Infection prevalence and ecotypes of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway

Two-Stage Automatic Liver Classification System Based on Deep Learning Approach Using CT Images

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, where early detection is crucial for effective treatment. This study introduces a novel method for the early diagnosis of liver diseases by differentiating between tumor, AE, and healthy cases using non-contrast CT images, which are widely accessible and eliminate the risks associated with contrast agents. The proposed approach integrates an automatic liver region detection method based on RCNN followed by a CNN-based classification framework. A dataset comprising over 27,000 thorax-abdominal images from 233 patients, including 8206 images with liver tissue, was constructed and used to evaluate the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrate the importance of the two-stage classification approach. In a 2-class classification problem for healthy and non-healthy classes, an accuracy rate of 0.936 (95% CI: 0.925 - 0.947) was obtained, and that for 3-class classification problem with AE, tumor, and healthy classes was obtained as 0.863 (95% CI: 0.847 - 0.879). These results highlight the potential use of the proposed framework as a fully automatic approach for liver classification without the use of contrast agents. Furthermore, the proposed framework demonstrates competitive performance compared to other state-of-the-art techniques, suggesting its applicability in clinical practice.

Genetic diversity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and first molecular detection of Ancylostoma braziliense in stray dogs from Sarawak, Malaysia

Hookworms are blood-sucking intestinal parasites that can cause anaemia and protein loss in humans. Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a zoonotic hookworm species of dogs, is the second most common cause of human hookworm infections. With the increasing anthelmintic resistance risks and the uncontrolled stray dog population in Sarawak Borneo, East Malaysia, understanding the genetic structure of A. ceylanicum is crucial for tracking mutation patterns and assessing zoonotic transmission risks. This study determined the prevalence and genetic diversity of dog hookworm species using microscopy, PCR and sequencing, revealing A. ceylanicum (43.6%; 89/204), followed by mixed infections of A. ceylanicum and A. braziliense (9.3%; 19/204), single infections of A. caninum (6.3%; 13/204), and A. braziliense (1.4%; 3/204) in stray dogs in East Malaysia (Sarawak Borneo). Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene showed that A. ceylanicum from Sarawak Borneo clustered across all major clades, indicating high genetic divergence and admixture. Haplotype analysis revealed that the Malaysian A. ceylanicum population highly mirrors those in Cambodia and Thailand, suggesting significant gene flow across Southeast Asia, while regional disparities exist compared to other countries. These findings provide critical epidemiological insights for hookworm control strategies, including stray dog management and potential adjustments to mass drug administration programs. The high genetic connectivity of A. ceylanicum population across borders underscores the need for enhanced surveillance, One Health approaches, and monitoring anthelminthic resistance to mitigate the risk of zoonotic transmission.

Molecular Detection of Benzimidazole Resistance Associated with the F200Y Polymorphism in the β-Tubulin Gene of Ancylostoma caninum: First Report from India

PURPOSE

The study aimed to detect benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in Ancylostoma caninum in dogs from Thrissur district, Kerala, India, using amplification refractory mutation system- polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The primary objective was to determine the presence and frequency of mutations at codon 200 of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene, associated with BZ resistance, in adult worms and infective larvae.

METHODS

A total of 75 adult A. caninum worms were collected during post-mortem, and 280 infective larvae (L3) from 35 faecal samples positive for strongyle ova were obtained from various locations. Amplification of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene at codon 200 was performed by ARMS PCR, followed by Sanger sequencing to confirm of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genotypes were analysed using EMBOSS and NCBI BLAST tools.

RESULTS

All 75 adult worms exhibited the homozygous susceptible genotype at codon 200. Out of 280 larvae genotyped, two were homozygous resistant, one was heterozygous, and 277 were homozygous susceptible. The overall frequencies of the resistant (TAC) and susceptible (TTC) alleles were 0.01 and 0.99, respectively. Both homozygous and heterozygous resistant larvae were found in a household with recurring ancylostomosis. No mutations were observed at codon 198.

CONCLUSION

The study identified a low frequency of BZ-resistant alleles in A. caninum larvae in Thrissur, Kerala, marking the first such report in India. Although resistance remains at an early stage, ongoing monitoring is essential to mitigate its spread in the canine population.

Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies Against Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Virus in Horses in Southern Norway

Ixodes ricinus ticks play a crucial role as carriers of diseases, transmitting pathogens to vertebrate hosts, including horses. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE-virus) in equine sera collected in southern Norway. In total, sera from 331 horses stabled in four counties (Agder, Vestfold and Telemark, Vestland, and Viken) were analyzed by immunoblot. In total, 66% of the horses were IgG-seropositive for antibodies against one or multiple tick-borne pathogens. The highest seroprevalence was detected against B. burgdorferi s. l. (47%), followed by A. phagocytophilum (34%) and TBE-virus (10%). A significant difference between the counties regarding IgG antibodies against A. phagocytophilum was found, with the highest seroprevalence in horses stabled in the coastal areas of Agder and Vestland. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that horses in southern Norway are at high risk of contracting tick-borne infections.

Natural infection of Trypanosoma Cruzi in client-owned-dogs from rural Yucatan, Mexico

Dogs play a crucial role in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi and their presence in domicile increases the risk of infection in humans. In Yucatán, Mexico previous studies have reported T. cruzi infection in dogs from both rural and urban areas, which we expanded here, to better understand infection dynamics. A total of 186-dogs were screened for T. cruzi infection by PCR and serology. Parasite burden, genotype, immune response, cardiac alterations, and roaming behavior of the dogs were analyzed. The T. cruzi prevalence was 26.8% (50/186). Genotyping of T. cruzi revealed the predominance of TcI parasites, although most dogs (15/25, 60%) harbored mixed infections with additional DTUs including TcII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. Antibodies against T. cruzi proteins were detected in > 90% of infected dogs, confirming their immunogenicity in natural infections. Mild ECG abnormalities were present in 40% of infected dogs. A logistic model suggested that the interplay between the host responses to multiple parasite strains could mediate differences in disease severity (P = 0.0002, R2 = 0.65). Finally, parasite diversity and dog roaming behavior support a role of dogs as an important link in T. cruzi transmission cycles among habitats. Together, these data provide a strong rationale to target dogs in integrated Chagas disease control interventions.

Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminant ticks - Borrelia prevalence declines only in female, but not nymphal ticks feeding on cervids

Tick-borne pathogen epidemiology involves vectors, in Europe mainly Ixodes ricinus, and vertebrate hosts. Ruminants are reservoirs for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, but not for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), possibly clearing the infection from ticks. However, such clearance is epidemiologically relevant mainly in nymphal ticks. Of 1874 ticks collected from wildlife in the present study, 1535 Ixodes spp. (796 nymphs, 739 females) were tested by qPCR, with a proportion of 26.3% (nymphs: 24.5%, females: 28.3%) positive for Borrelia spp. and 87.4% for A. phagocytophilum (nymphs: 62.8%, females: 92.4%). In female Ixodes spp. from deer (N = 720), but not nymphs (N = 785), the Borrelia frequency declined significantly with increasing engorgement duration as inferred by the coxal index. Borrelia spp. differentiation revealed B. burgdorferi s.l. in nine and B. miyamotoi in one of ten successfully analysed ticks having engorged for <48 hours, but only three B. burgdorferi s.l.- vs. six B. miyamotoi-positive and one coinfected tick among ten ticks with a longer engorgement. Borrelia copy numbers showed a U-shaped relationship with engorgement duration. Increasing A. phagocytophilum frequency during the rapid feeding phase in nymphs, and increasing copy numbers in females from deer confirmed their reservoir function. Of 101 I. ricinus from cattle, 4.0% were positive for Borrelia, whereby the species could not be determined, and 42.6% for A. phagocytophilum. In comparison, 13.8% and 11.9% of 428 questing ticks from the pastures were Borrelia- and A. phagocytophilum-positive, respectively. The results imply that feeding on cervids may not reduce Borrelia prevalence in nymphs, presumably due to the low overall blood volume ingested, insufficient for Borrelia clearance in this epidemiologically relevant stage. Further studies need to confirm that deer-fed nymphs contain infectious Borrelia and maintain the infection transstadially.

Targeted genomic surveillance of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors

The emergence of insecticide resistance is threatening the efforts of malaria control programmes, which rely heavily on a limited arsenal of insecticidal tools, such as insecticide-treated bed nets. Importantly, genomic surveillance of malaria vectors can provide critical, policy-relevant insights into the presence and evolution of insecticide resistance, allowing us to maintain and extend the shelf life of these interventions. Yet the complex genetic architecture of resistance, combined with resource constraints in malaria-endemic settings, have thus far precluded the widespread use of genomics in routine surveillance. Meanwhile, stakeholders in sub-Saharan Africa are moving towards locally driven, decentralised generation of genomic data, underscoring the need for standardised and robust genomics workflows. To address this need, we demonstrate an approach to targeted genomic surveillance in Anopheles gambiae s.l with Illumina sequencing. We target 90 genomic loci in the Anopheles gambiae s.l genome, including 55 resistance-associated mutations and 35 ancestry informative markers. This protocol is coupled with advanced, automated software for accurate and reproducible variant analysis. We are able to elucidate population structure and ancestry in our cohorts and accurately identify most species in the An. gambiae species complex. We report frequencies of variants at insecticide-resistance loci and explore the continued evolution of the pyrethroid target site, the Voltage-gated sodium channel. Applying the platform to a recently established colony of field-caught resistant mosquitoes (Siaya, Kenya), we identified seven independent resistance-associated variants contributing to reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in East Africa. Additionally, we leverage a machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) to demonstrate the possibility of predicting bioassay mortality using genotypes alone. This achieved very high accuracy (73%), demonstrating the potential of targeted genomics to predictively monitor insecticide resistance. Together these tools provide a practical, scalable solution for resistance monitoring while advancing the goal of building local genomic surveillance capacity in sub-Saharan Africa.

Cyclic di AMP phosphodiesterase nanovaccine elicits protective immunity against Burkholderia cenocepacia infection in mice

Burkholderia cenocepacia causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Treatment is challenging due to intrinsic antibiotic multiresistance, so vaccination provides an alternative approach. We aimed to identify vaccine candidates using reverse vaccinology and evaluate their efficacy as protein-loaded chitosan: pectin nanoparticles (C:P NPs) in a vaccine model. Applying strict subtractive channels, three proteins were shortlisted: WP_006481710.1 (LY), WP_012493605.1 (KT), and WP_006492970.1 (BD). Proteins were cloned, purified as His-tagged proteins, and loaded onto C:P NPs. Vaccinated mice had significantly higher systemic IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses and induced IL-6 and IL-17A. 6x-His-LY-CS:P NPs and 6x-His-KT-CS:P NPs vaccines induced TNF-α. Vaccines conferred significant protection against B. cenocepacia intranasal infections. In conclusion, cyclic-di-AMP phosphodiesterase (WP_012493605.1) is a promising vaccine candidate that elicited IgG and IgA antibodies, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cellular immunity in BALB/c mice and protected against B. cenocepacia infection. This provides hope for saving lives of people at high risk of infection.

Intestinal schistosomiasis in remote areas of Southwest Ethiopia, a target region for large-scale mass drug administration

As 2030 approaches, the World Health Organization's due date for ending intestinal schistosomiasis as a public health problem in all endemic areas, understanding the current trends in the burden of schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in endemic areas is critical for monitoring the progress, identifying areas for improvement, and developing strategies to plan for instant response to mitigate the burden of schistosomiasis. From February to April of 2023, 328 students from three primary schools in Southwest Ethiopia participated in an institution-based cross-sectional study in the detection of Schistosoma mansoni. Intestinal schistosomiasis was identified among 242 school children, with a rate of infection of 73.8% (95% CI: (64.8-83.4%)). The rate of infection was higher among study participants aged between 10 and 13 years [AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: (1.1, 3.44). About 75% of the male participants were infected with Schistosoma mansoni [AOR = 0.83, 95% CI (0.49, 1.41). Nearly half (48.1%) of the S. mansoni infections among study participants were identified as heavy infections. More than half of the male study participants (50.3%) infected with Schistosoma mansoni had heavy infection intensity. Of the total female schoolchildren infected with Schistosoma mansoni, about 44.4% had a heavy infection. The prevalence and intensity of infection of Schistosoma mansoni in the study area are significantly noticeable, raising doubts on the effectiveness of the interventional programs or pin-points possible re-infection. Strategies to end the disease as a public health threat, mainly in remote and endemic areas, should consider novel integrated strategies targeting the life cycle of schistosomes besides the large-scale mass drug administration.

Knockdown resistance (kdr)-associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex pipiens): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Culex pipiens is the vector of a large number of pathogens in humans. Use of insecticides to deal with this vector is the most important way to controlling it. However, in recent decades, resistance to insecticides has been reported in this vector. One of the main insecticides used to fight this vector is organochlorine insecticides. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Knockdown resistance (kdr) in Culex pipiens against organochlorine insecticides.

Methods

This study was conducted via systematic review and meta-analysis approach in the field of kdr prevalence in Culex pipiens against organochlorine insecticides. Accordingly, during the search in the scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, Biooan.org, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar without time limit until the end of November 2023, all related articles were extracted and analyzed. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using random and fixed effects model in the meta-analysis, Cochran's test, I 2 index, and meta-regression by STATA software version 17.

Results

seven studies with a sample size of 2029 Culex pipiens were included in the meta-analysis process. Based on the findings, the kdr resistance prevalence against Deltamethrin, Malathion, Permethrin, and DDT insecticides was estimated as 30.6 %, 42 %, 17.9 %, and 76.3 % respectively. Among them, the highest resistance was observed to DDT and the lowest to Permethrin.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, a large proportion of Culex pipiens mosquitoes were resistant to DDT insecticide. However, this vector was highly sensitive to Deltamethrin, Malathion, and Permethrin insecticides. Given the different resistance ratios in different regions of the world, it is recommended to conduct studies on the prevalence of kdr in Culex pipiens.

First study on molecular identification of Anaplasma ovis in sheep in southern Kazakhstan

Background and Aim

Anaplasmosis in small ruminants is a tick-borne infection caused mainly by the obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium Anaplasma ovis. It is usually subclinical, with persistent infection in affected animals, but acute disease can occur, particularly in young animals. The pathogen is widespread in Central Asia and neighboring regions. In Kazakhstan, the infection was first detected in 1929. However, until now, diagnosis in the country has been based on traditional microscopic examination of blood smears. There were no reliable data on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. in sheep in Kazakhstan. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Anaplasma spp. infection in sheep in southern Kazakhstan, a high-risk region for tick-borne diseases, using PCR and to identify the species by sequencing.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy adult ewes from 77 settlements in 34 districts of Kyzylorda, Turkistan, Zhambyl, Almaty, and Jetisu, southern Kazakhstan. A total of 2553 whole blood samples collected in midsummer 2022 and 2023 were analyzed for Anaplasma spp. using polymerase chain reaction targeting the 404 bp groEL gene fragment. The amplification products from the 441 positive samples were sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences was performed using the maximum likelihood model.

Results

Overall, 1017/2553 (39.8%; 95% confidence interval: 37.9%-41.7%) ewes tested were positive for Anaplasma spp. Positive animals were found in 68/77 (88%) of the settlements from which samples were taken. The percentage of Anaplasma spp.-positive ewes varied significantly from 21.3% to 50.1% in the provinces. Altitude <500 m above sea level was identified as a risk factor for Anaplasma infection. All amplification products were identified as A. ovis through sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the groEL gene fragment sequences revealed the presence of two A. ovis genotypes; one was 100% identical to sequences from isolates from China and the other was >99.5% identical to isolates from Africa, Cyprus, and China.

Conclusion

This first molecular study revealed a widespread of A. ovis infection in adult ewes in southern Kazakhstan. Altitude <500 m was identified as a risk factor. Therefore, clinical cases associated with A. ovis are expected in this region, especially in young animals. Future studies are needed to determine the clinical and economic impact of anaplasmosis on sheep production in the country, to investigate seasonal patterns of infection, and to identify tick species or other arthropods that act as local vectors. This information is useful for developing possible control measures and evaluating their effectiveness.

Malaria parasite burden and heterogeneity of risk factors among Central African Republic refugees: a cross-sectional study in the Gado-Badzere refugee camp in Eastern Cameroon

Background

Refugees are vulnerable populations especially in malaria endemic areas where the disease claims many lives and constitutes an emerging challenge for humanitarian response. This study assessed how the influx and settlement of Central African Republic (CAR) refugees influences malaria burden in the Gado-Badzere refugee camp, Eastern Cameroon.

Methods

A cross-sectional malariometric survey was conducted between November 2022 and October 2023 in 324 households comprising 1,304 individuals aged 1 month and above. Malaria parasite burden was determined using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and Giemsa-stained microscopy. Demographic characteristics, malaria risk factors, treatment-seeking behaviors and costs to cure malaria were assessed using semi-structured questionnaires.

Results

Of the 1,304 participants, 525 (40.3%) were malaria parasite positive with moderate geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) of 1100 parasites/μl of blood. Plasmodium falciparum was the main species (99.8%), with mixed P. vivax infections (0.2%). Insecticide treated net (ITN) ownership was 53.7%, but its utilization was significantly low (22.4%) (P < 0.001). Reason for no ITN ownership was net damaged (74.7%). Net insufficiency (77.8%) accounted for non-frequent ITN use. Mean expenditure to treat malaria in the hospital was higher (USD 13.64 ± 8.67) than auto-medication (USD 1.13 ± 1.18). Significantly, malaria parasite prevalence and risk were higher for 0-5 years age (43.7%, OR = 1; P = 0.02), residents of sector 8 (49.2%, OR = 2.53; P < 0.001) of the camp, non-frequent ITN users (41.7%, OR = 2.08; P < 0.001), people living around stagnant water (44.4%, OR = 1.55; P < 0.001) and during the rainy season (43.5%, OR = 1.31; P = 0.02). The GMPD/μl was significantly higher in the 0-5 years age group (1456, P < 0.0001), inhabitants of sector 9 (1626, P = 0.04) and participants living around stagnant water (2097, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

The malaria burden in CAR refugees may represent the reservoir for malaria transmission, especially with the circulation of P. vivax. The improper use of ITNs could be ameliorated through sensitization. Seasonal chemoprevention mainly during the rainy season and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) might be implemented for effective malaria control in refugee settings.

Liver fluke and schistosome cross-infection risk between livestock and wild mammals in Western Uganda, a One Health approach

Trematodiases strongly reduce the welfare of humans and animals causing a great decline in health and productivity. Insufficient data on the extent of trematode infection in definitive hosts and associated risk factors remain a great threat to its control. A cross-sectional study was conducted to establish the; prevalence of liver flukes and schistosomes in livestock and wild mammals and the socio-ecological risk factors associated with their spread. Fresh dung samples were collected opportunistically (n = 865) and examined using formal ether sedimentation and microscopy for parasite eggs. Twelve abattoir visits were conducted to examine the livers of animals killed for mature flukes. Key informants (n = 110) including farmers, butchers, game rangers, and herders were interviewed to document the socio-ecological risk factors. In the abattoirs, 57.1%(CI 0.422-0.712) of cattle were infected with Fasciola flukes and not sheep and goats. Cattle dung had the highest prevalence (56% CI 0.518-0.604) of Fasciola eggs, followed by sheep (50%, CI 0.319-0.681) and goats (28.2%, CI 0.218-0.353). Among wild mammals, hippos' dung (66%; 95% CI 0.53-0.777) had the highest prevalence of Fasciola followed by warthogs (8%; 95% CI 0.002-0.385) and baboons (6.7%; CI 0.002-0.319). No Fasciola eggs were observed in elephant dung (n = 21) and monkeys (n = 2). Schistosoma bovis was found in cattle dung from Mpeefu (2.6%; 95% CI 0.007-0.066) and Ndaiga (4.3%; 95% CI 0.022-0.075) while S. mattheei in goats' (1.4%; 95% CI 0.00-0.075) and cattle (0.39%; 95% CI 0.00-0.021) dung samples from Ndaiga. Key informants had moderate knowledge of fasciolosis (62.7%), highest among butchers (89.7%), and lowest among herders (31.8%). Only veterinary officers knew about schistosomiasis in animals. Free-range grazing and unsafe water sources for livestock, shared with wild animals, were the risky practices by most farmers (66-100%). Fasciola was prevalent in livestock and wild mammals, while Schistosoma in cattle and goats.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of topical fluralaner in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus )

Sarcoptic mange (etiological agent Sarcoptes scabiei) is among the most important parasitic diseases of some marsupial species and has been an emerging disease of koalas, causing welfare and conservation implications. Fluralaner (Bravecto® MSD Animal Health), an ectoparasiticide of the isoxazoline class, has been demonstrated as a long-lasting and efficacious chemotherapeutic agent against sarcoptic mange in multiple mammal species and may also be beneficial for impacted koalas. Here, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and clinical safety of fluralaner in koalas. Healthy captive individuals were treated topically with 85 mg/kg fluralaner administered to the interscapular epidermis. Following treatment, fluralaner was detected in plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry over a 12-week period. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 66.4 ng/mL; mean time was Cmax of 2.71 days; plasma elimination half-life (T1/2) was 30.91 days; and mean residence time (MRT) was 27.38 days. Haematological, blood biochemical, animal husbandry and clinical observations, over the same time period, demonstrated fluralaner was well tolerated. Overall, this research suggests fluralaner is a safe and long-lasting chemotherapeutic agent that may be efficacious against S. scabiei in koalas. Further research focussed on quantifying efficacy in captive and field settings, and across a range of disease severities would be valuable.

Molecular detection and genetic characterization of hemotropic mycoplasmas in goats and fleas from Thailand

Arthropod vectors play a crucial role in the transmission of hemotropic mycoplasmas, small bacteria that infect red blood cells in a wide range of animals and humans globally, leading to intravascular infections. Traditional Giemsa-stained thin blood smears, used for diagnosing hemotropic mycoplasmas through microscopic examination, have low sensitivity and are effective only when bacteremia levels are high. This study aimed to employ molecular methods to detect and genetically characterize hemotropic mycoplasmas in goats as well as investigate the potential role of fleas as vectors. Blood and flea samples were collected concurrently from goats on 16 farms across seven provinces in Thailand from January 2017 to October 2023. The 16 S rRNA, 23 S rRNA, and rnpB genes of hemoplasmas were amplified and sequenced. All fleas were identified morphologically and molecularly through DNA barcoding of the cytochrome oxidase I gene. A total of 78 out of 500 goats (15.6%), three pooled flea samples (3/6, 50%), and one individual flea (1/49, 2.04%) tested positive for hemoplasmas and all fleas were identified as Ctenocephalides orientis. BLASTN searches utilizing the three genetic markers revealed that the hemoplasmas detected in this study showed 97.81-100% similarity to Mycoplasma ovis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemovis, which have been previously reported in sheep, goats, and humans, suggesting their zoonotic potential. The sequences were grouped into 28 unique nucleotide sequence types (ntSTs) based on minor variations in the 16 S rRNA gene. Hemotropic mycoplasma infection was significantly associated with farm locations and seasonality of sample collection (p < 0.0001), indicating that farm management practices or environmental conditions may play a critical role in the epidemiology of these infections. This study represents the first report of hemotropic mycoplasmas in goats in Thailand, confirms their presence in fleas, and provides valuable insights for farm management, such as guiding the rational use of insecticides and antibiotics.

Monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti: first report of double and triple kdr mutations in Buenos Aires Province

BACKGROUND

Dengue is an emerging disease in Argentina due to the colonization of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector. Buenos Aires Province is the biggest and most populated district in Argentina, suffering dengue outbreaks of growing magnitude. During epidemic periods, pyrethroid insecticides are used in this country to control adult mosquitoes. Pyrethroid resistance in dengue vectors has been reported worldwide, making it necessary to implement resistance management strategies. The voltage-gated sodium channel is the target site of pyrethroids. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein, called kdr mutations, are usually the molecular cause of pyrethroid resistance in insects. In Ae. aegypti from the Americas, three kdr substitutions were described: V410L, V1016I, and F1534C. The diagnostic of kdr mutations is recommended for the early detection of pyrethroid resistance as well as the consequent planning of evidence-based control policies.

METHODS

We distributed ovitraps across 16 localities in Buenos Aires Province, collecting 22,123 eggs. A total of 522 mosquitoes were genotyped in positions 1016 and 1534 of voltage-gated channel using multiplex high-resolution melting and/or TaqMan probe methods. A subset of 449 samples was also genotyped by a singleplex high-resolution melting method developed ad hoc and/or Sanger sequencing.

RESULTS

We have documented, for the first time to our knowledge in the central region of Argentina, the presence of the 1016Ikdr + 1534Ckdr allele. Additionally, our study reports the first identification of the V410L mutation in central Argentina. These results underscore a growing trend of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti, fueled by the widespread use of these insecticides.

CONCLUSIONS

We detected 1016Ikdr + 1534Ckdr and 410Lkdr mutations in central Argentina for the first time and improved the processivity and accuracy of kdr genotyping methods. The results are both a tool for resistance monitoring and a sign of alarm to direct efforts towards finding sustainable methods for vector control to complement or replace pyrethroids. Joint efforts between academia and authorities to develop and implement public policies for vector control are a productive way to transfer scientific results for their application in public health.

Empowering rural communities for effective larval source management: A small-scale field evaluation of a community-led larviciding approach to control malaria in south-eastern Tanzania

Introduction

Larval source management, particularly larviciding, is mainly implemented in urban settings to control malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. In Tanzania, the government has recently expanded larviciding to rural settings across the country, but implementation faces multiple challenges, notably inadequate resources and limited know-how by technical staff. This study evaluated the potential of training community members to identify, characterize and target larval habitats of Anopheles funestus mosquitoes, the dominant vector of malaria transmission in south-eastern Tanzania.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was used. First, interviewer-administered questionnaires were employed to assess knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of community members towards larviciding (N = 300). Secondly community-based volunteers were trained to identify and characterize aquatic habitats of dominant malaria vector species, after which they treated the most productive habitats with a locally-manufactured formulation of the biolarvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. Longitudinal surveys of mosquito adults and larvae were used to assess impacts of the community-led larviciding programme in two villages in rural south-eastern Tanzania.

Results

At the beginning of the program, the majority of village residents were unaware of larviciding as a potential malaria prevention method, and about 20 % thought that larvicides could be harmful to the environment and other insects. The trained community volunteers identified and characterized 360 aquatic habitats, of which 45.6 % had Anopheles funestus, the dominant malaria vector in the area. The preferred larval habitats for An. funestus were deep and had either slow- or fast-moving waters. Application of biolarvicides reduced the abundance of adult An. funestus and Culex spp. species inside human houses in the same villages, by 46.3 % and 35.4 % respectively. Abundance of late-stage instar larvae of the same taxa was also reduced by 74 % and 42 %, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that training community members to identify, characterize, and target larval habitats of the dominant malaria vectors can be effective for larval source management in rural Tanzania. Community-led larviciding reduced the densities of adult and late-stage instar larvae of An. funestus and Culex spp. inside houses, suggesting that this approach may have potential for malaria control in rural settings. However, efforts are still needed to increase awareness of larviciding in the relevant communities.

Exploring the genetic progression of MDR1 in Plasmodium falciparum: A decade of multi-regional genetic analysis (2014-2024)

Background

The genetic progression of the MDR1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum, a key factor in drug resistance, presents significant challenges for malaria control. This study aims to elucidate the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of P. falciparum, particularly focusing on the MDR1 gene across multi-regional populations. To analyze the genetic diversity of P. falciparum MDR1 gene across various multi-regional populations between 2014 and 2024, assessing allelic richness, genetic distances, and evolutionary patterns.

Methods

We conducted an extensive genetic analysis using methods such as Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), pairwise population matrices of Nei unbiased genetic distance and identity, PhiPT and Phi'PT values, and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). The study covered diverse P. falciparum populations from India, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Honduras, China, and Cameroon.

Findings

Our findings reveal significant genetic heterogeneity in the MDR1 gene. Populations like India: Odisha (2014) exhibited high allelic richness, indicating diverse drug resistance profiles. Notable genetic divergence was observed, especially between India (2016) and Nigeria (2020), suggesting different evolutionary trajectories in drug resistance. The PCoA analysis highlighted the multi-dimensional genetic variation, reflecting the complex interplay of factors influencing drug resistance in P. falciparum.

Interpretation

The comprehensive analysis of P. falciparum's MDR1 gene provides crucial insights into the multi-regional patterns of drug resistance. This knowledge is essential for developing effective malaria control measures and adapting treatment strategies to the evolving genetic diversity of the parasite.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths transmitted by cats in Jabodetabek, Indonesia

Background

Intestinal helminth infections in cats are often neglected major zoonoses spread from pets to humans worldwide.

Aim

This study evaluated the prevalence and identified risk factors associated with zoonotic gastrointestinal helminth infections in different cat populations in the most populous megapolitan areas of Indonesia: Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Jabodetabek).

Methods

Fecal samples from the shelter (stray) and household (owned) cats were analyzed using sugar flotation techniques. Intestinal helminth eggs were detected microscopically based on structural and morphometric characteristics. Risk factors for the occurrence of helminth infection were identified through statistical analysis of cat ownership, breed, migrant status, management practices, caging, feed type, and deworming medications used. Human cases of worm larvae infestation identified during the interviews were reported.

Results

Analysis of 354 fecal samples revealed that 37.9% (134/354) of examined cats were infected with Toxocara sp., 22.6% (80/354) with Ancylostoma sp., 25.4% (90/354) with Uncinaria sp., 3.1% (11/354) with Strongyloides sp., 2% (7/354) with Diphyllobothrium sp., and 0.6% (2/354) with Dipylidium sp. Infection with roundworms and hookworms was associated with a variety of factors, including introduction of new animals, management practices, cage cleanliness, feed type, use of deworming medication, routine deworming, and contact with other animals. A human case of cutaneous larva migrans was due to hookworm (Ancylostoma sp./Uncinaria sp.) infection.

Conclusion

The prevalence of important zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes (hookworms and roundworms) is high in cats in Jabodetabek, Indonesia. To reduce the risk of transmission to other animals or humans, adequate measures to control, manage, and prevent zoonotic helminth infections are required. This study presents important baseline information that provides a basis for future epidemiologic studies and the development of strategies to manage zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths in cats in the region.

"Is it time to initiate scrub typhus surveillance in Karnataka?"-Lessons from a seroprevalence survey in a rural district

Background

Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a commonly occurring, but underdiagnosed rickettsial infection in India. Considering the high incidence of scrub typhus among patients with acute febrile illness in the hospital setting and the paucity of community seroprevalence studies, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of scrub typhus in the community in the Bengaluru Rural District.

Methods

A pilot cross-sectional survey was conducted between October and December 2022 among eligible asymptomatic adults from five randomly selected villages of the Bangalore Rural District after obtaining written informed consent. Serum immunoglobin M (IgM) and immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies were tested using the respective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits from InBios International Inc, Seattle, USA. Seroprevalence was defined as positivity to either IgG or IgM antibodies or both.

Results

The study reported a seroprevalence of 8.9% (95% CI 4.8%-14.7%) among 146 asymptomatic adults. The IgG and IgM antibodies were positive in 7.5% and 2.1% of participants, respectively.

Conclusions

A community seroprevalence of 8.9% warrants further epidemiological surveys and surveillance in the context of climate change, variable clinical presentations of scrub typhus, and the possible need to include this disease in the clinical practice algorithm in the primary care setting. We recommend study designs with "One Health" lens to monitor the trend of this re-emerging public health problem.

Prevalence of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastea, Trypanosomatidae) in domestic ruminants from Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Background and Aim

Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection caused by various Trypanosoma species, poses a significant threat to global livestock, affecting both human health and economic sectors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on key ruminant species, including camels, cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep.

Materials and Methods

A total of 240 blood samples, comprising 48 samples from each animal species (camel, cattle, buffaloes, goat, and sheep) were collected from three districts in Southern Punjab. The collected samples were subjected to thin smear microscopy, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization was conducted using the TBR primer set, which targeted repeated satellite DNA regions and the cytochrome oxidase II gene of T. evansi.

Results

About 22.08% (53/240) of overall samples were positive for trypanosomiasis, with prevalence rates being 23.75% (19/80), 21.25% (17/80), and 21.75% (17/80) for districts Muzaffargarh, Lodhran, and Bahawalpur, respectively. 5.83% (14/240) of samples tested for T. evansi using PCR were positive in the districts of Muzaffargarh 7.50% (6/80), Lodhran 5.00% (4/80), and Bahawalpur 5.00% (4/80). Among the animals tested, camels had the highest positivity rate. The microscopic examination confirmed infection rates of 45.83% (22/48) for camels, 18.75% (9/48) for cattle, 8.33% (4/48) for buffaloes, 18.75% (9/48) for goats, and 18.75% (9/48) for sheep (p < 0.001). PCR results did not reveal substantial differences (p < 0.05) in prevalence: camels 12.50% (6/48), cattle 6.25% (3/48), buffaloes 0% (0/48), goats 8.33% (4/48), sheep 2.08% (1/48); while distinct disparities were detected district-wise: Muzaffargarh 23.75% (19/80), Lodhran 21.25% (17/80), and Bahawalpur 21.25% (17/80). The PCR results for these districts were insignificantly different: 7.50% (6/80), 5% (4/80), and 5% (4/80). The microscopic infection rate in camels from Bahawalpur was 56.30% (9/16). The microscopic analysis in Buffaloes reported a 6.30% (1/16) infection rate, but PCR results indicated no infections (0%) in any district. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in identifying Trypanosoma species was found between positively and negatively tested animals in both microscopic and PCR methods.

Conclusion

This study emphasizes the necessity of regularly using PCR-based screening for its superior sensitivity and specificity over traditional microscopy. The varying occurrence of trypanosomiasis among districts reflects the intricate nature of this diseases epidemiology in the region. Reducing economic losses from trypanosomiasis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, requires targeted interventions, such as vector control measures and farmer education.

First molecular sequencing of Babesia gibsoni in ticks, Iraq

Background

Tick is one of the most important ectoparasites distributed worldwide and plays an obvious role in the transmission of different infections to humans and animals as dogs.

Aim

This study conducted to molecular demonstration of Babesia gibsoni in ticks of stray dogs and phylogenetic analysis of study isolates to detect their identity to global isolates. Prevalence of ticks in dogs, identification of tick species, and their relationship to some risk factors were aimed, also.

Methods

A total of 97 stray dogs were inspected grossly to detect and collect ticks that existed in different body parts. After collection, all ticks were examined morphologically to identify their species, and then molecularly by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect B. gibsoni in different species of ticks. Local B. gibsoni isolates were sequenced, documented in the National Center For biotechnology information (NCBI) database, analyzed phylogenetically, and compared with the global GenBank-NCBI isolates.

Results

In the current study, ticks were detected in 43.3% of dogs, and were shown to be varied in number and distribution among different body parts of each dog. Concerning its distribution, ticks were observed significantly on the abdomen, ear, and perineal region. In relation to risk factors, ticks were increased significantly in dogs <6 months old in comparison to older dogs, males more than females; and in rural areas more than dogs of sub-urban and urban areas. Based on morphology, different tick species were seen including Hylaomma anatolicum (86.12%), R. sanguineus (11.99%), and Rhipicephalus turanicus (1.89%). Targeting the 18S rRNA gene, PCR assay reported 3.79% positive ticks to B. gibsoni that were seen in R. sanguineus (13.16%) and H. anatolicum (2.56%). Based on phylogenetic analysis data of five local B. gibsoni isolates, this study demonstrated their close relations to the global NCBI-BLAST B. gibsoni Iraqi isolate (ID: MN385424.1).

Conclusion

This represents the first Iraqi study that demonstrated molecularly B. gibsoni in different species of ticks that infected stray dogs.

Waterborne Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis in resources of MENA: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This review explores our understanding of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis distribution in Middle East and North African (MENA) water resources. Results emphasize that Cryptosporidium species (sp.) and G. duodenalis (oo)cysts are present in distinct categories of water in ten MENA countries. Cryptosporidium sp. proportional prevalence in the MENA region was 24.5% (95% CI 16.3-33.8), while G. duodenalis prevalence was 37.7% (95% CI 21.9-55.1). Raw wastewater and surface water were the water categories most significantly impacted. Both parasites were reported in the various types of MENA drinking waters. The most frequent species/genotypes reported were C. hominis, C. parvum, and G. duodenalis assemblage A. Despite the high prevalence of (oo)cysts reported, we should consider the absence of waterborne outbreaks. This indicates significant underestimation and underreporting of both parasites in MENA. Stakeholders should apply water contamination legislation to eradicate Cryptosporidium sp. and G. duodenalis (oo)cysts from water resources/categories.

Durability of PBO nets (Olyset Plus®), 12 months after their distribution in Bertoua, Cameroon

Background

The rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance has led to a change in strategy, going from pyrethroid-based nets to PBO + pyrethroid-treated nets. Although these new nets may significantly improve the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, their durability in the field remain not yet well documented. This study investigates the durability and washing resistance of Olyset-Plus nets in the city centre and rural areas of Bertoua, Cameroon. In each site, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to at least 190 households with an Olyset-Plus net. Factors such as net use, physical integrity and bioefficacy were recorded. Bioassays were conducted on the collected nets to assess their bioefficacy and resistance to washing. They were tested against wild Anopheles gambiae sensus lato (s.l.). Unused nets and the Kisumu strain were used as controls. Washing and cone testing of the nets was carried out according to standard WHO protocols.

Results

A high rate of net use by children was recorded in the urban area (89.1% (106/119)) compared to the rural area (39.7% (118/297)). The majority of Olyset-Plus nets inspected 82.2% (162/197) in the rural area and 88% (206/234) in the urban centre were in good condition (Hole Index<64). Only 5.6% and 6.8% of nets were badly torn in rural and urban sites respectively. Nets were washed more regularly in the urban centre. 88.1% of urban dwellers reported having washed their nets at least once compared to only 62% of rural dwellers. Bioefficacy tests with nets indicated a mortality rate ranging from 66% for unwashed nets to 86.7% for nets washed at least once. Bioefficacy varied significantly in the city of Bertoua according to net washing frequency, soaking time, soap type and drying location, whereas in the rural village, only washing(washed or unwashed) and soaking status (soaked or unsoaked) significantly influenced the bioefficacy of Olyset-Plus nets.

Conclusions

This study revealed different handling practices of bed nets in rural and urban settings which could significantly affect Olyset-Plus nets bio-efficacy and durability. Routine monitoring and sensitization of communities to best practices concerning bed nets usage and handling during mass distribution might enhance the net durability in the community.

Molecular, epidemiological, and hematological evaluation in Ehrlichia canis infected dogs from an endemic region in Egypt

Background

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is considered a multisystemic, life-threatening, rickettsial, and tick-borne disease that affects canine species and is caused by Ehrlichia canis (E. canis). Clinical signs of CME vary from asymptomatic to severe illness with three clinical phases. E. canis has the potential to infect humans.

Aim

This study aimed to provide recent information as there is limited data about the disease in Egypt. Therefore, this work was conducted to study the molecular prevalence of E. canis and evaluate the corresponding risk factors, hematology, biochemistry, and molecular characterization of the genus Ehrlichia and E. canis species among Egyptian dogs.

Methods

One hundred eighty dogs of both sexes from 3 months to 8 years from different breeds: stray and foreign breeds were examined for clinical signs in all seasons in two delta governorates: El-Dakahlia and El-Gharbia. Blood samples were collected from dogs for microscopic and haemato-biochemical analysis, and then molecular characterization of the genus Ehrlichia and species-specific E. canis was performed, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.

Results

Out of 180 samples examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 42 (23.33%) were positive for the genus of Ehrlichia and the species-specific E. canis. Only twenty-four dogs (13.33%) were positive for PCR, infested with ticks, and showed fever, anemia, loss of body weight, pale mucous membrane of gum and conjunctiva, blindness, paralysis, hemoglobinuria, and Melena. The univariate logistic regression revealed that all variables, including age, season, tick infestation, hemorrhage from natural orifices, and ectoparasitic treatments per year, showed statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05), except breed and sex, which also did not exhibit any relation between CME infection in multivariate logistic regression. The presence of morulae inside leukocytes in 66 dogs out of the total examined 180 (36.67%), only 39 (59.1%) were positive for morulae and PCR-positive for E. canis. Dogs positive for E. canis suffered from anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, the absolute value of WBCs and their fractions, alanine aminotransferas (ALT), AST, ALKP, γ-GT, total. P, T.BIL, urea, globulin, and creatinine were significantly increased in dogs infected with E. canis when compared to those with negative PCR results, while the levels of albumin and A: G ratios were significantly decreased.

Conclusion

The current study proves the existence of E. canis in El-Dakahlia and El-Gharbia governorates, and this is the first large-scale study concerning the epidemiological, clinicopathological examination, molecular characterization, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of reported from the center of the Delta of the Nile in Egypt.

Ixodes ricinus tick presence is associated with abiotic but not biotic factors

Species composition and densities of wild ungulate communities in Europe have changed over the last decades. As ungulates play an important role in the life-cycle of the tick species Ixodes ricinus, these changes could affect both the life-cycle of I. ricinus and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens like Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Due to morphological and behavioural differences among the ungulate species, these species might have different effects on the densities of questing I. ricinus, either directly through a bloodmeal or indirectly via the impact of ungulates on rodent numbers via the vegetation. In this study, we aimed to investigate these direct and indirect effects of five different ungulate species, fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), moose (Alces alces), and wild boar (Sus scrofa), on the presence and abundance of I. ricinus ticks. In the summer of 2019, on 20 1 × 1 km transects in south-central Sweden that differed in ungulate community composition, we collected data on tick presence and abundance (by dragging a cloth), ungulate community composition (using camera traps), vegetation height (using the drop-disc method), temperature above field layer and rodent abundance (by snap-trapping). Using generalized linear mixed models we did not find any associations between vegetation height and tick presence/abundance or ungulate visitation frequencies, or between ungulate visitation frequencies and the presence/abundance of questing I. ricinus. The power of our analyses was, however, low due to very low tick and rodent numbers. We did find a negative association between adult ticks and air temperature, where we were more likely to find adult ticks if temperature in the field layer was lower. We conclude that more elaborate long-term studies are needed to elucidate the investigated associations. Such future studies should differentiate among the potential impacts of different ungulate species instead of treating all ungulate species as one group.

From perception to action: Waste management challenges in Kassena Nankana East Municipality

This study examines the perceptions and behaviours related to waste management (WM) among residents of the Kassena Nankana East Municipality in Ghana. A mixed-method approach was used to garner data from 394 household respondents, and the data was analysed using SPSS software. The findings reveal a weak correlation between educational attainment and effective waste management practices and a mildly positive correlation between waste awareness and the effectiveness of policies and legislation. Notably, a significant proportion of respondents preferred open burning (42.1 %) and dumping (18.8 %) as disposal methods, indicating critical areas for intervention. The study introduces a novel comprehensive analysis by integrating attitude formation, collective action, and institutional and rational choice theories to understand WM behaviours. This theoretical integration significantly contributes to the field, providing a heterogeneous understanding of the factors influencing WM practices. Furthermore, the research identifies key gaps in WM infrastructure and public engagement, offering innovative recommendations to address these challenges. This study's significant outputs include identifying specific community behaviours towards waste disposal and evaluating the effectiveness of existing WM policies. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop targeted interventions that promote sustainable WM practices. The study's contributions and recommendations are crucial for advancing environmental sustainability efforts in similar contexts, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Tick-Borne Bacterial Diseases in Europe: Threats to public health

BACKGROUND

Tick-borne diseases, caused by bacterial pathogens, pose a growing threat to public health in Europe. This paper provides an overview of the historical context of the discovery of the most impactful pathogens transmitted by ticks, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Francisella spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Understanding the historical context of their discovery provides insight into the evolution of our understanding of these pathogens.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Systematic investigation of the prevalence and transmission dynamics of these bacterial pathogens is provided, highlighting the intricate relationships among ticks, host organisms, and the environment. Epidemiology is explored, providing an in-depth analysis of clinical features associated with infections. Diagnostic methodologies undergo critical examination, with a spotlight on technological advancements that enhance detection capabilities. Additionally, the paper discusses available treatment options, addressing existing therapeutic strategies and considering future aspects.

CONCLUSIONS

By integrating various pieces of information on these bacterial species, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and healthcare professionals addressing the impact of bacterial tick-borne diseases in Europe. This review underscores the importance of understanding the complex details influencing bacterial prevalence and transmission dynamics to better combat these emerging public health threats.

Hepatozoon spp. in stray cats from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In the last few years, the number of studies on feline hepatozoonosis has increased, but our knowledge on the actual species of Hepatozoon and/or different genotypes affecting felines is still incipient. At least three species, namely Hepatozoon felis, H. canis, and H. silvestris, have been isolated from domestic cats in various countries. Additionally, there are indications that other species and genotypes may affect felines in given geographic areas. This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Hepatozoon spp. in cats from Niterói, a municipality within the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Individual blood samples were collected from 28 cats enrolled in a spaying/castration program. DNA was extracted from all samples and subjected to sequencing specific for Hepatozoon spp. DNA of H. felis was found in 21/28 cats (75%), and four genetic polymorphisms never described thus far were detected. This is the first report of H. felis in cats living in the State of Rio de Janeiro, and the present data confirm that H. felis is a species complex encompassing different genotypes circulating within cat populations. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether different genotypes have different biology or pathogenicity for felids.

In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of the ethanol extract of Erythrina sigmoidea stem bark used for the treatment of malaria in the Western Region of Cameroon

Background

Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and/or mortality in tropical Africa. The spread and development of resistance to chemical antimalarial drugs and the relatively high cost of the latter are problems associated with malaria control and are reasons to promote the use of plants to meet healthcare needs to treat malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate antiplasmodial activities of extracts of Erythrina sigmoidea (Mah quat), which is traditionally used for the treatment of malaria in the western region of Cameroon.

Material and methods

The ethanol extract of E. sigmoidea stem bark was obtained through the maceration process using 95% ethanol, while the aqueous extract was prepared by infusion. The in vitro antiplasmodial effect of extracts against P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains was determined using the Trager and Jensen method. On the other hand, the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extract was evaluated in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei strain NK65 using the Peters' 4-day suppressive test and Ryley test (curative test). A total of 36 mice were used, subdivided into six groups of six mice each: one normal control, a negative control, a positive control, and three other groups for the tested product. Blood samples were collected on the 10th day of each test for hematological parameters.

Results

The aqueous extract had an in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive strain with an IC50 of 29.51 ± 3.63 µg/mL and against the chloroquine-resistant strain with an IC50 of 35.23 ± 3.17 µg/mL. The highest in vitro antiplasmodial activity was observed with the ethanol extract against the chloroquine-sensitive strain with an IC50 of 6.44 ± 0.08 µg/mL and against the chloroquine-resistant strain with an IC50 of 7.53 ± 0.22 µg/mL. The ethanol extract demonstrated suppressive activity in vivo with reduction rates of 87.69%, 86.79%, and 81.08% at doses of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 125 mg/kg, respectively; and curative activity in vivo with reduction rates of 80%, 78.5%, and 77.5% at doses of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 125 mg/kg, respectively. The number of white blood cells in the negative control (44.55 ± 5.02 103/µL) was higher compared to the other groups. As for the red blood cells, we observed a massive destruction of the latter in the infected and untreated group (5.82 ± 1.50 106/µL) compared to the infected and ethanol extract-treated groups (8.74 ± 1.57 106/µL for 500 mg/kg, 7.54 ± 1.77 106/µL for 250 mg/kg, and 8.9 ± 1.50 106/µL for 125 mg/kg).

Conclusion

This study provides scientific data on the use of E. sigmoidea by the local population for the treatment of malaria. It shows that E. sigmoidea has antiplasmodial activity, and we also see that there are differences between the parameters that we have in the treated groups and those of the untreated group. However, toxicity tests are necessary to assess its safety.

Development of a rapid and highly sensitive nucleic acid-based diagnostic test for schistosomes, leveraging on identical multi-repeat sequences

Introduction

Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia), a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma parasites, afflicts over 240 million people globally, disproportionately impacting Sub-Saharan Africa. Current diagnostic tests, despite their utility, suffer from limitations like low sensitivity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) remain the most common and sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests. Still, the sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests is significantly affected by the copy number of amplification targets, resulting in underestimation of true Schistosoma infections, especially in low transmission settings. Additionally, lengthy qPCR run times pose challenges when dealing with large sample volumes and limited resources. In this study, the identical multi-repeat sequences (IMRS) were used as a novel approach to enhance the sensitivity of nucleic acid-based Bilharzia diagnosis.

Methods

To identify novel genomic repeat regions, we utilized the IMRS algorithm, with modifications to enable larger target region (100-200bp) identification instead of smaller sequences (18-30bp). These regions enabled customised primer-probe design to suit requirements for qPCR assay. To lower the qPCR amplification times, the assay was conducted using fast cycling condition. Regression analysis, and qPCR data visualization was conducted using Python programming.

Results

Using Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, we found that IMRS-based qPCR, employing genus-specific primers and TaqMan probes, offers exceptional analytical sensitivity, detecting as little as a single genome copy per microliter within 36 minutes.

Discussion

The lowest concentration of DNA detected using IMRS-based PCR and qPCR represented tenfold improvement over conventional PCR. As part of further development, there is a need to compare IMRS-based qPCR against other qPCR methods for Schistosoma spp. Nonetheless, IMRS-based diagnostics promise a significant advancement in bilharzia diagnosis, particularly in low-transmission settings, potentially facilitating more effective control and treatment strategies.

Modeling West Nile Virus transmission in birds and humans: Advantages of using a cellular automata approach

In Canada, the periodic circulation of West Nile Virus (WNV) is difficult to predict and, beyond climatic factors, appears to be related to the migratory movements of infected birds from the southern United States. This hypothesis has not yet been explored in a spatially distributed model. The main objective of this work was to develop a spatially explicit dynamic model for the transmission of WNV in Canada, that allows us to explore non-climate related hypotheses associated with WNV transmission. A Cellular Automata (CA) approach for multiple hosts (birds and humans) is used for a test region in eastern Ontario, Canada. The tool is designed to explore the role of host and vector spatial heterogeneity, host migration, and vector feeding preferences. We developed a spatialized compartmental SEIRDS-SEI model for WNV transmission with a study region divided into 4 k m 2 rectangular cells. We used 2010-2021 bird data from the eBird project and 2010-2019 mosquito data collected by Ontario Public Health to mimic bird and mosquito seasonal variation. We considered heterogeneous bird densities (high and low suitability areas) and homogeneous mosquito and human densities. In high suitability areas for birds, we identified 5 entry points for WNV-infected birds. We compared our simulations with pools of WNV-infected field collected mosquitoes. Simulations and sensitivity analyses were performed using MATLAB software. The results showed good correspondence between simulated and observed epidemics, supporting the validity of our model assumptions and calibration. Sensitivity analysis showed that a 5% increase or decrease in each parameter of our model except for the biting rate of bird by mosquito (c ( B , M ) ) and mosquito natural mortality rate (d M ), had a very limited effect on the total number of cases (newly infected birds and humans), prevalence peak, or date of occurrence. We demonstrate the utility of the CA approach for studying WNV transmission in a heterogeneous landscape with multiple hosts.

Diversity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains from Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland

BACKGROUND

The Gram-negative bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular pathogen and an etiological agent of human and animal anaplasmosis. Its natural reservoir comprises free-ranging ungulates, including roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). These two species of deer also constitute the largest group of game animals in Poland. The aim of the study was to genotype and perform a phylogenetic analysis of A. phagocytophilum strains from roe deer and red deer.

METHODS

Samples were subjected to PCR amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of strain-specific genetic markers (groEL, ankA).

RESULTS

Five haplotypes of the groEL gene from A. phagocytophilum and seven haplotypes of ankA were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis classified the groEL into ecotypes I and II. Sequences of the ankA gene were classified into clusters I, II, and III.

CONCLUSIONS

Strains of A. phagocytophilum from red deer were in the same ecotype and cluster as strains isolated from humans. Strains of A. phagocytophilum from roe deer represented ecotypes (I, II) and clusters (II, III) that were different from those isolated from red deer, and these strains did not show similarity to bacteria from humans. However, roe deer can harbor nonspecific strains of A. phagocytophilum more characteristic to red deer. It appears that the genetic variants from red deer can be pathogenic to humans, but the significance of the variants from roe deer requires more study.

Mathematical model of voluntary vaccination against schistosomiasis

Human schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. It is endemic in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is currently no vaccine available, vaccines are in development. In this paper, we extend a simple compartmental model of schistosomiasis transmission by incorporating the vaccination option. Unlike previous models of schistosomiasis transmission that focus on control and treatment at the population level, our model focuses on incorporating human behavior and voluntary individual vaccination. We identify vaccination rates needed to achieve herd immunity as well as optimal voluntary vaccination rates. We demonstrate that the prevalence remains too high (higher than 1%) unless the vaccination costs are sufficiently low. Thus, we can conclude that voluntary vaccination (with or without mass drug administration) may not be sufficient to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health concern. The cost of the vaccine (relative to the cost of schistosomiasis infection) is the most important factor determining whether voluntary vaccination can yield elimination of schistosomiasis. When the cost is low, the optimal voluntary vaccination rate is high enough that the prevalence of schistosomiasis declines under 1%. Once the vaccine becomes available for public use, it will be crucial to ensure that the individuals have as cheap an access to the vaccine as possible.

Synthesis and evaluation of larvicidal efficacy against C. pipiens of some new heterocyclic compounds emanated from 2-cyano-N'-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl)acetohydrazide

Several infectious diseases are transmitted and spread by mosquitoes, and millions of people die annually from them. The mosquito, Culex pipiens is a responsible for the emergence of various Virus in Egypt. So, we devote our work to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy against C. pipiens of some new heterocyclic compounds containing chlorine motifs. The implementation was emanated from using 2-cyano-N'-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetyl)acetohydrazide (3) as scaffold to synthesize some new heterocyclic compounds. The structures of the synthesized compounds were interpreted scrupulously by spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Thereafter, the larvicidal activity against C. pipiens of thirteen synthesized compounds was estimated. Noteworthy, cyanoacetohydrazide derivative 3 and 3-iminobenzochromene derivative 12 showed a fabulous potent efficacy with LC50 equal to 3.2 and 3.5 ppm against C. pipiens, respectively, and are worth being further evaluated in the field of pest control.

GrowthPredict: A toolbox and tutorial-based primer for fitting and forecasting growth trajectories using phenomenological growth models

Simple dynamic modeling tools can help generate real-time short-term forecasts with quantified uncertainty of the trajectory of diverse growth processes unfolding in nature and society, including disease outbreaks. An easy-to-use and flexible toolbox for this purpose is lacking. This tutorial-based primer introduces and illustrates GrowthPredict, a user-friendly MATLAB toolbox for fitting and forecasting time-series trajectories using phenomenological dynamic growth models based on ordinary differential equations. This toolbox is accessible to a broad audience, including students training in mathematical biology, applied statistics, and infectious disease modeling, as well as researchers and policymakers who need to conduct short-term forecasts in real-time. The models included in the toolbox capture exponential and sub-exponential growth patterns that typically follow a rising pattern followed by a decline phase, a common feature of contagion processes. Models include the 1-parameter exponential growth model and the 2-parameter generalized-growth model, which have proven useful in characterizing and forecasting the ascending phase of epidemic outbreaks. It also includes the 2-parameter Gompertz model, the 3-parameter generalized logistic-growth model, and the 3-parameter Richards model, which have demonstrated competitive performance in forecasting single peak outbreaks. We provide detailed guidance on forecasting time-series trajectories and available software ( https://github.com/gchowell/forecasting_growthmodels ), including the full uncertainty distribution derived through parametric bootstrapping, which is needed to construct prediction intervals and evaluate their accuracy. Functions are available to assess forecasting performance across different models, estimation methods, error structures in the data, and forecasting horizons. The toolbox also includes functions to quantify forecasting performance using metrics that evaluate point and distributional forecasts, including the weighted interval score. This tutorial and toolbox can be broadly applied to characterizing and forecasting time-series data using simple phenomenological growth models. As a contagion process takes off, the tools presented in this tutorial can help create forecasts to guide policy regarding implementing control strategies and assess the impact of interventions. The toolbox functionality is demonstrated through various examples, including a tutorial video, and the examples use publicly available data on the monkeypox (mpox) epidemic in the USA.

Chemo-informatics applications in the design of novel 7-keto-sempervirol derivatives as SmCB1 inhibitors with potential for treatment of Schistosomiasis

The quest for a sound treatment on the vulnerable population suffering and dying as a result of the blood flukes, S. mansoni is on the increase because both Praziquantel and Oxamniquine widely used for the treatment of Schistosomiasis for over 51 years suffer resistance and recurrence. Here-in, chemo-informatics techniques such as QSAR modeling, pharmacokinetic, docking alongside MD simulation were harnessed in designing novel 7-keto- sempevirolsempevirol derivatives that are more competent against S. mansoni. Upon QSAR screening, compound 15, which appears to be in the model's acceptability space, emerges the best with a high predicted activity. 5 new analogues with improved activity against Schistosomiasis better than the standard drug PZQ were designed from compound 15 (template 15*) on an account of the descriptors significance from the model with robust and validated parameters. Also their pharmacokinetic profiles indicates that the designed compounds have the characteristics of a good drug. Furthermore, docking evaluation fulfilled ranges from -113.121 to -100.79 kcal/mol (moldock score), with compound U1 being the best (least moldock score of -113.121 compared to PZQ and 15* (template) having a moldock score value of (-87.21 and -83.37 kcal/mol). 100-ns MD Simulation on the U1-docked complex was run using Desmond 2019-4 package. The nature and steadiness of U1 compound within the enzyme active site was further confirmed by RMSD, RMSF, RoG and H-bond assessment. Hence, we recommend compound U1 targeting the SmCB1 enzyme (6YI7) for Schistosomiasis treatment and for further medicinal evaluation and utilization.

Seroconversion, genotyping, and potential mosquito vector identification of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig sentinel settings in Bali, Indonesia

Background and Aims

Despite the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans and animals in the Province of Bali, Indonesia, there is little data on whether seroconversion to the virus occurs in pigs, JEV genotypes circulating, and it's potential mosquito vectors in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) Determine whether JEV infection in Balinese pigs occurs before reaching their sexual maturity, (ii) identify the genotypes of circulating JEV, and (iii) identify potential JEV mosquito vectors at the study sites in urban and peri-urban areas of Bali.

Materials and Methods

Sixteen 1-week-old Landrace piglets from two different sows were housed in Denpasar. Similarly, 18 one-week-old mixed-breed piglets of two different sows were housed in Badung Regency. The piglets were bled every 1 to 4 weeks for up to 24 weeks. Serum samples from the 11 piglets were tested for antibodies against JEV, and seroconversion-suspected sera were titrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood of seroconverted sera from pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genetic sequence of JEV. The mosquitoes in the sentinels were trapped throughout the study period to identify the potential mosquito vectors of JEV.

Results

Antibodies were detected in most of the selected piglets' sera from weeks 1 to 24 of their age. However, sera of pig B9 collected from the sentinel setting in Badung Regency showed a four-fold increase in antibody titer from week 4 to week 8, indicating seroconversion. PCR testing of blood from B9 (pooled blood sample collected from week 5 to week 8) identified JEV nucleic acids, which were phylogenetically classified as belonging to the JEV genotype III. Meanwhile, 1271 of two genera of mosquitoes, Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. were trapped in the pig sentinels.

Conclusion

JEV seroconversion likely occurs before the pig reaches sexual maturity in Badung Regency. Sequence data indicate that JEV genotype III is circulating in the pig sentinel setting in the regency; however, circulating genotypes need to be clarified through increased surveillance. Meanwhile, Culex spp. and most likely Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp. were the dominant mosquitoes present in the study sites set in the urban area of Denpasar and peri-urban areas of Badung, Bali, indicating that these are likely vectors in spread of JEV in the region.

Integration of services for Neglected Tropical Diseases and mental health in Nigeria: development of a practical model informed by international recommendations, contextual factors and service-user perspectives

BACKGROUND

Mental health care is now recognised as essential for people affected by NTDs, but accessible services are rare. This paper presents results of a prevalence study for depression and anxiety among people living with leprosy and lymphatic filariasis, and collation of user perspectives on needs and priorities for a new service.

METHODS

Prevalence of mental conditions was carried out with 141 people living with leprosy and lymphatic filariasis and matched controls. Those who screened positive for depression or anxiety were interviewed in a qualitative study to understand their experiences of living with the conditions, and what their priorities would be for services and support. Results contributed to the process of developing a contextually adapted collaborative care model for implementation in the primary care system in Nigeria, using a Theory of Change approach.

RESULTS

We found high rates of depression, anxiety, and reduced wellbeing, with strong correlation across measures. The qualitative study revealed experiences of stigma and exclusion, and concern for financial and economic needs, and a desire for provision of free services and support for livelihoods.

CONCLUSION

Services should be designed with good understanding of local needs and service user priorities.

CONTEXTE

Les soins de santé mentale sont désormais reconnus comme essentiels pour les personnes touchées par les MTN, mais les services accessibles sont rares. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude de prévalence de la dépression et de l'anxiété chez les personnes vivant avec la lèpre et la filariose lymphatique, ainsi que la collecte des points de vue des utilisateurs sur les besoins et les priorités d'un nouveau service.

MÉTHODES UTILISÉES

Une étude de prévalence des troubles mentaux a été menée auprès de 141 personnes vivant avec la lèpre et la filariose lymphatique et de témoins appariés. Celles qui ont été dépistées positives pour la dépression ou l'anxiété ont été interrogées dans le cadre d'une étude qualitative afin de comprendre leur expérience de la vie avec ces maladies et leurs priorités en matière de services et de soutien. Les résultats ont contribué au processus d'élaboration d'un modèle de soins collaboratifs adapté au contexte et destiné à être mis en œuvre dans le système de soins primaires au Nigeria, à l'aide d'une approche fondée sur la théorie du changement.

RÉSULTATS

Nous avons constaté des taux élevés de dépression, d'anxiété et de diminution du bien-être, avec une forte corrélation entre les mesures. L'étude qualitative a révélé des expériences de stigmatisation et d'exclusion, des préoccupations concernant les besoins financiers et économiques, ainsi qu'un désir de services gratuits et de soutien aux moyens de subsistance.

CONCLUSION

Les services doivent être conçus en tenant compte des besoins locaux et des priorités des utilisateurs.

ANTECEDENTES

Actualmente se reconoce que la atención de salud mental es esencial para las personas afectadas por ETD, pero los servicios accesibles son escasos. los servicios accesibles son escasos. Este documento presenta los resultados de un estudio de prevalencia de depresión y ansiedad entre las personas que viven con lepra y filariasis linfática, y las perspectivas de los usuarios sobre las necesidades y prioridades de un nuevo servicio.

MÉTODOS

Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia de trastornos mentales con 141 personas que vivían con lepra y filariasis linfática y controles emparejados. Los que dieron positivo en depresión o ansiedad fueron entrevistados en un estudio cualitativo para conocer sus de vivir con estas enfermedades y cuáles serían sus prioridades en cuanto a servicios y apoyo. servicios y apoyo. Los resultados contribuyeron al proceso de desarrollo de un modelo de atención para su aplicación en el sistema de atención primaria de Nigeria, utilizando un enfoque basado en la Teoría del Cambio.

RESULTADOS

Encontramos altas tasas de depresión, ansiedad y reducción del bienestar, con una fuerte correlación entre las medidas. correlación entre las medidas. El estudio cualitativo reveló experiencias de estigmatización y de estigmatización y exclusión, preocupación por las necesidades financieras y servicios gratuitos y apoyo a los medios de subsistencia.

CONCLUSIÓN

Los servicios deben diseñarse teniendo en cuenta las necesidades locales y las prioridades de los usuarios de los usuarios.

A review of sebum in mammals in relation to skin diseases, skin function, and the skin microbiome

Diseases vary among and within species but the causes of this variation can be unclear. Immune responses are an important driver of disease variation, but mechanisms on how the body resists pathogen establishment before activation of immune responses are understudied. Skin surfaces of mammals are the first line of defense against abiotic stressors and pathogens, and skin attributes such as pH, microbiomes, and lipids influence disease outcomes. Sebaceous glands produce sebum composed of multiple types of lipids with species-specific compositions. Sebum affects skin barrier function by contributing to minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogens, and preventing UV-induced damage. Sebum also affects skin microbiome composition both via its antimicrobial properties, and by providing potential nutrient sources. Intra- and interspecific variation in sebum composition influences skin disease outcomes in humans and domestic mammal species but is not well-characterized in wildlife. We synthesized knowledge on sebum function in mammals in relation to skin diseases and the skin microbiome. We found that sebum composition was described for only 29 live, wild mammalian species. Sebum is important in dermatophilosis, various forms of dermatitis, demodicosis, and potentially white-nose syndrome. Sebum composition likely affects disease susceptibility, as lipid components can have antimicrobial functions against specific pathogens. It is unclear why sebum composition is species-specific, but both phylogeny and environmental effects may drive differences. Our review illustrates the role of mammal sebum function and influence on skin microbes in the context of skin diseases, providing a baseline for future studies to elucidate mechanisms of disease resistance beyond immune responses.

Differential expression and localization of immunity-related factors in main immune organs of yak

The yak is an agricultural animal with strong disease resistance in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Immune organs are directly involved in the body's immune response and protect it from external aggression. In this study, we characterized and evaluated the main markers of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17a, hypoxia inducer factor-1 (HIF-1)α, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and hemal nodes of adult yaks using network informatics, molecular cloning, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blotting. We first cloned the IL-1β and IL-17a mRNA of yaks. A significant feature was the higher IL-1β and IL-17a expression in the lymph nodes than in the spleen, hemal nodes, and thymus. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed that IL-1β and IL-17a cells were mainly located in the paracortex area of the lymph nodes and the T-cell-dependent area in the hemal nodes and spleen. Several HIF-1α proteins were detected in the cortex of the hemal nodes mantle, while HSP90 was detected in the lymphoid nodules of the hemal nodes and lymph nodes. This study sheds light on the relationship between the morphology and function of these organs and provides an important reference for studies on the participation of yak immune organs in immune responses.

Virome characterization and identification of a putative parvovirus and poxvirus in bat ectoparasites of Yunnan Province, China

Ectoparasites found on bats are known to contain important microbes. However, the viruses hosted by these obligate parasites are understudied. This has led to the near oversight of the potential role of these ectoparasites in virus maintenance and transmission from bats to other interacting species and the environment. Here, we sampled bat ectoparasites parasitizing a diverse selection of bat species in the families Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Megadermatidae, Hipposideridae and Pteropodidae in Yunnan Province, China. We show that the ectoparasite prevalence was generally higher in male compared to female bats. Most ectoparasites were found to fall within the Nycteribiidae, Spinturnicidae and Streblidae bat ectoparasite families. We subsequently applied a non-biased sequencing of libraries prepared from the pooled ectoparasites, followed by an in-silico virus-centric analysis of the resultant reads. We show that ectoparasites hosted by the sampled families of bats are found to carry, in addition to a diverse set of phages, vertebrate and insect viruses in the families Aliusviridae, Ascoviridae, Chuviridae, Circoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Marseilleviridae, Nairoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. We further report a partial Parvovirus VP1/VP2 gene and partial Poxvirus ubiquitin-like gene predicted by two independent next generation sequencing data analysis pipelines. This study describes the natural virome of bat ectoparasites, providing a platform for understanding the role these ectoparasites play in the maintenance and spread of viruses to other animals.

Unravelling the mosquito-haemosporidian parasite-bird host network in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula: insights into malaria infections, mosquito community and feeding preferences

BAKGROUND

Vector-borne diseases affecting humans, wildlife and livestock have significantly increased their incidence and distribution in the last decades. Because the interaction among vectors-parasite-vertebrate hosts plays a key role driving vector-borne disease transmission, the analyses of the diversity and structure of vector-parasite networks and host-feeding preference may help to assess disease risk. Also, the study of seasonal variations in the structure and composition of vector and parasite communities may elucidate the current patterns of parasite persistence and spread as well as facilitate prediction of how climate variations may impact vector-borne disease transmission. Avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites constitute an exceptional model to understand the ecology and evolution of vector-borne diseases. However, the characterization of vector-haemosporidian parasite-bird host assemblages is largely unknown in many regions.

METHODS

Here, we analyzed 5859 female mosquitoes captured from May to November in five localities from southwestern Spain to explore the composition and seasonal variation of the vector-parasite-vertebrate host network.

RESULTS

We showed a gradual increase in mosquito abundance, peaking in July. A total of 16 different haemosporidian lineages were found infecting 13 mosquito species. Of these assemblages, more than 70% of these vector-parasite associations have not been described in previous studies. Moreover, three Haemoproteus lineages were reported for the first time in this study. The prevalence of avian malaria infections in mosquitoes varied significantly across the months, reaching a maximum in November. Mosquito blood-feeding preference was higher for mammals (62.5%), whereas 37.5% of vectors fed on birds, suggesting opportunistic feeding behavior.

CONCLUSION

These outcomes improve our understanding of disease transmission risk and help tovector control strategies.

Circulation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among invasive and native carnivore species living in sympatry in Poland

BACKGROUND

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is characterized by a worldwide distribution and distinguished from other Anaplasmataceae by the broadest range of mammalian hosts and high genetic diversity. The role carnivores play in the life cycle of A. phagocytophilum in Europe is uncertain. Currently, only the red fox is considered a suitable reservoir host. In this study, we focused on native and invasive medium-sized carnivore species that live in sympatry and represent the most abundant species of wild carnivores in Poland.

METHODS

A total of 275 individual spleen samples from six carnivore species (Vulpes vulpes, Meles meles, Procyon lotor, Nyctereutes procyonoides and Martes spp.) were screened combining nested PCR and sequencing for A. phagocytophilum targeting a partial groEL gene with subsequent phylogenetic analysis inferred by the maximum likelihood method.

RESULTS

The DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in 16 of 275 individuals (5.8%). Eight unique genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum were obtained. All detected haplotypes clustered in the clade representing European ecotype I. Three variants belonged to the subclade with European human cases together with strains from dogs, foxes, cats, and wild boars.

CONCLUSIONS

While carnivores might have a restricted role in the dissemination of A. phagocytophilum due to their relatively low to moderate infection rates, they hold significance as hosts for ticks. Consequently, they could contribute to the transmission of tick-borne infections to humans indirectly, primarily through tick infection. This underscores the potential risk of urbanization for the A. phagocytophilum life cycle, further emphasizing the need for comprehensive understanding of its ecological dynamics.

Sub-lethal exposure to chlorfenapyr reduces the probability of developing Plasmodium falciparum parasites in surviving Anopheles mosquitoes

BACKGROUND

Pyrethroid resistance in the key malaria vectors threatens the success of pyrethroid-treated nets. To overcome pyrethroid resistance, Interceptor® G2 (IG2), a 'first-in-class' dual insecticidal net that combines alpha-cypermethrin with chlorfenapyr, was developed. Chlorfenapyr is a pro-insecticide, requiring bio-activation by oxidative metabolism within the insect's mitochondria, constituting a mode of action preventing cross-resistance to pyrethroids. Recent epidemiological trials conducted in Benin and Tanzania confirm IG2's public health value in areas with pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes. As chlorfenapyr might also interfere with the metabolic mechanism of the Plasmodium parasite, we hypothesised that chlorfenapyr may provide additional transmission-reducing effects even if a mosquito survives a sub-lethal dose.

METHODS

We tested the effect of chlorfenapyr netting to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission using a modified WHO tunnel test with a dose yielding sub-lethal effects. Pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. with L1014F and L1014S knockdown resistance alleles and expression levels of pyrethroid metabolisers CYP6P3, CYP6M2, CYP4G16 and CYP6P1 confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) prior to conducting experiments were exposed to untreated netting and netting treated with 200 mg/m3 chlorfenapyr for 8 h overnight and then fed on gametocytemic blood meals from naturally infected individuals. Prevalence and intensity of oocysts and sporozoites were determined on day 8 and day 16 after feeding.

RESULTS

Both prevalence and intensity of P. falciparum infection in the surviving mosquitoes were substantially reduced in the chlorfenapyr-exposed mosquitoes compared to untreated nets. The odds ratios in the prevalence of oocysts and sporozoites were 0.33 (95% confidence interval; 95% CI 0.23-0.46) and 0.43 (95% CI 0.25-0.73), respectively, while only the incidence rate ratio for oocysts was 0.30 (95% CI 0.22-0.41).

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that sub-lethal exposure of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes to chlorfenapyr substantially reduces the proportion of infected mosquitoes and the intensity of the P. falciparum infection. This will likely also contribute to the reduction of malaria in communities beyond the direct killing of mosquitoes.

Praziquantel efficacy, urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis reinfection - a systematic review

Praziquantel (PZQ) has been extensively used as the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis on account of its safety and effectiveness against all major forms of schistosomiasis. However, low cure rate, reduced susceptibility of Schistosoma mansoni to PZQ and treatment failures in S. haematobium infections have been reported, raising concerns about its efficacy. Using the search terms, 'praziquantel efficacy, schistosomiasis, school children, reinfection' as well as defined inclusion criteria, and guided by the PRISMA guidelines, articles from 2001 to 2022 were selected from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases and reviewed to assess their importance to the research question. This review assessed the efficacy of PZQ against schistosomiasis and reinfection rates following treatment of Schistosoma infections in children. Majority of both intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis studies reported comparable egg reduction rates (ERRs) of 94.2% to 99.9% and 91.9% to 98%, respectively. However, ERRs suggestive of sub-optimal PZQ efficacy as well as generally high and comparable cure rates for intestinal (81.2%-99.1%) and urinary (79%-93.7%) schistosomiasis studies were reported. Schistosomiasis reinfection rates varied widely for urinary (8.1%-39.6%) and intestinal (13.9%-63.4%) studies within eight to 28 weeks following PZQ treatment. Praziquantel treatment of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis should be accompanied by the provision of potable water, toilet, and recreational facilities to reduce reinfection and egg reduction rates and increase cure rate to expedite schistosomiasis elimination.

Prevalence of Strongyloides in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis with implications for public health and sustainable control strategies

BACKGROUND

Strongyloidiasis, caused by the nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni, is estimated to affect over 600 million individuals worldwide. The disease is endemic in Southeast Asia, where a warm-humid climate and socio-economic conditions maintain the parasite's life cycle and transmission. However, the current diagnostic methods may not be sufficiently sensitive, suggesting that the true prevalence of strongyloidiasis could be seriously underestimated in this. This study aims to determine the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Southeast Asia through a systematic review and meta-analysis and to discuss the implications of the estimated prevalence on diagnostic approaches and control strategies.

METHODS

Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies reporting Strongyloides prevalence data in the 11 Southeast Asian countries up to December 2022. A random effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis at both regional and country levels.

RESULTS

Out of 3722 articles identified, 224 met our inclusion criteria. For S. stercoralis specifically, we found 187 articles, of which 52.4% were from Thailand. All Southeast Asian countries, except Brunei, had at least one study on Strongyloides prevalence. The estimated pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis regionally was 12.7% (95% CI 10.70-14.80%), ranging from 0.4 to 24.9% at the country level. Cambodia had the highest pooled prevalence (24.9%, 95% CI 15.65-35.38%), followed by Lao PDR (16.5%, 95% CI 9.50-24.95%). Moreover, we obtained a pooled prevalence of 10% (95% CI 7.06-13.52%) in a group comprising immigrants, workers, and veterans from Southeast Asian countries. S. stercoralis infects various host types, including nonhuman primates, domestic dogs and cats, rodents, and transport carriers such as cockroaches and vegetables.

CONCLUSIONS

A high prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Southeast Asia was revealed, highlighting the importance of the region's ongoing research, surveillance, and control efforts. Factors contributing to the strongyloidiasis transmission include the role of animal hosts, the impact of global connectivity, and the significance of the co-endemicity of other Strongyloides species. Based on these findings, a multi-pronged One-Health approach is essential for sustainable intervention and control.

AIDMAN: An AI-based object detection system for malaria diagnosis from smartphone thin-blood-smear images

Malaria is a significant public health concern, with ∼95% of cases occurring in Africa, but accurate and timely diagnosis is problematic in remote and low-income areas. Here, we developed an artificial intelligence-based object detection system for malaria diagnosis (AIDMAN). In this system, the YOLOv5 model is used to detect cells in a thin blood smear. An attentional aligner model (AAM) is then applied for cellular classification that consists of multi-scale features, a local context aligner, and multi-scale attention. Finally, a convolutional neural network classifier is applied for diagnosis using blood-smear images, reducing interference caused by false positive cells. The results demonstrate that AIDMAN handles interference well, with a diagnostic accuracy of 98.62% for cells and 97% for blood-smear images. The prospective clinical validation accuracy of 98.44% is comparable to that of microscopists. AIDMAN shows clinically acceptable detection of malaria parasites and could aid malaria diagnosis, especially in areas lacking experienced parasitologists and equipment.

A mixed method analysis of the Botswana schistosomiasis control policy and plans using the policy triangle framework

BACKGROUND

The present goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021-2030 roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases is to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem, and reduce its prevalence of heavy infections to less than 1%. Given the evolution and impact of schistosomiasis in the Ngamiland district of Botswana, the aim of this study was to analyze the control policies for the district using the Policy Triangle Framework.

METHODS

The study used a mixed method approaches of an analysis of policy documents and interviews with 12 informants who were purposively selected. Although the informants were recruited from all levels of the NTD sector, the analysis of the program was predominantly from the Ngamiland district. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's approach to content analysis.

RESULTS

The study highlights the presence of clear, objectives and targets for the Ngamiland control policy. Another theme was the success in morbidity control, which was realized primarily through cycles of MDA in schools. The contextual background for the policy was high morbidity and lack of programming data. The implementation process of the policy was centralized at the Ministry of Health (MOH) and WHO, and there was minimal involvement of the communities and other stakeholders. The policy implementation process was impeded by a lack of domestic resources and lack of comprehensive policy content on snail control and no expansion of the policy content beyond SAC. The actors were predominately MOH headquarters and WHO, with little representation of the district, local level settings, NGOs, and private sectors.

CONCLUSIONS

The lack of resources and content in the control of environmental determinants and exclusion of other at-risk groups in the policy, impeded sustained elimination of the disease. There is a need to guide the treatment of preschool-aged children and develop national guidelines on treating foci of intense transmission. Moreover, the dynamic of the environmental transmissions and reorientation of the schistosomiasis policy to respond to the burden of schistosomiasis morbidity, local context, and health system context are required.

Exo-erythrocytic development of two Haemoproteus species (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae), with description of Haemoproteus dumbbellus, a new blood parasite of bunting birds (Emberizidae)

Avian haemosporidians are widespread parasites categorized into four families of the order Haemosporida (Apicomplexa). Species of the subgenus Parahaemoproteus (genus Haemoproteus) belong to the Haemoproteidae and are transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Reports of death due to tissue damage during haemoproteosis in non-adapted birds have raised concerns about these pathogens, especially as their exo-erythrocytic development is known for only a few Haemoproteus spp. More research is needed to better understand the patterns of the parasites' development in tissues and their impact on avian hosts. Yellowhammers Emberiza citrinella (Emberizidae) and common house martins Delichon urbicum (Hirundinidae) were screened for Haemoproteus parasites by microscopic examination of blood films and PCR-based testing. Individuals with single infection were selected for histological investigations. H & E-stained sections were screened for detection and characterization of the exo-erythrocytic stages, while chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and phylogenetic analysis were performed to confirm the Haemoproteus origin and their phylogenetic relationships. Haemoproteus dumbbellus n. sp. was discovered in Emberiza citrinella single-infected with the lineage hEMCIR01. Meronts of H. dumbbellus n. sp. developed in various organs of five of six tested individuals, a pattern which was reported in other Haemoproteus species clustering in the same clade, suggesting this could be a phylogenetic trait. By contrast, in Delichon urbicum infected with the Haemoproteus lineage hDELURB2, which was linked to the more distantly related parasite Haemoproteus hirundinis, only megalomeronts were found in the pectoral muscles of two of six infected individuals. All exo-erythrocytic stages were confirmed to be Haemoproteus parasites by CISH using a Haemoproteus genus-specific probe. While the development of meronts seems to be typical for species of the clade containing H. dumbbellus, further investigations and data from more species are needed to explore whether a phylogenetic pattern occurs in meront or megalomeront formation.