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Dos Santos QM, Avenant-Oldewage A. Revisiting the type material of two African Diplozoinae (Diplozoidae: Monogenea), with remarks on morphology, systematics and diplozoid specificity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17020. [PMID: 38435989 PMCID: PMC10908257 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphological characterisation of Diplozoidae spp. is highly reliant on the details of the sclerotised components of the hooks and clamps in the haptor. Only six species of Paradiplozoon (Diplozoinae) have been described from Africa, four of which have adequate morphological and even comparative ITS2 rDNA data available. However, the descriptions of Paradiplozoon ghanense (Thomas, 1957) and Paradiplozoon aegyptense (Fischthal & Kuntz, 1963) lack essential taxonomic information, specifically the details for their haptoral sclerites. As such, all available material from museum collections for these two species were studied using light microscopy to supplement the original morphometric descriptions. The holotype and paratypes of P. aegyptense were studied, but only voucher material for P. ghanense could be sourced. However, this voucher material for P. ghanense was deposited by the species authority and bore a striking resemblance to the illustrations and collection details from the original description. They were thus identified as the type series for the taxon, with a lectotype and paralectotype designated. Both P. ghanense and P. aegyptense could be readily distinguished from other taxa based on the supplementary data generated here, supporting their distinctness. The haptoral sclerites of P. aegyptense were most similar to those of Paradiplozoon krugerense Dos Santos & Avenant-Oldewage, 2016, also described from Labeo spp., while the sclerites of P. ghanense were most similar to Paradiplozoon bingolense Civáňová, Koyun & Koubková, 2013 and Paradiplozoon iraqense Al-Nasiri & Balbuena, 2016. Additionally, a voucher of P. aegyptense collected from the alestid type host of P. ghanense was reidentified as the latter species here. This greatly simplified the known host specificity for Paradiplozoon spp. in Africa, with P. aegyptense now exclusively reported from Cypriniformes (Cyprinidae and Danionidae), and P. ghanense restricted to Characiformes (Alestidae). The occurrence of all diplozoids from non-cyprinoid hosts was also investigated and several records of diplozoids occurring on non-cyprinoid hosts were collated and scrutinised. Excluding the two instances of diplozoids described and exclusively occurring on Characiformes fishes (P. ghanense and Paradiplozoon tetragonopterini (Sterba, 1957)), most other non-cyprinoid collections appear sporadic and unsubstantiated, but warrant further investigation supported by diligent taxonomic data. Even though the morphometric descriptions of both P. ghanense and P. aegyptense were fully reported on here, additional material will be needed to study their genetic profiles and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinton Marco Dos Santos
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg (Auckland Park Campus), Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg (Auckland Park Campus), Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Benovics M, Rahmouni C, Řehulková E, Nejat F, Šimková A. Uncovering the monogenean species diversity of cyprinoid fish in Iraq using an integrative approach. Parasitology 2024; 151:220-246. [PMID: 38116665 PMCID: PMC10941050 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The freshwaters of Iraq harbour a high diversity of endemic and phylogenetically unique species. One of the most diversified fish groups in this region is cyprinoids, and although their distribution is relatively well known, their monogenean parasites have only rarely been investigated. Herein, we applied an integrative approach, combining morphology with molecular data, to assess the diversity and phylogeny of cyprinoid-associated monogenean parasites. A total of 33 monogenean species were collected and identified from 13 endemic cyprinoid species. The highest species diversity was recorded for Dactylogyrus (Dactylogyridae, 16 species) and Gyrodactylus (Gyrodactylidae, 12 species). Four species of Dactylogyrus and 12 species of Gyrodactylus were identified as new to science and described. Two other genera, Dogielius (Dactylogyridae) and Paradiplozoon (Diplozoidae), were represented only by 4 and 1 species, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus species revealed that the local congeners do not form a monophyletic group and are phylogenetically closely related to species from other regions (i.e. Europe, North Africa and Eastern Asia). These findings support the assumption that the Middle East served as an important historical crossroads for the interchange of fauna between these 3 geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - C. Rahmouni
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E. Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - F. Nejat
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A. Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Nejat F, Benovics M, Řehulková E, Vukić J, Šanda R, Kaya C, Tarkan AS, Abdoli A, Aksu S, Šimková A. Diversity, phylogeny and intraspecific variability of Paradiplozoon species (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) parasitizing endemic cyprinoids in the Middle East. Parasitology 2023; 150:705-722. [PMID: 37157105 PMCID: PMC10410381 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diplozoidae are common monogenean ectoparasites of cyprinoid fish, with the genus Paradiplozoon being the most diversified. Despite recent studies on Diplozoidae from Europe, Africa and Asia, the diversity, distribution and phylogeny of this parasite group appears to be still underestimated in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity, endemism and host specificity of diplozoids parasitizing cyprinoid fish from the Middle East, considering this region as an important historical interchange of fish fauna, and to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Middle Eastern Paradiplozoon species within Diplozoidae. Four Paradiplozoon species were collected from 48 out of 94 investigated cyprinoid species. Three known species, Paradiplozoon homoion, Paradiplozoon bliccae and Paradiplozoon bingolensis, were recorded on new cyprinoid host species, and a new species, Paradiplozoon koubkovae n. sp., was recorded on Luciobarbus capito and Capoeta capoeta from the Caspian Sea basin in Iran and Turkey. Paradiplozoon bliccae, exhibiting a wide host range in the Middle East, expressed both morphological and genetic intraspecific variabilities. The four Paradiplozoon species collected in the Middle East were placed in divergent clades, showing the rich evolutionary history of diplozoid parasites in the Middle East. Our study also revealed that two lineages of African diplozoids have a Middle Eastern origin. We stress the importance of applying an integrative approach combining morphological, ecological and molecular methods to reveal the real diversity of diplozoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Nejat
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jasna Vukić
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šanda
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum, Václavské náměstí 68, Prague 1 110 00, Czech Republic
| | - Cüneyt Kaya
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Ali Serhan Tarkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000 Menteşe, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Shahriari Sq. Velenjak, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadi Aksu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Büyükdere Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26040 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Hao CL, Arken K, Kadir M, Zhang WR, Rong MJ, Wei NW, Liu YJ, Yue C. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Paradiplozoon yarkandense and Paradiplozoon homoion confirm that Diplozoidae evolve at an elevated rate. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:149. [PMID: 35477556 PMCID: PMC9044634 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diplozoidae are monogenean (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) fish parasites characterised by a unique life history: two larvae permanently fuse into an X-shaped "Siamese" organism. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplozoidae and Polyopisthocotylea remain unresolved due to the unavailability of molecular markers with sufficiently high resolution. Mitogenomes may be a suitable candidate, but there are currently only 12 available for the Polyopisthocotylea (three for Diplozoidae). The only available study of diplozoid mitogenomes found unique base composition patterns and elevated evolution rates in comparison with other Monogenean mitogenomes. METHODS To further explore their evolution and generate molecular data for evolutionary studies, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of two Diplozoidae species, Paradiplozoon homoion and Paradiplozoon yarkandense, and conducted a number of comparative mitogenomic analyses with other polyopisthocotyleans. RESULTS We found further evidence that mitogenomes of Diplozoidae evolve at a unique, elevated rate, which was reflected in their exceptionally long branches, large sizes, unique base composition, skews, and very low gene sequence similarity levels between the two newly sequenced species. They also exhibited remarkably large overlaps between some genes. Phylogenetic analysis of Polyopisthocotylea resolved all major taxa as monophyletic, and Mazocraeidea was split into two major clades: (Diplozoidae) + (all four remaining families: Diclidophoridae, Chauhaneidae, Mazocraeidae and Microcotylidae). It also provided further confirmation that the genus Paradiplozoon is paraphyletic and requires a taxonomic revision, so the two species may have to be renamed Indodiplozoon homoion and Diplozoon yarkandense comb. nov. CONCLUSIONS Although our findings indicate that mitogenomes may be a promising tool for resolving the phylogeny of Polyopisthocotylea, elevated evolutionary rates of Diplozoidae may cause phylogenetic artefacts, so future studies should pay caution to this problem. Furthermore, as the reason for their elevated evolution remains unknown, Diplozoidae are a remarkably interesting lineage for other types of evolutionary mitogenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Lan Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kadirden Arken
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Munira Kadir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen-Run Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng-Jie Rong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nian-Wen Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
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Cao S, Fu P, Zou H, Li M, Wu S, Wang G, Blazhekovikj-Dimovska D, Li W. Sindiplozoon coreius n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) from the gills of Coreius guichenoti (Cyprinidae) in China. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102494. [PMID: 34737072 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sindiplozoon coreius n. sp. is described from the gills of Coreius guichenoti in Sichuan province, China. There is a smooth tegument and a cup-like widened area in the posterior part of the worm body, which are particular features of the genus Sindiplozoon. There are no branched intestinal caeca before the widened area, but some branches reach the fourth clamp in the hind body; there was no cross striation on the anterior arch of the anterior clamp jaw and medial part of the posterior jaw, which are distinguished from the other species in Sindiplozoon. In addition, S. coreius n. sp. shared the highest ITS2 sequence identity (96.0%) with S. ctenopharyngodoni. The established phylogenetic tree showed that the two species of Sindiplozoon formed a sister group. The k2p genetic distance between the new species and other diplozoids was higher than 3.4%, which suggested interspecific differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Peipei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shangong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guitang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | | | - Wenxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Jirsová D, Koubková B, Jirounková E, Vorel J, Zhou X, Ding X, Gelnar M, Kašný M. Redescription of Paradiplozoon opsariichthydis (Jiang, Wu et Wang 1984) Jiang, Wu et Wang, 1989 (Monogenea, Diplozoidae). Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102409. [PMID: 34157414 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Paradiplozoon opsariichthydis (Jiang, Wu et Wang, 1984) Jiang, Wu et Wang, 1989 (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Diplozoidae) is blood-feeding parasite from the gills of Asian cyprinid fish Opsariichthys bidens Günther, 1873. In this study, we present a morphological redescription of P. opsariichthydis neotype main morphological features e.g. size of body and clamps due to the fact that the type material is missing. We decided to supplement morphological descriptions by the relevant molecular data (internal transcribed spacer - ITS2) related to P. opsariichthydis adult worm isolates and other representatives of genus Paradiplozoon to cross verify our findings. In addition to that, this study also brings an attention to the host identification. Thus, parasite data were complemented by the determinant cytochrome oxidase b (cytb) sequences of its hosts. All novel sequences are deposited in GenBank. This combination of the morphological and molecular data related to both the parasite and its host seems to be the optimal approach to the general process of (re)description of highly host-specific parasitic organisms, which can then lead to a meaningful phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Jirsová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Božena Koubková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Jirounková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vorel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejuan Ding
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Milan Gelnar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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