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Optimization Preparation and Evaluation of Chitosan Grafted Norfloxacin as a Hemostatic Sponge. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030672. [PMID: 36771973 PMCID: PMC9920232 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the great harm to the human body caused by severe and massive bleeding, in this study, chitosan-grafted norfloxacin (CTS-NF) composites were prepared with chitosan (CTS) and norfloxacin (NF) as raw materials by a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide-mediated coupling method to solve the limitations of slow hemostatic and poor anti-infective effects of current dressings on the market. The effects of the mass ratio of CTS to NF (MCTS/MNF), reaction temperature T and reaction time t on the grafting rate (η%) of the products were investigated through single factor tests. The preparation process was optimized with the η% as an evaluation index by means of the Box-Behnken test design and response surface analysis. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by inhibition zone assay, and the hemostatic activity of the prepared composites was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results suggested that the optimum preparation conditions were the mass ratio of CTS to NF (MCTS/MNF) 5:3, reaction temperature 65 °C, and reaction time 4 h. Under this condition, the η% of CTS-NF was 45.5%. The CTS-NF composites displayed significant antimicrobial activities. Moreover, in vitro hemostasis results revealed that the CTS-NF composite had a lower blood clotting index and absorbed red blood cells to promote aggregation. In vivo ear and live hemostasis, the CTS-NF groups showed short hemostatic time (49.75 ± 3.32 s and 50.00 ± 7.21 s) and more blood loss (0.07 ± 0.010 g and 0.075 ± 0.013 g). The results showed that CTS-NF reduced the bleeding time and volume, exhibiting a significant coagulation effect. Therefore, the CTS-NF sponge is expected to be a new, effective hemostatic and antibacterial material in the future.
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Shin M, Kim JW, Gu B, Kim S, Kim H, Kim WC, Lee MR, Kim SR. Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Traditional and Commercial Vinegars in Korea. Metabolites 2021; 11:478. [PMID: 34436419 PMCID: PMC8400794 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinegar, composed of various organic acids, amino acids, and volatile compounds, has been newly recognized as a functional food with health benefits. Vinegar is produced through alcoholic fermentation of various raw materials followed by acetic acid fermentation, and detailed processes greatly vary between different vinegar products. This study performed metabolite profiling of various vinegar products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify metabolites that are specific to vinegar production processes. In particular, seven traditional vinegars that underwent spontaneous and slow alcoholic and acetic acid fermentations were compared to four commercial vinegars that were produced through fast acetic acid fermentation using distilled ethanol. A total of 102 volatile and 78 nonvolatile compounds were detected, and the principal component analysis of metabolites clearly distinguished between the traditional and commercial vinegars. Ten metabolites were identified as specific or significantly different compounds depending on vinegar production processes, most of which had originated from complex microbial metabolism during traditional vinegar fermentation. These process-specific compounds of vinegars may serve as potential biomarkers for fermentation process controls as well as authenticity and quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Won Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Bonbin Gu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Sooah Kim
- Department of Environment Science & Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Hojin Kim
- Experimental Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea;
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Mee-Ryung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea
| | - Soo-Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (B.G.)
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Kim EJ, Cho KM, Kwon SJ, Seo SH, Park SE, Son HS. Factors affecting vinegar metabolites during two-stage fermentation through metabolomics study. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Phathanathavorn T, Naloka K, Matsutani M, Yakushi T, Matsushita K, Theeragool G. Mutated fabG gene encoding oxidoreductase enhances the cost-effective fermentation of jasmine rice vinegar in the adapted strain of Acetobacter pasteurianus SKU1108. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:690-697. [PMID: 30679112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A low-nutrient adapted strain, Acetobacter pasteurianus G-40, was successfully obtained by repetitive cultivation of A. pasteurianus 7E-13 under selective pressure. The adapted strain could grow well and produce 3.45-fold higher amounts of acetic acid than 7E-13 in jasmine rice wine containing 6% ethanol at 37 °C in a shaking flask. The G-40 strain also exhibited higher amounts of acetic acid (5.16%) in 2-L jar fermentor compared with 7E-13, where the bio-conversion yield to acetic acid from ethanol was 71% and 55.5% in the adapted strain and parental strain, respectively. In addition, genome sequence analysis of G-40 revealed that the strain has mutations in the 6 genes, of which the fabG gene encoding oxidoreductase is largely mutated by the partial recombination with a highly homologous fabG homolog present in the large plasmid of the strain. Over-expression of the mutated fabG gene and also the replacement of the original fabG gene in the chromosome with the mutated one obviously enhanced growth and acetic acid production of 7E-13 in the rice wine without any nutrient supplementation, indicating that the mutation in the fabG gene is mainly involved in higher fermentation ability under low-nutrient conditions. Thus, the results suggest that the adapted G-40 strain has proven useful for the cost-effective fermentation of rice vinegar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kallayanee Naloka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Minenosuke Matsutani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yakushi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Matsushita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Gunjana Theeragool
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Ning Z, Wang C, Liu Y, Song Z, Ma X, Liang D, Liu Z, Lu A. Integrating Strategies of Herbal Metabolomics, Network Pharmacology, and Experiment Validation to Investigate Frankincense Processing Effects. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1482. [PMID: 30618770 PMCID: PMC6305425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth research on processing can promote the globalization of processed herbs. The purpose of this study is to propose an improved strategy for processing effect investigation. Frankincense and processed frankincense were used as research subjects. First, high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and preparation high-performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC) techniques were used for major compounds isolation and minor compounds concentration. Processed frankincense was subjected to two stepwise solvent systems, namely, n-hexane:ethanol:water (6:5:1) and n-hexane:methyl-acetate:acetonitrile:water (4:4:3:4), to yield 12 fractions, and 18 compounds were further separated. Second, a comprehensive metabolomic analysis conducted by ultrahigh-performance liquid-chromatography/electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Qtof-MS) coupled with multivariate statistics was performed to fully characterize the chemical components and discover the potential biomarkers between frankincense and processed frankincense. In total, 81 metabolites, including the 18 separated compounds, were selected as potential biomarkers between frankincense and processed frankincense among 153 detected compounds for their VIP values of greater than one. The tirucallane-type compounds and components with 9,11-dehydro structures clearly occurred at high levels in the processed frankincense, while lupine-type compounds and those with 11-keto structures were significantly higher in frankincense. Then, a network pharmacology model was constructed to decipher the potential mechanisms of processing. Intestinal absorption properties prediction indicated the possibility of processing-related absorption enhancement. A systematic analysis of the constructed networks showed that the C-T network was constructed with 18 potential biomarkers and 69 targets. TNF and IL-1β were among the top-ranked and were linked by 8 and 7 pathways, which were mainly involved in inflammation. The arachidonic acid metabolism pathway exhibited the highest number of target connections. Finally, the prediction was validated experimentally by an intestinal permeability and efficacy assay. The experiments provided convincing evidence that processed frankincense harbored stronger inhibition effects toward TNF-α-, IL-1β- and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. The processing procedure leads to changes of the chemical metabolites, which triggers the enhancement of absorption and cure efficiency. The global change of the metabolites, absorption and pharmacological effects of processing were depicted in a systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Ning
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Song
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinling Ma
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongrui Liang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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