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Ramugade SH, Ghanavatkar CW, Mathew E, Aswathy P, Joe IH, Sekar N. NLOphoric Azo Dyes Studied Using Z‐Scan. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya H. Ramugade
- Department of Dyestuff Technology Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai 400 019 India
| | | | - Elizabeth Mathew
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research Department of Physics Mar Ivanios College Thiruananthapuram Kerala 695015 India
| | - P. Aswathy
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research Department of Physics Mar Ivanios College Thiruananthapuram Kerala 695015 India
| | - Isaac H. Joe
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research Department of Physics Mar Ivanios College Thiruananthapuram Kerala 695015 India
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai 400 019 India
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Tsemeugne J, Nangmo PK, Mkounga P, Tamokou JDD, Kengne IC, Edwards G, Sopbué EF, Nkengfack AE. Synthesis, characteristic fragmentation patterns, and antibacterial activity of new azo compounds from the coupling reaction of diazobenzothiazole ions and acetaminophen. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, a series of azobenzothiazole dyes 4 were synthesized via diazotization of substituted benzothiazole derivatives followed by azo coupling with acetaminophen. The chemical structures of all synthesized compounds were confirmed using analytical data and spectroscopic techniques, including UV-visible, IR, mass spectra, and 1H- and 13C-NMR. The in situ formed diazobenzothiazole ions regiospecifically react with acetaminophen derivatives in the Hollemann-guided electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. The regio-orientations were established, on the one hand, by a rigorous interpretation of 1H-NMR spectra and, on the other hand, by the characteristic fragmentation patterns observed on the electrospray mass spectra. In the cases of 4a and 4b, multisubstitutions occurred. The antimicrobial activity of compound 4, along with all the starting materials, was investigated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Staphylococcus aureus 18, Escherichia coli 64R, and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The results showed that this skeletal framework exhibited marked potency as antibacterial agents. The most active antibacterial agent against both targeted organisms was compound 4a′.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tsemeugne
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Applied Organic Synthesis (LANAPOS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I , P.O. Box 812 , Yaounde , Republic of Cameroon
| | - Pamela Kemda Nangmo
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Applied Organic Synthesis (LANAPOS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I , P.O. Box 812 , Yaounde , Republic of Cameroon
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation , P.O. Box 13033 , Yaounde , Republic of Cameroon
| | - Pierre Mkounga
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Applied Organic Synthesis (LANAPOS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I , P.O. Box 812 , Yaounde , Republic of Cameroon
| | - Jean De Dieu Tamokou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang , P.O. Box 067 , Dschang , Republic of Cameroon
| | - Iréne Chinda Kengne
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang , P.O. Box 067 , Dschang , Republic of Cameroon
| | - Giles Edwards
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Fondjo Sopbué
- Laboratory of Applied Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang , P.O. Box 67 , Dschang , Republic of Cameroon
| | - Augustin Ephrem Nkengfack
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Applied Organic Synthesis (LANAPOS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I , P.O. Box 812 , Yaounde , Republic of Cameroon
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Khan MN, Parmar DK, Das D. Recent Applications of Azo Dyes: A Paradigm Shift from Medicinal Chemistry to Biomedical Sciences. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1071-1084. [PMID: 33231147 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201123210025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Azo molecules possess the characteristic azo bond (-N=N-) and are considered fascinating motifs in organic chemistry. Since the last century, these brightly colored compounds have been widely employed as dyes across several industries in applications for printing, food, paper, cosmetics, lasers, electronics, optics, material sciences, etc. The discovery of Prontosil, an antibacterial drug, propelled azo compounds into the limelight in the field of medicinal chemistry. Subsequent discoveries including Phenazopyridine, Basalazide, and Sulfasalazine enabled azo compounds to occupy a significant role in the drug market. Furthermore, azo compounds have been employed as antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, antioxidant, as well as antiviral agents. The metabolic degradation of many azo dyes can induce liver problems if ingested, posing a safety concern and limiting their application as azo dyes in medicinal chemistry. However, azo dyes remain particularly significant for applications in cancer chemotherapy. Recently, a paradigm shift has been observed in the use of azo dyes: from medicinal chemistry to biomedical sciences. The latter benefits from azo dye application are related to imaging, drug delivery, photo-pharmacology and photo switching. Herein, we have compiled and discussed recent works on azo dye compounds obtained so far, focusing on their medicinal importance and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, RK University, Rajkot, Gujrat-360020, India
| | - Digvijaysinh K Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Education Hub, Kevdi, Diu college, DHES, Diu (U.T.) - 362520, India
| | - Debasis Das
- Discovery Chemistry Research, ArromaxPharmatech Co. Ltd. Sangtian Island Innovation Park, No. 1 Huayun Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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Tsemeugne J, Shinyuy LM, Djeukoua SKD, Sopbue EF, Ngemenya MN. Evaluation of macrofilaricidal and microfilaricidal activities against Onchocerca ochengi and cytotoxicity of some synthesized azo compounds containing thiophene backbone. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2087-2094. [PMID: 33864105 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Control and treatment of onchocerciasis, a devastating tropical filarial disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus, rely solely on the community directed treatment with ivermectin. However, ivermectin is only microfilaricidal with evidence of resistance of the parasite among other limitations, which necessitate the search for new efficacious and safe filaricides. Ten synthetic thienylazoryl dyes were screened in vitro against adult and microfilariae worm stages of Onchocerca ochengi based on worm motility and MTT formazan assay. Cytotoxicity of active compounds was assessed on monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2) using the MTT formazan assay. Seven (7) compounds showed both macrofilaricidal activity against adult male worms and microfilaricidal activity among which three 4a, 4c and 4e recorded the highest activity (IC50 = 4.2 to 8.8μM) against adult male worms, comparable to some standard anthelmintics. Five compounds showed rapid activity against microfilariae with 100% inhibition after 24-h incubation. The active compounds were nontoxic on monkey kidney cells (CC50> 4μg/mL), but their selectivity index values were relatively low (≤ 3). The thienylazoaryls with both macrofilaricidal and microfilaricidal activities may yield molecules which could be used for eradication of onchocerciasis following further medicinal chemistry modification of their structures to enhance their selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tsemeugne
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Lahngong M Shinyuy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Sorel K D Djeukoua
- Laboratory of Applied Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel F Sopbue
- Laboratory of Applied Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Moses N Ngemenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon.
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Nzogong RT, Ndjateu FST, Ekom SE, Fosso JAM, Awouafack MD, Tene M, Tane P, Morita H, Choudhary MI, Tamokou JDD. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of triterpenoid and phenolic derivatives from two Cameroonian Melastomataceae plants: Dissotis senegambiensis and Amphiblemma monticola. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:159. [PMID: 29769064 PMCID: PMC5956543 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat against humankind and the search for new therapeutics is needed. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts and compounds isolated from Dissotis senegambiensis and Amphiblemma monticola, two Cameroonian Melastomataceae species traditionally used for the treatment of fever, malaria and infectious diseases. Methods The plant extracts were prepared by maceration in ethanol. Standard chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to isolate and identify fourteen compounds from the two plant species [1–6 (from D. senegambiensis), 3, 4 and 7–14 (from A. monticola)]. A two-fold serial micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against four bacterial strains including two resistant bacterial strains, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA3) and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA4) and three yeast strains. Results The fractionation of EtOH extracts afforded fourteen compounds belonging to triterpenoid and phenolic derivatives. The ethanol extracts, compounds 3, 5–8, 10 and the mixture of 10 + 12 were active against all the tested bacterial and fungal species. Compound 7 (MIC = 16–32 μg/mL) and 10 (MIC = 8–16 μg/mL) displayed the largest antibacterial and antifungal activities, respectively. Compounds 7, 10 and the mixture of 10 + 12 showed prominent antibacterial activity against methicillin- resistant S. aureus (MRSA) which is in some cases equal to that of ciprofloxacin used as reference antibacterial drug. Compound 8 also showed high radical-scavenging activities and ferric reducing power when compared with vitamin C and butylated hydroxytoluene used as reference antioxidants. The tested samples were non-toxic to normal cells highlighting their good selectivity. Conclusions The result of this investigation reveals the potential of D. senegambiensis and A. monticola as well as the most active compounds in the search for new antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. So, further investigations are needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2229-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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