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da Silva AT, Brabo GR, Porto DDS, da Silva Jonco J, Bajerski L, Paula FR, Paim CS. Empagliflozin: Validation of Stability-Indicating LC Method and in silico Toxicity Studies. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:132-139. [PMID: 36585772 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new stability-indicating liquid chromatography method was developed for the quantification of empagliflozin and two synthetic impurities. The chromatographic conditions included Spherisorb® RP-18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a PDA detector, using acetonitrile and formic acid (pH 4.0) as mobile phase in gradient elution and flow-rate of 1.2 mL·min-1. The gradient increasing from 51 to 100% acetonitrile until 11.00 min, followed by decreasing the solvent from 100% to the initial ratio from 11.01 to 15.00 min. The method was validated according to International Council of Harmonization guidelines. The LOD and LOQ values for impurities A and B were 35 and 15 ng·mL-1, respectively, (for LOD) and 115 and 35 ng.mL-1, respectively (for LOQ). The method was linear in the range of 80-140, 115-1150 and 35-350 ng·mL-1 for EMPA, impurities A and B, respectively, and the correlation coefficient were > 0.999 in all situations, indicating the method good linearity. The developed method showed a good recovery for empagliflozin and added impurities. The method has proven to be precise, demonstrated values less than 2.0% to empagliflozin and 5.0% to synthetic impurities, robust and selective with no interference from other products in the determination of analytes. The in silico toxicity prediction suggested that the impurities do not present any toxicity risk for the parameters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Tassinari da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Gabriela Rossi Brabo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos Porto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Jaizor da Silva Jonco
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Lisiane Bajerski
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer Paula
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Clésio Soldateli Paim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
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2
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Nakka S, Muchakayala SK, Manabolu Surya SB. A sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of assay and trace-level genotoxic tosylate analogs (methyl and ethyl) in empagliflozin and its tablet dosage forms. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5755. [PMID: 37903616 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
This study performed the simultaneous quantification of assay and two alkyl sulfonate (tosylate) analogs of empagliflozin (EGZ), specifically methyl 4-methyl benzene sulfonate (MMBS) and ethyl 4-methyl benzene sulfonate (EMBS) in EGZ, and its finished dosage form using an accurate and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity BEH Shield RP18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column in gradient elution mode with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phases and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. For simultaneous quantification, the multiple reaction monitoring technique was utilized. The procedure was successfully validated in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. The peak areas of both impurities, along with their concentrations, exhibited a good relationship with Pearson's correlation coefficient (R), which was >0.999 in the range of 0.3-6 ppm with an EGZ concentration of 2 mg/mL. The percentage recoveries from the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 200% to the specification level were in the range of 94.82%-102.92%, whereas the percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) was <2. Therefore, this method is rapid and accurate to quantify MMBS, EMBS, and EGZ assay simultaneously from the marketed tablet dosage forms of EGZ for commercial release and stability sample testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nakka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Mohamed HM, Zaazaa HE, Abdelkawy M, Tantawy MA. Exploiting the power of UPLC in separation and simultaneous determination of pholcodine, guaiacol along with three specified guaiacol impurities. BMC Chem 2023; 17:35. [PMID: 37055841 PMCID: PMC10099691 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pholcodine and guaiacol are widely used together in pharmaceutical syrups for cough treatment. On the other hand, the Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic technique is characterized by having the power of increasing chromatographic efficiency and decreasing run time compared to the traditional High Performance Liquid Chromatographic one. In this work, this power was exploited for the simultaneous determination of pholcodine, guaiacol along with three guaiacol impurities, namely; guaiacol impurity A, guaiacol impurity B, and guaiacol impurity E. Good separation was achieved by employing Agilent Zorbax C8 column (50 × 2.1 mm) as the stationary phase, and acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 3.5 (40: 60, by volume) as a mobile phase. The proposed method was validated as per International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Linear relationships, at ranges of 50-1000 µg mL-1 for pholcodine and 5-100 µg mL-1 for guaiacol and the three related impurities, were established. Finally, the proposed method was applied for pholcodine and guaiacol determination in Coughpent® syrup and compared favorably to the reported one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager M Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala E Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - M Abdelkawy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Tantawy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, Egypt.
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Vollmer AC, Wagmann L, Weber AA, Meyer MR. Simultaneous analysis of antihyperglycemic small molecule drugs and peptide drugs by means of dual liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1300-1308. [PMID: 37011023 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to evaluate dual liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the simultaneous analysis of small and large molecule drugs by development and application of a validated bioanalytical method. METHODS The oral antihyperglycemic drugs (OAD) dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, glibenclamide, glimepiride, metformin, pioglitazone, repaglinide, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin, as well as the antihyperglycemic peptides exenatide, human insulin, insulin aspart, insulin degludec, insulin detemir, insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, insulin lispro, and semaglutide were included in the analytical procedure. Analytes were extracted using a combination of protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction. Two identical reversed-phase columns were used for separation followed by Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The whole procedure was validated according to international recommendations. RESULTS Different MS parameters had to be used for the two analyte groups, but dual LC separation allowed elution of all analytes within 12 min using the same column type. The analytical procedure was accurate and precise for most of the compounds except for exenatide, semaglutide, and insulin glargine, which were included qualitatively in the method. Analysis of proof-of-concept samples revealed OAD concentrations mostly within their therapeutic range, insulins could be detected in five cases but at concentrations below the lower limit of quantification except for one case. CONCLUSIONS Dual LC in combination with HRMS was shown to be a suitable platform to analyze small and large molecules in parallel and the current method allowed the determination of a total of 19 antihyperglycemic drugs in blood plasma within 12 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Vollmer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Armin A Weber
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Hendy MS, Mowaka S, Elkady EF, El-Zaher A, Ayoub BM. The potential off-target neuroprotective effect of sister gliflozins suggests their repurposing despite not crossing the blood-brain barrier: From bioanalytical assay in rats into theory genesis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200921. [PMID: 36637096 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gliflozins are successfully marketed antidiabetic agents with a reported neuroprotective effect, and this study tests their blood-brain barrier crossing ability. Henceforward, a computational hypothesis interpreting their effects was reasonable after failure to cross into the brain. A chromatographic bioassay for canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin was developed, validated, and applied to the rat's and rat's plasma and brain. HPLC method robustness was tested over two levels using Design of Experiment on MINITAB. It is the first method for gliflozins' detection in rats' brain tissue. The method was applied on 18 rats and six for each drug. Concentrations in plasma were determined but neither of them was detected in brain at the described chromatographic conditions. A computational study for the three drugs was endorsing two techniques. First, ligand-based target fishing reveals possible targets for gliflozins. They showed an ability to bind with human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, a regulator of adenosine extracellularly. Second, a docking study was carried out on this protein receptor. Results showed perfect alignment with a minimum of one hydrogen bond. Dapagliflozin achieved the lowest energy score with two hocking hydrogen bonds. This is proposing gliflozins ability to regulate equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 receptors in peripheries, elevating the centrally acting neuroprotective adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz S Hendy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Mowaka
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Zaher
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bassam M Ayoub
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Arts and Sciences, Concordia University Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Current analytical methods to monitor type 2 diabetes medication in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gollu G, Gummadi S. A rapid LC-PDA method for the simultaneous quantification of metformin, empagliflozin and linagliptin in pharmaceutical dosage form. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 80:48-58. [PMID: 34157314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to develop and validate a simple, rapid stability indicating high performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of metformin, empagliflozin, linagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 X-bridge phenyl column (250×4.6mm, 5μm particle size). The pharmaceutical analytes were quantified by diode array detector in HPLC, eluted with acetonitrile and triethylamine (70:30) as mobile phase, monitored at 240nm over a runtime of 7min. RESULTS The method was linear in the range of 50-750μg/mL (r2=0.999) for metformin, 0.5-7.5μg/mL (r2=0.999) for empagliflozin, 0.25-3.75μg/mL (r2=0.999) for linagliptin. The percentage recoveries of these 3 drugs were within acceptable limits (99.2-100.8). The method was found to be precise as % RSD<2. Forced degradation studies were conducted under acidic, basic, oxidative, reductive, photolysis, thermal conditions and showed degradation within (19.4-32.4%). CONCLUSION The validated (as per ICH guidelines) rapid method can be routinely used in quality control lab for the quantification of metformin, empagliflozin and linagliptin in raw materials as well as in pharmaceutical dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gollu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Maharajah's College of Pharmacy, Phool-Baugh, 535002 Vizianagaram, Andhra-Pradesh, India.
| | - S Gummadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), 530045 Visakhapatnam, Andhra-Pradesh, India.
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Gurrala S, Raj S, Cvs S, Anumolu PD. Quality-by-Design Approach for Chromatographic Analysis of Metformin, Empagliflozin and Linagliptin. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:68-80. [PMID: 33822920 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
New analytical quality by design-oriented HPLC method with multiple response optimization (Derringer's desirability function) was demonstrated for simultaneous analysis of three antidiabetic drugs (metformin hydrochloride/empagliflozin/linagliptin) in a fixed-dose combination. Central composite design was employed for systematic optimization of critical method parameters, namely, % organic phase (X1), aqueous phase pH (X2) and flow rate (X3) while resolution, capacity factor and theoretical plate number as critical analytical attributes. Effective chromatographic separation of title analytes was accomplished on Std. Discovery C18 column at 30°C with mobile phase comprising acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 5 (38:62% v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min by isocratic elution pattern and UV detection at 222 nm. The model is rectilinear in the range of 1.0-200, 0.2-40 and 0.1-20 μg/mL at retention times of 3.04, 3.93 and 5.99 min for metformin, empagliflozin and linagliptin, respectively. The method obeyed all validation parameters of ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. The proposed HPLC method was highly robust for method transfer, regulatory flexibility within design space and can be used for assay of pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising these analytes. The proposed method was applied for stability studies of drugs under various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Gurrala
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500090, India
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, UCT, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Shiva Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Subrahmanyam Cvs
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500090, India
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Chen Y, Li H, Hong H, Tao H, Peng X, Xu G. Isolation and characterization of novel process-related impurities in empagliflozin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:114001. [PMID: 33735784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Empagliflozin is an effective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. During the manufacture of empagliflozin, three unknown impurities were discovered in pilot batches ranging from 0.05 % to 0.15 % by LC analysis. These unknown impurities were isolated from the crystallization mother liquor by column chromatography and semi-preparative LC, and their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of HRMS, 1D-NMR (1H, 13C) and 2D-NMR (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) spectroscopy data. The plausible mechanistic pathways to the formation of these three impurities were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Hang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Hongwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China.
| | - Xianglin Peng
- GoalTry Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
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van der Aart-van der Beek AB, Wessels AMA, Heerspink HJ, Touw DJ. Simple, fast and robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of three gliflozins in human plasma by HPLC/DAD. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1136:121932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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