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Wu T, Zhang H, Jin Y, Zhang M, Zhao Q, Li H, Wang S, Lu Y, Chen S, Du H, Liu T, Guo W, Liu W. The active components and potential mechanisms of Wuji Wan in the treatment of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer: An integrated metabolomics, network pharmacology and experimental validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117901. [PMID: 38341112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wuji Wan (WJW) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that can be found in the "Prescriptions of Taiping Benevolent Dispensary" that has been employed in treating gastric discomfort, burning epigastric pain, and gastric reflux for hundreds of years and has shown promise for treating gastric ulcers (GUs). However, the active components and mechanism of action against GUs remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to explore the active components of WJW and elucidate the underlying mechanism involved in treating GUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially, cell viability was measured by a cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay to evaluate the efficacy of WJW-containing serum in vitro. The gastric ulcer index, ulcer inhibition rate, hematoxylin and staining (H&E), and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of WJW in vivo. Subsequently, the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on in vitro and in vivo samples. Additionally, UPLC-Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap HRMS was used to analyze the components that were absorbed into the blood of WJW and its metabolites. Network pharmacology and metabolomics were subsequently used to identify the targets and pathways. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR) and Western blotting were used to verify the mRNA and protein levels of the key targets and pathways. Finally, the active components were identified by molecular docking to verify the binding stability of the components and key targets. RESULTS WJW-containing serum ameliorated ethanol-induced damage in GES-1 cells and promoted cell healing. WJW-containing serum reduced IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, and LDH levels while increasing IL-10, SOD, and T-AOC levels in the cells. Moreover, WJW treatment resulted in decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA levels and increased IL-10, SOD, PGE2, and NO levels in GUs rats. In addition, eight components of WJW were absorbed into the blood. The network pharmacology results revealed 192 common targets for blood entry components and GUs, and KEGG analysis revealed that apoptosis signaling pathways were the main pathways involved in WJW activity against GUs. Metabolomic screening was used to identify 13 differential metabolites. There were 23 common targets for blood entry components, GUs, and differential metabolites, with the key targets TNF (TNF-α), AKT1, PTGS2 (COX2) and MAPK1. WJW significantly inhibited the expression of Bax, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-9, cleaved Caspase-3, TNF-α, COX2, and p-p44/42 MAPK while promoting the expression of Bcl-2 and p-AKT1. Molecular docking revealed that the active components of WJW for the treatment of GUs are berberine, palmatine, coptisine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, evocarpine, and paeoniflorin. CONCLUSIONS WJW treatment reduces inflammation and oxidative stress injury and inhibits apoptosis signaling pathways. The main active components are berberine, palmatine, coptisine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, evocarpine, and paeoniflorin. In this paper, we provide a new strategy for exploring the active components of traditional Chinese medicine formulas for the treatment of diseases based on target mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantai Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Herong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Huakang Du
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Weiyu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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Liang Y, Shi Y, Guo R, Xu C, Fu M, Shen J, Gao X, Li W, Qin K. Wine- and stir-frying processing of Cuscutae Semen enhance its ability to alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis via the Keap 1-Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/AKT pathways in H 2O 2-challenged KGN human granulosa cell line. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:189. [PMID: 38750475 PMCID: PMC11094956 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuscutae Semen (CS) has been prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for millennia as an aging inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, a pain reliever, and an aphrodisiac. Its three main forms include crude Cuscutae Semen (CCS), wine-processed CS (WCS), and stir-frying-processed CS (SFCS). Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a globally occurring medical condition. The present work sought a highly efficacious multi-target therapeutic approach against POI with minimal side effects. Finally, it analyzed the relative differences among CCS, WCS and SFCS in terms of their therapeutic efficacy and modes of action against H2O2-challenged KGN human granulosa cell line. METHODS In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Q-ExactiveTM Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS), oxidative stress indices, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), real-time PCR, Western blotting, and molecular docking were used to investigate the protective effect of CCS, WCS and SFCS on KGN cells oxidative stress and apoptosis mechanisms. RESULTS The results confirmed that pretreatment with CCS, WCS and SFCS reduced H2O2-induced oxidative damage, accompanied by declining ROS levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in the KGN cells. CCS, WCS and SFCS upregulated the expression of antioxidative levels (GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio, SOD, T-AOC),mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the relative mRNA(Nrf2, Keap1, NQO-1, HO-1, SOD-1, CAT). They inhibited apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2, downregulating Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, and lowering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. They also exerted antioxidant efficacy by partially activating the PI3K/Akt and Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present work demonstrated the inhibitory efficacy of CCS, WCS and SFCS against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in KGN cells and showed that the associated mechanisms included Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 activation, P-PI3K upregulation, and P-Akt-mediated PI3K-Akt pathway induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Changli Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinyi People's Hospital, Xinyi Jiangsu, 221400, China
| | - Mian Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jinyang Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Kunming Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Li D, Hu Y, Liu X, Yu G. Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma in treating Alzheimer 's disease. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 53:84-97. [PMID: 38105702 PMCID: PMC10945494 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the mechanism of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma in treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHODS The active ingredients and targets of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma for treatment of AD were screened with network pharmacology methods, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and the core targets were analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriching analysis was performed. The peripheral blood lymphocytes were extracted and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were constructed and an in vitro cell model of LCL-SKNMC was established. MTT and CCK-8 methods were used to quantify SKNMC/LCL cells, 2 ´, 7 ´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the generation of Aβ1-42 in a co-cultured model. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression in the co-culture model. The lifespan of N2 nematodes was observed under oxidative stress, normal state, and heat stress; ROS generated by N2 nematodes was detected by DCFH-DA probes. The paralysis time of CL4176 N2 nematodes was evaluated by paralysis assay, and Aβ deposition in the pharynx was detected by Thioflavin S staining. RESULTS Through network pharmacology, 15 potential active ingredients and 103 drug-disease targets were identified. PPI analysis showed that the Anemarrhenae Rhizoma might play anti-AD roles through albumin, Akt1, tumor necrosis factor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), amyloid precursor protein (APP) and other related targets. KEGG analysis showed that the pharmacological effects of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma might involve the biological processes of Alzheimer's disease, endocrine resistance, insulin resistance; and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetes complications, neurotrophic factor signaling pathway and others. The in vitro cell experiments showed that Anemarrhenae Rhizoma was able to reduce the production of ROS and Aβ1-42 (both P<0.01), inhibit the expression of β-secretase 1 (BACE1), APP and Aβ1-42 proteins (all P<0.05), up-regulate the expression of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, p-GSK3β/GSK3β in SKNMC cells (all P<0.05). The in vivo studies further confirmed that Anemarrhenae Rhizoma prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans under stress and normal conditions, reduced the accumulation of ROS and the toxicity of Aβ deposition. CONCLUSIONS Anemarrhenae Rhizoma may reduce the production of Aβ in AD and inhibit its induced oxidative stress, which may be achieved by regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yingchao Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guran Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Fan D, Ying Z, Yang Y, Qian Q, Li Y, Wang P, An X, Yan M. Deciphering the anti-renal fibrosis mechanism of triptolide in diabetic nephropathy by the integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental verification. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 316:116774. [PMID: 37311501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Decai Fan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, NO. 24 TongJiaXiang St., Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zi Ying
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, NO. 24 TongJiaXiang St., Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ying Yang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, NO. 24 TongJiaXiang St., Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 155 HanZhong Rd., Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 155 HanZhong Rd., Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Panjun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 155 HanZhong Rd., Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 155 HanZhong Rd., Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ming Yan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, NO. 24 TongJiaXiang St., Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang C, Shen D, Hu Y, Chen J, Liu J, Huang Y, Yu X, Chu H, Zhang C, Yin L, Liu Y, Ma H. Selective Targeting of Class I HDAC Reduces Microglial Inflammation in the Entorhinal Cortex of Young APP/PS1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4805. [PMID: 36902234 PMCID: PMC10003411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BG45 is a class Ⅰ histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) with selectivity for HDAC3. Our previous study demonstrated that BG45 can upregulate the expression of synaptic proteins and reduce the loss of neurons in the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice (Tg). The entorhinal cortex is a pivotal region that, along with the hippocampus, plays a critical role in memory in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology process. In this study, we focused on the inflammatory changes in the entorhinal cortex of APP/PS1 mice and further explored the therapeutic effects of BG45 on the pathologies. The APP/PS1 mice were randomly divided into the transgenic group without BG45 (Tg group) and the BG45-treated groups. The BG45-treated groups were treated with BG45 at 2 months (2 m group), at 6 months (6 m group), or twice at 2 and 6 months (2 and 6 m group). The wild-type mice group (Wt group) served as the control. All mice were killed within 24 h after the last injection at 6 months. The results showed that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and IBA1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex of the APP/PS1 mice progressively increased over time from 3 to 8 months of age. When the APP/PS1 mice were treated with BG45, the level of H3K9K14/H3 acetylation was improved and the expression of histonedeacetylase1, histonedeacetylase2, and histonedeacetylase3 was inhibited, especially in the 2 and 6 m group. BG45 alleviated Aβ deposition and reduced the phosphorylation level of tau protein. The number of IBA1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes decreased with BG45 treatment, and the effect was more significant in the 2 and 6 m group. Meanwhile, the expression of synaptic proteins synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95, and spinophilin was upregulated and the degeneration of neurons was alleviated. Moreover, BG45 reduced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Closely related to the CREB/BDNF/NF-kB pathway, the expression of p-CREB/CREB, BDNF, and TrkB was increased in all BG45 administered groups compared with the Tg group. However, the levels of p-NF-kB/NF-kB in the BG45 treatment groups were reduced. Therefore, we deduced that BG45 is a potential drug for AD by alleviating inflammation and regulating the CREB/BDNF/NF-kB pathway, and the early, repeated administration of BG45 can play a more effective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Di Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yingqiu Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xuebin Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haiying Chu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liangwei Yin
- Department of Oncology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116089, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116089, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Novel neuroprotective pyromeconic acid derivatives with concurrent anti-Aβ deposition, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidation properties for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115120. [PMID: 36682173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of novel pyromeconic acid-styrene hybrid compounds and measured their activities in inhibiting Aβ1-42 self-aggregation and promoting disaggregation, and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The most potent compound, compound 30, had IC50 values of 11.15 μM and 6.87 μM for inhibition of fibril aggregation and promotion of fibril disaggregation, respectively. Because of its redox metal chelating property, 30 also inhibited Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 fibril aggregation and promoted fibril disaggregation with IC50 of 3.69 μM and 3.35 μM, respectively. Molecular docking demonstrated that 30 interacted with key amino acids of Aβ1-42, and the reliability of the complex was confirmed by molecular dynamics. In addition, 30 displayed excellent antioxidative activity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity = 2.65 Trolox equivalents) and moderate anti-inflammatory activity and neuroprotection in cell culture assays. Compound 30 was safe in acute toxicity test in mice, and it exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties, particularly, accumulation in the hippocampus (maximum ratio of hippocampus to plasma = 7.12). Compound 30 alleviated cognitive deficits in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice; this property may have been attributed to reducing neuroinflammation by inhibiting ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and reducing oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In view of its many properties, we envision that 30 is a promising lead for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Hu MB, Gao KX, Wang Y, Liu YJ. Characterization of Polysaccharides from the Pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim by Saccharide Mapping and Their Neuroprotective Effects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041813. [PMID: 36838801 PMCID: PMC9966022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim (PZM) is a commonly used spice and herbal medicine in China. In the present study, the structural characteristics of PPZM were investigated by saccharide mapping after enzymatic digestion by using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and polysaccharide analysis by using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE). The mechanisms of protective effects of PPZM on Aβ25-35-induced oxidative damage were explored in PC12 cells. The results showed that PPZM contained 1,4-α-D-galactosidic, 1,4-α-D-galactosiduronic, and (1→4)-β-D-glucosidic linkages. Pretreatment with PPZM significantly increased the cell viability of Aβ25-35-injured PC12 cells. Flow cytometry and Hoechst/PI staining indicated that PPZM gradually relieved the apoptosis of the Aβ25-25-treated cells. PPZM markedly decreased the ROS level of PC12 cells and suppressed Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress by increasing the SOD level, and decreasing the level of MDA and LDH. The mRNA expressions of caspase-3 and Bax were significantly downregulated, and Bcl-2 expression was upregulated by treatment with PPZM. PPZM significantly increased the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in Aβ25-35 treated cells. The results indicated that PPZM alleviated apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by Aβ25-25 through the inhibition of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. PPZM can be used as a potential protective agent against Aβ25-25-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Bian Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Kui-Xu Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yu-Jie Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Correspondence:
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In Vitro Anthelmintic Effect of Ferula assa-foetida Hydroalcoholic Extract Against Flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp-133030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dicrocoeliasis and fascioliasis are foodborne parasitic diseases of the biliary tract, resulting from Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica causing extensive financial losses and serious health problems in ruminants. Due to low-performance medications, drug delivery is a tremendous project to improve interventions available for these diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the anthelmintic properties of Ferula assa-foetida extract against F. hepatica and D. dendriticum using in vitro assay. Methods: The effects of diverse concentrations of F. assa-foetida extract (400 - 1000 µg/mL) for 12-24 hours were examined for the treatment of D. dendriticum and F. hepatica. The anthelmintic efficacies were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the cell viability of all cells in culture media. Results: The SEM images of treated worms by F. assa-foetida extract (200 µg/mL) confirmed excessive damage, which included an entire lack of sensory papillae and destruction of distinguished network structures and tegument vesicles. Variables of duration and concentration presented a considerable effect on both the mortality rate and the anthelmintic properties of F. assa-foetida; accordingly, as the time and concentration increased, the mortality rate became higher. Based on the MTT assay, the toxicity of F. assa-foetida at 800 µg/mL concentration was 8.7%. Therefore, it can be argued that F. assa-foetida had anthelmintic properties. Conclusions: This is the first study that evaluated the impact of F. assa-foetida on liver flukes of D. dendriticum and F. hepatica. Therefore, it paved the way for further studies on the control of those trematodes. It is recommended to document and look into the indigenous understanding of viable medicinal plants to provide evidence for their use.
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