Synergy between dinotefuran and fipronil against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis): improved onset of action and residual speed of kill in adult cats

Ovicidal action of insectoacaricide drugs sentry home, Neostomazan 1:200 manufacured by CEVA, Neostomazan 1:200 manufacured by product and Extrazol M on fleas Ctenocephalides spp. eggs

The aim of the research. To compare the ovicidal efficiency of insectoacaricides of different composition and manufacturers on flea eggs (Ctenocephalides spp.) for treatemnt of the premises where animals live. Materials and methods of the research. The study was conducted on the basis of the clinic of veterinary medicine "Vetservice" Sumy, laboratory "Veterinary Pharmacy" and "Innovative technologies and safety and quality of livestock products" of Sumy National Agrarian University. The ovicidal effect of insectoacaricides on flea eggs of Ctenocephalides spp. was studied. Ctenocephalides spp. eggs were selected from the pet bedding on which the animal spended most of its time, namely the cats. The studied material was selected with a cosmetic brush. Ctenocephalides spp. eggs were placed into a Petri dish of 10 eggs per each dish. The test material was introduced with a dental probe. There were 4 test dishes, which were treated with insectoacaricides (each test dish was treated with a separate drug) and 1 control dish with no treatment. Microscopy was conducted under a light microscope with magnification X8 of each egg, with following treatment of each egg with insectoacaricides. Monitoring was conducted in 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. Results. Research has shown that drugs which demonstrated 100 % ovicidal effectiveness were Sentry Home (pyriproxyfen – 0.02 %, permethrin – 0.2 %, n-Octyl Bicyclohepten – 1.0 %) in 24 hours and Neostomazan (CEVA)(transmix – 5.0 g, tetramethrin – 0.5 g) in 72 hours. Conclusions. Insectoacaricide drug Sentry Home (pyriproxyfen – 0.02 %, permethrin – 0.2 %, n-Octyl Bicyclohepten – 1.0 %), used for the treatment of the premises where the animals live, showed the most pronounced ovicidal effect in 24 hours.

Synergic effect of a quinuclidine benzamide complexed with borane, the LMA10233, in combination with seven pesticides

Some quinuclidine benzamide compounds have been found to modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both mammals and insects. In particular, the quaternarization of 3-amino quinuclidine benzamide derivatives with dichloromethane gave charged N-chloromethylated quinuclidine compounds, disclosing an antagonist profile on homomeric α7 nAChRs. Here, we synthesized and studied the toxicological effect of LMA10233, a quinuclidine-borane complex analogue, the LMA10233, on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and found that LMA10233 only exhibit proper toxicity on A. pisum larvae when applied in concentrations of over 10 μg/ml. We assessed the ability of LMA10233 to enhance the toxicity of different insecticides. When a sublethal concentration of LMA10233 was combined with the LC₁₀ of each compound, we found a strong increase in toxicity at 24 h and 48 h of exposure for clothianidin, fipronil and chlorpyrifos, and only at 24 h for imidacloprid, acetamiprid and deltamethrin. However, when the pesticide was used at the LC₅₀, only acetamiprid showed a synergistic effect with LMA10233. When the concentration of LMA10233 was decreased, we found that up to 80-90% of mortality was obtained due to the synergism between acetamiprid and LMA10233. No similar effect was observed with other insecticides. We conclude that such quinuclidine-borane complex compounds could increase the toxic effect of insecticides at low concentrations.

Synergism of Adulticides and Insect Growth Regulators Against Larval Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

The use of topical and oral therapies on pets has revolutionized the control of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché). Herein, we tested the biological activity of two adulticides, fipronil and imidacloprid, and the insect growth regulators (IGRs), methoprene and pyriproxyfen. The LC50's of fipronil, imidacloprid, methoprene, and pyriproxyfen in larval rearing medium for second and third instars were 1.13, 0.73, 0.35, and 0.23 ppm, respectively. Combinations of imidacloprid and methoprene and pyriproxyfen were synergistic. The combination indices (CIs) at an effective dose (ED95) of imidacloprid:methoprene (Im:Meth) were 0.54, 0.44, 0.66, 0.73, and 0.62 for Im1:Meth1, Im5:Meth1, Im10:Meth1, Im20:Meth1, and Im40:Meth1, respectively. Similarly, the CIs of imidacloprid:pyriproxyfen (Im:Pyri) at an ED95 were 0.73 and 0.50 for Im1:Pyri1 and Im5:Pyri1, respectively. Combinations of fipronil:methoprene (Fip:Meth) provided variable results with Fip1:Meth1 being antagonistic (CI = 1.61). Combinations at 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 at an ED95 were moderately synergistic. Combinations of Fip:Pyri at 1:1 were antagonistic at an ED95 with a CI of 2.87. When the combinations were reversed, neither the imidacloprid nor fipronil synergized either IGR. The dose response indices (DRI) for both Im:Meth and Im:Pyri indicate that the concentrations of the combinations could be significantly reduced and still be as effective as imidacloprid alone. Certain combinations of adulticides and IGRs were synergistic against immature fleas.

The Biology and Ecology of Cat Fleas and Advancements in Their Pest Management: A Review

The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. It has been two decades since the last comprehensive review concerning the biology and ecology of C. f. felis and its management. Since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the diseases associated with C. f. felis and their implications for humans and their pets. Two rickettsial diseases, flea-borne spotted fever and murine typhus, have been identified in domestic animal populations and cat fleas. Cat fleas are the primary vector of Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever) with the spread of the bacteria when flea feces are scratched in to bites or wounds. Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) common in dogs and cats has been successfully treated and tapeworm infestations prevented with a number of new products being used to control fleas. There has been a continuous development of new products with novel chemistries that have focused on increased convenience and the control of fleas and other arthropod ectoparasites. The possibility of feral animals serving as potential reservoirs for flea infestations has taken on additional importance because of the lack of effective environmental controls in recent years. Physiological insecticide resistance in C. f. felis continues to be of concern, especially because pyrethroid resistance now appears to be more widespread. In spite of their broad use since 1994, there is little evidence that resistance has developed to many of the on-animal or oral treatments such as fipronil, imidacloprid or lufenuron. Reports of the perceived lack of performance of some of the new on-animal therapies have been attributed to compliance issues and their misuse. Consequentially, there is a continuing need for consumer awareness of products registered for cats and dogs and their safety.