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Tsai CJ, Chang KW, Yang BH, Wu PH, Lin KH, Wong CYO, Lee HL, Huang WS. Very-Low-Dose Radiation and Clinical Molecular Nuclear Medicine. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060912. [PMID: 35743943 PMCID: PMC9225609 DOI: 10.3390/life12060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging molecular and precision medicine makes nuclear medicine a de facto choice of imaging, especially in the era of target-oriented medical care. Nuclear medicine is minimally invasive, four-dimensional (space and time or dynamic space), and functional imaging using radioactive biochemical tracers in evaluating human diseases on an anatomically configured image. Many radiopharmaceuticals are also used in therapies. However, there have been concerns over the emission of radiation from the radionuclides, resulting in wrongly neglecting the potential benefits against little or any risks at all of imaging to the patients. The sound concepts of radiation and radiation protection are critical for promoting the optimal use of radiopharmaceuticals to patients, and alleviating concerns from caregivers, nuclear medicine staff, medical colleagues, and the public alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Tsai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Kang-Wei Chang
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute & Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Bang-Hung Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (B.-H.Y.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Ping-Hsiu Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Han Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (B.-H.Y.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Ching Yee Oliver Wong
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-L.L.); (W.-S.H.); Tel.: +886-2-737-2181 (ext. 3396) (H.-L.L.); +886-2-2826-4400 (W.-S.H.)
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (B.-H.Y.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, No. 45, Cheng-Hsin Street, Beitou District, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-L.L.); (W.-S.H.); Tel.: +886-2-737-2181 (ext. 3396) (H.-L.L.); +886-2-2826-4400 (W.-S.H.)
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Mortazavi SA, Bevelacqua JJ, Rafiepour P, Ghadimi-Moghadam A, Saraie P, Jooyan N, Mortazavi SH, Javad Mortazavi SM, Welsh JS. Revisiting the Paradox of Smoking: Radioactivity in Tobacco Smoke or Suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, via Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor Signal? Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221075111. [PMID: 35392263 PMCID: PMC8980405 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221075111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current controversies, some reports show a paradoxical mitigating effect associated with smoking in individuals with symptomatic COVID-19 compared to the general population. To explain the potential mechanisms behind the lower number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, it has been hypothesized that cigarette smoking may reduce the odds of cytokine storm and related severe inflammatory responses through cholinergic-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Japanese scientists have recently identified a potential mechanism behind the lower numbers of COVID-19 cases amongst smokers compared to non-smokers. However, we believe that this mitigative effect may be due to the relatively high concentration of deposited energy of alpha particles emitted from naturally occurring radionuclides such as Po-210 in cigarette tobacco. Regarding COVID-19, other researchers and our team have previously addressed the anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. MC-simulation using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit shows that the radiation dose absorbed in a spherical cell with a radius of .9 μm for a single 5.5 MeV alpha particle is about 5.1 Gy. This energy deposition may trigger both anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects which paradoxically lower the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Payman Rafiepour
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Pooya Saraie
- Radiology Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Jooyan
- Medical Physics and Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Toxic effects of smokeless tobacco on female reproductive health: A review. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100066. [PMID: 35310558 PMCID: PMC8927787 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco use can lead to impairments of ovarian function, morphology, oocyte quality and hormonal regulation. Use of smokeless tobacco during pregnancy has adverse health effects on both the mother and fetus. Exposure to smokeless tobacco in utero has long term health consequences on offspring.
The habitual consumption of tobacco in its various form is widespread and a serious public health issue globally. In particular, the use of smokeless tobacco has increased substantially due to its easy availability and misconception that it is relatively harmless compared to smoking. Tobacco use has been well established from numerous studies as a causative agent of devastating illnesses such as cancer, insulin resistance, hypertension, acute respiratory disease, osteoporosis, etc. Limited but growing evidence have also suggested its role in adversely affecting reproductive capabilities and outcomes in women of reproductive age and during pregnancy. This paper provides an updated review on available literature regarding the negative effects of smokeless tobacco use on female reproductive health, during pregnancy and its adverse consequences on the offspring. Existing data suggests the association between chronic smokeless tobacco use and impairment of ovarian morphology and function, oocyte quality, hormonal perturbations, fetal development and long-term health effects on the fetus. Improved understanding of these issues can contribute to better awareness of the dangers of smokeless tobacco products.
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McAdam KG, Tetteh J, Bishop L, Digard H, Cote J, Lubbe S, Liu C. A Combined Study of Headspace Volatiles using Human Sensory, Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7773. [PMID: 32385293 PMCID: PMC7210946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) are widely used in certain parts of the world, yet there is limited understanding of how they are consumed, particularly the impact of chemosensory characteristics on their use. In order to develop an understanding of the drivers of STP use and product acceptability we conducted both human sensory panel testing and chemical analyses on a range of STPs. Free-sorting paired odour testing using sensory panellists identified similarities and clear differences between eleven different STPs. Headspace volatiles, analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), identified 20 to 70 components depending upon the STP. Key differences in headspace volatiles were found between STPs. For example, the headspace of Skoal Bandits Wintergreen was dominated by methyl salicylate, while Marlboro Spice consists of a more complex profile including pinene, nicotine, eugenol and cymene. Chemometric Target Factor Analysis (TFA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of chemistry and sensory data was used to deduce chemical drivers of sensory perceptions. The chemometric strategy used showed that headspace analysis is a complementary screening tool to sensory analysis in classification studies. This study is generic with applications across various product sectors that require routine human sensory panel evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G McAdam
- McAdam Scientific Ltd., 50 Leigh Road, Eastleigh, SO509DT, UK.
| | - J Tetteh
- DiKnow Ltd., 84 Rushdean Road, Rochester, Kent, ME2 2QB, United Kingdom
| | - L Bishop
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - H Digard
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - J Cote
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - S Lubbe
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - C Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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Kaur J, Sharma A, Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Sinha DN, Kumari S, Gupta R, Mehrotra R, Singh H. SLTChemDB: A database of chemical compounds present in Smokeless tobacco products. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7142. [PMID: 31073139 PMCID: PMC6509116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT), a cause of potentially preventable diseases, has a diverse chemical composition encompassing toxicants as well as potent carcinogens. Though the chemical profile of SLT products has been analyzed earlier, this information is not available in a comprehensive and easily accessible format. Hence, there is an imperative felt need to develop a one-stop information source providing inclusive information on SLT products. SLTChemDB is the first such database that makes available detailed information on various properties of chemical compounds identified across different brands of SLT products. The primary information for the database was extracted through extensive literature search, which was further curated from popular chemical web servers and databases. At present, SLTChemDB contains comprehensive information on 233 unique chemical compounds and 82 SLT products. The database has been made user-friendly with facility for systematic search and filters. SLTChemDB would provide the initial data on chemical compounds in SLT products to various tobacco testing laboratories. The database also highlights research gaps and thus, would be a guide for researchers interested in chemistry and toxicology of SLT products. With regular update of information in the database, it shall be a valuable evidence base for policymakers to formulate stringent policies for SLT control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kaur
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India.,Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India.,Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Ruchika Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India. .,Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India.
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McAdam KG, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Porter A, Rodu B. The composition of contemporary American and Swedish smokeless tobacco products. BMC Chem 2019; 13:31. [PMID: 31384779 PMCID: PMC6661804 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The major components of 70 brands of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) from Sweden and the US were determined to provide greater understanding of the general chemical composition of these products. Various styles of STPs were examined: loose and portion snus from Sweden, and chewing tobacco, dry snuff, moist snuff, hard pellet, soft pellet and plug from the US. The components analysed were major STP components such as water, nicotine, sugars, humectants, sodium ions, chloride ions and ash. The relative quantities of the components varied significantly between different styles of STP. The major component of moist snuff and Swedish loose snus is water. With Swedish portion snus water and pouch material comprise more than half of the product mass; with chewing tobaccos water and sugars comprise around 60% of the products. With these STPs, tobacco was a minor component (30–35%) of the product mass. By way of contrast, tobacco comprised the majority (around 70–90%) of the product mass with dry snuff, hard pellet and soft pellet products. Additives such as sugars, propylene glycol, glycerol, and sodium chloride comprised up to around 12% of the STPs, except for plug and chewing tobaccos where sugars comprised 15–30% by mass of the STP on average. Significant disagreements were found amongst alternative methods of determining water/moisture content for STPs. In particular the oven method, commonly used to determine moisture in tobacco, gave significantly higher values than the Karl Fischer water method when propylene glycol was present. Smaller but similar differences were found using the Near-Infrared method. Choice of measurement technique has important consequences for accuracy of toxicant levels when reporting on a dry-weight basis, a commonly used parameter in smokeless tobacco research and emerging regulatory standards. Conversion to a DWB was also found to produce a preferential bias between and within different STP categories in favour of drier products. These data provide greater understanding of differences in the compositions of contemporary smokeless tobacco products, and demonstrate challenges associated with conversion of actual product contents to dry weight basis values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G McAdam
- 1British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Harriet Kimpton
- 1British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Arif Faizi
- 1British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | | | - Brad Rodu
- 3University of Louisville, Clinical Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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McAdam K, Enos T, Goss C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Edwards S, Wright C, Porter A, Rodu B. Analysis of coumarin and angelica lactones in smokeless tobacco products. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 30569337 PMCID: PMC6768314 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in health risks between different styles of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) have prompted interest in their relative levels of toxic chemicals. We report here the development of methods for the analysis of STPs for coumarin and for α-angelica lactone (α-AL), both of which have been included in various published lists of tobacco toxicants. We have also determined the concentrations of these lactones in commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80–90% of the 2010 market share for all the major STP categories in these two countries: 65 products (plus two reference products) for coumarin and 66 commercial products for α-AL. For coumarin, methanol extracts of the STPs were analysed by HPLC/MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were, respectively, 100 and 30 ng coumarin/g of STP on a wet weight basis (WWB). Alpha-AL was determined via direct headspace GC/MS. The LOQ and LOD were 65 and 30 ng/g WWB respectively. Coumarin was detected In 3/33 Swedish snus, 5/13 US chewing tobaccos, 16/16 moist snuffs and 5/6 dry snuffs. Concentrations in those samples with quantifiable coumarin contents ranged from 186 to 1656 ng/g WWB. Concentrations of coumarin measured in this study were consistent with levels naturally found in tobacco. None of the STPs analysed would significantly contribute to coumarin exposure in consumers compared with dietary sources, and estimated exposure levels were 1000× lower than the European Food Safety Authority Tolerable Daily Intake. Hence the relevance of coumarin to the toxicity of STPs and its inclusion in the FDA’s list of harmful and potentially harmful compounds list is questionable. Measurements of α-AL in these STPs found that the majority did not have quantifiable contents, however, for three STPs concentrations of α-AL were above the LOQ (116–140 ng/g WWB) and for four other STPs concentrations of α-AL could be estimated between the LOD and LOQ. Beta-angelica lactone was tentatively identified in three of the STPs but the levels could not be reliably quantified. The levels of α-AL in tobacco products are reported here for the first time, but the relevance of α-AL to the toxicity of STPs is also highly questionable given that it has GRAS status as a permitted food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Trevor Enos
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Carol Goss
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Harriet Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Arif Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Steve Edwards
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Wright
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Brad Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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McAdam K, Vas C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Liu C, Porter A, Synnerdahl T, Karlsson P, Rodu B. Ethyl carbamate in Swedish and American smokeless tobacco products and some factors affecting its concentration. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:86. [PMID: 30043180 PMCID: PMC6057859 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are interested in comparing the levels of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in Swedish and American smokeless tobacco products (STPs). We report here the concentrations of the IARC Group 2 A (probable human) carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC) in seventy commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80-90% of the market share of the major STP categories in these countries. We also examine the effects of various additives, processing and storage conditions on EC concentrations in experimental snus samples. RESULTS EC was determined from aqueous extracts of the STPs using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). EC was undetectable (< 20 ng/g wet weight basis WWB) in 60% of the commercial STPs, including all the chewing tobacco (CT), dry snuff (DS), hard pellet (HP), soft pellet (SP), and plug products. Measurable levels of EC were found in 11/16 (69%) of the moist snuff (MS) samples (average 154 ng/g in those samples containing EC) and 19/32 (59%) of the Swedish snus samples (average 35 ng/g). For the experimental snus samples, EC was only observed in ethanol treated samples. EC concentrations increased significantly with ethanol concentrations (0-4%) and with storage time (up to 24 weeks) and temperature (8 °C vs 20 °C). EC concentrations were lower at lower pHs but were unaffected by adding nitrogenous precursors identified from food studies (citrulline and urea), increasing water content or by pasteurisation. Added EC was stable in the STP matrix, but evaporative losses were significant when samples were stored for several weeks in open containers at 8 °C. CONCLUSIONS EC was found in measurable amounts only in some moist STPs i.e. pasteurised Swedish snus and unpasteurised US MS; it is not a ubiquitous contaminant of STPs. The presence of ethanol contributed significantly to the presence of EC in experimental snus samples, more significantly at higher pH levels. Sample age also was a key determinant of EC content. In contrast, pasteurisation and fermentation do not appear to directly influence EC levels. Using published consumption rates and mouth level exposures, on average STP consumers are exposed to lower EC levels from STP use than from food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - C. Vas
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - H. Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - A. Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - C. Liu
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - A. Porter
- 3810 St. Antoine W, Montreal, QC H4C 1B4 Canada
| | - T. Synnerdahl
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, 531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - P. Karlsson
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, 531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - B. Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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