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Construction of aqueous two-phase systems composed of cholinium deep eutectic solvents and salts for separation and purification of recombinant β-glucosidase. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-023-02744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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2
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Ding M, Hou T, Niu H, Zhang N, Guan P, Hu X. Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at graphene-modified electrodes based on electropolymerized poly(thionine-methylene blue) films from nature deep eutectic solvents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Shi X, Chen D, Liu G, Zhang H, Wang X, Wu Z, Wu Y, Yu F, Xu Q. Application of Elastin-Like Polypeptide in Tumor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153683. [PMID: 35954346 PMCID: PMC9367306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Elastin-like Polypeptide (ELP) are widely applied in protein purification, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and even tumor therapy. Recent studies show that usage of ELP has made great progress in combination with peptide drugs or antibody drugs. The combination of ELP and photosensitizer in cancer therapy or imaging has made more progress and needs to be summarized. In this review, we summarize the specific application of ELP in cancer therapy, especially the latest developments in the combined use of ELP with photosensitizers. We seek to provide the most recent understanding of ELP and its new application in combination with Photosensitizer. Abstract Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are stimulus-responsive artificially designed proteins synthesized from the core amino acid sequence of human tropoelastin. ELPs have good biocompatibility and biodegradability and do not systemically induce adverse immune responses, making them a suitable module for drug delivery. Design strategies can equip ELPs with the ability to respond to changes in temperature and pH or the capacity to self-assemble into nanoparticles. These unique tunable biophysicochemical properties make ELPs among the most widely studied biopolymers employed in protein purification, drug delivery, tissue engineering and even in tumor therapy. As a module for drug delivery and as a carrier to target tumor cells, the combination of ELPs with therapeutic drugs, antibodies and photo-oxidation molecules has been shown to result in improved pharmacokinetic properties (prolonged half-life, drug targeting, cell penetration and controlled release) while restricting the cytotoxicity of the drug to a confined infected site. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the application methods of ELP employed in tumor therapy, with a focus on its conjugation with peptide drugs, antibodies and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianggang Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China; (G.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China; (G.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China; (G.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China;
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-139-5292-3250 (F.Y.); +86-159-5281-6017 (Q.X.)
| | - Qinggang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-139-5292-3250 (F.Y.); +86-159-5281-6017 (Q.X.)
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Dos Santos CM, de Barros Sampaio S, Santana F, Leite RC, Lacchini S, Affonso R. A new approach for purification of the catalytic site of the angiotensin-conversion enzyme, N-domain, mediated by the ELP-Intein system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 116:107174. [PMID: 35779849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE) is a key part of the renin-angiotensin system. Its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the balance of salts in the body. Somatic ACE has two domains, N-C-, each of which has a catalytic site that exhibits 60%sequence identity. The N-domain has a specific action in the hydrolysis of beta-amyloid bodies and angiotensin (1-7), which activates the MAS receptor and triggers anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions. Our goal was to obtain the catalytic site Ala361 to Gly468 of the N domain region, csACEN, without needing purification by chromatography. We employed a method that uses an Elastin-like Polypeptide (ELP) and Intein sequences linked to the peptide of interest. The more differential for obtaining the pure peptide was the cultivation temperatures in the synthesis of ELPcsACEN at 37 °C, with a significant increase in expression. In the purification by ELP precipitation, we recorded the highest efficiency in the concentrations of 0.57 M and 0.8 M of ammonium sulfate buffer. Intein autocleavage study allows removal of the ELP sequence at acidic pH, with the buffers MES and Tris-HCl The present study defined the best conditions for obtaining pure csACEN that the literature has not yet described for peptides. Obtaining pure csACEN aims at future studies for therapeutic use in hypertension, Alzheimer's, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fagner Santana
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Leite
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lacchini
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Affonso
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Caparco AA, Dautel DR, Champion JA. Protein Mediated Enzyme Immobilization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106425. [PMID: 35182030 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization is an essential technology for commercializing biocatalysis. It imparts stability, recoverability, and other valuable features that improve the effectiveness of biocatalysts. While many avenues to join an enzyme to solid phases exist, protein-mediated immobilization is rapidly developing and has many advantages. Protein-mediated immobilization allows for the binding interaction to be genetically coded, can be used to create artificial multienzyme cascades, and enables modular designs that expand the variety of enzymes immobilized. By designing around binding interactions between protein domains, they can be integrated into functional materials for protein immobilization. These materials are framed within the context of biocatalytic performance, immobilization efficiency, and stability of the materials. In this review, supports composed entirely of protein are discussed first, with systems such as cellulosomes and protein cages being discussed alongside newer technologies like spore-based biocatalysts and forizymes. Protein-composite materials such as polymersomes and protein-inorganic supraparticles are then discussed to demonstrate how protein-mediated strategies are applied to many classes of solid materials. Critical analysis and future directions of protein-based immobilization are then discussed, with a particular focus on both computational and design strategies to advance this area of research and make it more broadly applicable to many classes of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Caparco
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, MC 0448, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dylan R Dautel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Julie A Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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6
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Recent advances in molecular farming using monocot plants. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 58:107913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou Y, Wu YJ, Wang L, Han J, Wu JC, Li CM, Wang Y. Natural deep eutectic solvents as green and biocompatible reaction medium for carbonic anhydrase catalysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:206-213. [PMID: 34492243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Easy deactivation of free enzymes under non-native condition has become a stumbling block to the industrial application of biocatalysis. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) has been exploited as a novel reaction medium for improving enzyme stability. The present work focused on preserving and enhancing the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in a more economical and biocompatible NADES system. We synthesized six choline chloride/betaine-based NADES and analyzed the effects of compositions and concentrations of NADES on their physicochemical properties. The Bet-Gly (1: 2) NADES (55%) was proved to be more suitable as reaction medium for CA by analyzing enzyme activity in the presence of NADES. The enhancement in the stability of CA was found to be as a result of a three-dimensional hydrogen bonding network, rather than the individual or the synergistic effect of betaine and glyceride. The conformational change of CA to become more compact was confirmed both by fluorescence spectrum analysis and circular dichroism analysis. It is worth mentioning that a remarkable thermal stability was maintained when CA was incubated at temperature below 60 °C, and about 96% of activity was still restored in 55% NADES at 60 °C for 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Ya-Jiao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Juan Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Jia-Cong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China.
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Peprah Addai F, Wang T, Kosiba AA, Lin F, Zhen R, Chen D, Gu J, Shi H, Zhou Y. Integration of elastin-like polypeptide fusion system into the expression and purification of Lactobacillus sp. B164 β-galactosidase for lactose hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123513. [PMID: 32417661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) sequence fused with Lactobacillus sp. B164 β-galactosidase modified with 6x-Histidine (β-Gal-LH) to produce recombinant β-Gal-Linker-ELP-His (β-Gal-LEH) was expressed in E. coli and purified via inverse thermal cycling (ITC) and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) resin. The β-galactosidase integrated with ELP-system showed an improved purification at 1.75 M (NH4)2SO4 after 1 round ITC (95.66% recovery rate and 13.04 purification fold) with better enzyme activity parameters compared to Ni-NTA. The enzyme maintained an optimal temperature (40 °C) and pH (7.5) for both β-Gal-LEH and β-Gal-LH. The results further showed that the ELP-fusion system improved the enzyme's thermal and storage stability. Moreover, the enzyme secondary structure was not changed by ELP-tag. Enzyme activity was completely inactivated by Hg2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+, unaffected by Ca2+, EDTA and urea, but partially activated by Mn2+ at lower concentration. Compared to commercial β-galactosidases, β-Gal-LEH exhibited similar biocatalytic efficiency on lactose and could potentially catalyze transgalactosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Peprah Addai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Anthony A Kosiba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, PR China
| | - Ren Zhen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Heidari-Japelaghi R, Valizadeh M, Haddad R, Dorani-Uliaie E, Jalali-Javaran M. Fusion to elastin-like polypeptide increases production of bioactive human IFN-γ in tobacco. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:381-394. [PMID: 32686067 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-020-00205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant-based expression systems are now accredited as bioreactors for the high production of various biopharmaceuticals. However, low levels of agglomeration and the absence of effective procedures for purification of recombinant proteins have remained two essential obstacles in molecular farming. In this research, we have studied the production of human interferon gamma (hIFN-γ) in tobacco and analyzed the effects of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) tag and subcellular localization on its accumulation. We report a remarkable enhancement of accumulation of the fusion proteins versus the corresponding unfused hIFN-γ proteins. Furthermore, the hIFN-γ (with and without ELP) accumulated to higher levels in the endoplasmic reticulum. The ELP fusion proteins were successfully recovered from total soluble protein with adding 2.75 M NaCl and three rounds of inverse transition cycling (ITC). The hIFN-γ was also separated from ELP with Enterokinase cleavage of the fusion protein and recovered by ITC. Inverse transition analysis indicated that the hIFN-γ-ELP variants aggregate above their inverse transition temperature and at high ionic strength. Investigation of glycosylation revealed that fused or unfused hIFN-γ proteins are N-glycosylated in different cellular locations. Moreover, N-glycosylation analysis and bioassay showed that fusion to ELP does not disturb glycosylation process and antiviral activity of hIFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari-Japelaghi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Valizadeh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheem Haddad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Dorani-Uliaie
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mokhtar Jalali-Javaran
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
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Wang S, Lin R, Ren Y, Zhang T, Lu H, Wang L, Fan D. Non-chromatographic purification of thermostable endoglucanase from Thermotoga maritima by fusion with a hydrophobic elastin-like polypeptide. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 173:105634. [PMID: 32325232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoglucanase EG12B from Thermotoga maritima is a thermophilic cellulase that has great potential for industrial applications. Here, to enable the selective purification of EG12B in a simple and efficient manner, an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), which acts as a thermally responsive polypeptide, was fused with EG12B to enable its inverse phase transition cycling (ITC). A small gene library comprising ELPs from ELP5 to ELP50 was constructed using recursive directional ligation by plasmid reconstruction. ELP50 was added to the C-terminus of EG12B as a fusion tag to obtain the expression vector pET28-EG12B-ELP50, which was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to enable the expression of fusion protein via IPTG induction. Gray scanning analysis revealed that the EG12B-ELP50 expression level was up to about 35% of the total cellular proteins. After three rounds of ITC, 8.14 mg of EG12B-ELP50 was obtained from 500-mL lysogeny broth culture medium. The recovery rate and purification fold of EG12B-ELP50 purified by ITC reached 78.1% and 11.8, respectively. The cellulase activity assay showed that EG12B-ELP50 had a better thermostability, higher optimal temperature, and longer half-life than those of free EG12B. Overall, our results suggested that ELP50 could be used as a favorable fusion tag, providing a rapid, simple, and inexpensive strategy for non-chromatographic target-protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Rui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yanyan Ren
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Utilizing a Kidney-Targeting Peptide to Improve Renal Deposition of a Pro-Angiogenic Protein Biopolymer. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100542. [PMID: 31635263 PMCID: PMC6835230 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) are versatile protein biopolymers used in drug delivery due to their modular nature, allowing fusion of therapeutics and targeting agents. We previously developed an ELP fusion with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and demonstrated its therapeutic efficacy in translational swine models of renovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. The goal of the current work was to refine renal targeting and reduce off-target tissue deposition of ELP–VEGF. The ELP–VEGF fusion protein was modified by adding a kidney-targeting peptide (KTP) to the N-terminus. All control proteins (ELP, KTP–ELP, ELP–VEGF, and KTP–ELP–VEGF) were also produced to thoroughly assess the effects of each domain on in vitro cell binding and activity and in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. KTP–ELP–VEGF was equipotent to ELP–VEGF and free VEGF in vitro in the stimulation of primary glomerular microvascular endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation, and extracellular matrix invasion. The contribution of each region of the KTP–ELP–VEGF protein to the cell binding specificity was assayed in primary human renal endothelial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and podocytes, demonstrating that the VEGF domain induced binding to endothelial cells and the KTP domain increased binding to all renal cell types. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of KTP–ELP–VEGF and all control proteins were determined in SKH-1 Elite hairless mice. The addition of KTP to ELP slowed its in vivo clearance and increased its renal deposition. Furthermore, addition of KTP redirected ELP–VEGF, which was found at high levels in the liver, to the kidney. Intrarenal histology showed similar distribution of all proteins, with high levels in blood vessels and tubules. The VEGF-containing proteins also accumulated in punctate foci in the glomeruli. These studies provide a thorough characterization of the effects of a kidney-targeting peptide and an active cytokine on the biodistribution of these novel biologics. Furthermore, they demonstrate that renal specificity of a proven therapeutic can be improved using a targeting peptide.
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Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of secreted ferritin in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biometals 2019; 32:757-769. [PMID: 31363876 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitous iron storage protein which plays key role in regulating iron homeostasis and metabolism. In this paper, the ferritin heavy chain homologs (HCH) and light chain homologs (LCH) from Bombyx mori (BmFerHCH and BmFerLCH) were amplified through PCR and cloned into the expression vector pET-30a(+). The recombinant BmFerHCH and BmFerLCH expressed in Escherichia coli were in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies, indicating that the two proteins were not in their natural structural conformation. In order to obtain refolded ferritin in vitro, the inclusion bodies (BmFerHCH and/or BmFerLCH) were dissolved in denaturing buffer (100 mM Tris, 50 mM Glycine, 8 M urea, 5 mM DTT, pH 8.0) and then refolded in refolding buffer (100 mM Tris, 400 mM L-arginine, 0.2 mM PMSF, 0.5 mM DTT). The result showed that it was only when both BmFerHCH and BmFerLCH were present together in the denaturing buffer that refolding was successful and resulted in the formation of heteropolymers (H-L chain dimers) over homopolymers (H-H chain or L-L chain dimers). Moreover, the molecules (NaCl, Triton and glycerol) were found to enhance protein refolding. The optimum temperature, pH and ratios of BmFerHCH/BmFerLCH required for refolding were found to be 10 °C, pH 7, 1:1 or 1:2, respectively. Finally, the refolded ferritin had the ability to store iron, exhibited ferroxidase activity, and could withstand high temperatures and pH treatment, which is consistent with ferritin in other species.
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