular subtypes of female BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period between December 1, 2017 and November 30, 2020, we examined a total of 128 randomly selected female BC patients operated on in Marko Markov Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Oncological Diseases of Varna, Bulgaria. We analyze BC molecular types and four immunohistochemical markers in BC patients. The expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors is assessed in mammary gland biopsies and surgical specimens by using the indirect immunoperoxidase method with EnVision™ FLEX MiniKit, that of HER2 with HercepTest™ and that of Ki-67 proliferation index with Leica Aperio Scan Scope AT2 device. The positivity and negativity of these receptors in single molecular subtypes is evaluated. RESULTS: The luminal B HER2-positive and the luminal B HER2-negative subtypes are most common - in 36.72% and 35.16% of the cases, respectively. TNBC subtype is established in 11.72%) the luminal A - in 8.59% and the non-luminal HER2-positive subtype - in 7.81% of the cases. The positive expression is statistically significantly more common in ER (t=8.972; p<0.0001) and PR (t=2.828; p<0.01), while the negative expression insignificantly prevails in HER2. CONCLUSION: Our immunohistochemical results in female BC patients prove the role of single receptor expression for the proper and timely decision making about the necessity and benefit of additional chemotherapy in selected surgically treated cases.