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Shi H, Xie J, Pei S, He D, Hou H, Xu S, Fu Z, Shi X. Digging out the biology properties of tRNA-derived small RNA from black hole. Front Genet 2023; 14:1232325. [PMID: 37953919 PMCID: PMC10637384 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1232325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An unique subclass of functional non-coding RNAs generated by transfer RNA (tRNA) under stress circumstances is known as tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA). tsRNAs can be divided into tRNA halves and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) based on the different cleavage sites. Like microRNAs, tsRNAs can attach to Argonaute (AGO) proteins to target downstream mRNA in a base pairing manner, which plays a role in rRNA processing, gene silencing, protein expression and viral infection. Notably, tsRNAs can also directly bind to protein and exhibit functions in transcription, protein modification, gene expression, protein stabilization, and signaling pathways. tsRNAs can control the expression of tumor suppressor genes and participate in the initiation of cancer. It can also mediate the progression of diseases by regulating cell viability, migration ability, inflammatory factor content and autophagy ability. Precision medicine targeting tsRNAs and drug therapy of plant-derived tsRNAs are expected to be used in clinical practice. In addition, liquid biopsy technology based on tsRNAs indicates a new direction for the non-invasive diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengmei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengbin Pei
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danni He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huyang Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shipeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Wang Z, Zhou X, Deng X, Ye D, Liu D, Zhou B, Zheng W, Wang X, Wang Y, Borkhuu O, Fang L. miR-186-ANXA9 signaling inhibits tumorigenesis in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1166666. [PMID: 37841425 PMCID: PMC10570552 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1166666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) ranks as the highest incidence among cancer types in women all over the world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short endogenous non-coding RNA in cells mostly functioning to silence the target mRNAs. In the current study, a miRNA screening analysis identified miR-186-5p to be downregulated in human breast cancer tumors. Functional studies in vitro demonstrated that overexpression of miR-186-5p inhibited cellular proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in multiple breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and BT549 cells. Transplantation of the miR-186-5p-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells into nude mice significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth in vivo. Sequence blast analysis predicted annexin A9 (ANXA9) as a target gene of miR-186-5p, which was validated by luciferase reporter assay, QRT-PCR analysis, and western blot. Additional gene expression analysis of clinical tumor samples indicated a negative correlation between miR-186-5p and ANXA9 in human breast cancer. Knockdown of ANXA9 mimicked the phenotype of miR-186-5p overexpression. Reintroduction of ANXA9 back rescued the miR-186-5p-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, miR-186-5p decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and increased the expression of p53, suggesting a mechanism regulating miR-186-5p-induced cellular apoptosis. In summary, our study is the first to demonstrate miR-186-5p-ANXA9 signaling in suppressing human breast cancer. It provided a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiqian Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochong Deng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danrong Ye
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Diya Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baian Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfang Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Oyungerel Borkhuu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sharma M, Lozano-Amado D, Chowdhury D, Singh U. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on the Biology of Protozoan Parasites. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:448. [PMID: 37755909 PMCID: PMC10537256 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-membrane-bound structures produced naturally by all cells and have a variety of functions. EVs act as vehicles for transporting important molecular signals from one cell to another. Several parasites have been shown to secrete EVs, and their biological functions have been extensively studied. EVs have been shown to facilitate communication with the host cells (such as modulation of the host's immune system or promoting attachment and invasion into the host cells) or for communication between parasitic cells (e.g., transferring drug-resistance genes or factors modulating stage conversion). It is clear that EVs play an important role in host-parasite interactions. In this review, we summarized the latest research on the EVs secreted by protozoan parasites and their role in host-parasite and parasite-parasite communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.-A.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Lozano-Amado
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.-A.); (D.C.)
| | - Debabrata Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.-A.); (D.C.)
| | - Upinder Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.-A.); (D.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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microRNAs: Critical Players during Helminth Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010061. [PMID: 36677353 PMCID: PMC9861972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and/or translation. Therefore, miRNAs regulate biological processes such as signal transduction, cell death, autophagy, metabolism, development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs is associated with infectious diseases, where miRNAs modulate important aspects of the parasite-host interaction. Helminths are parasitic worms that cause various neglected tropical diseases affecting millions worldwide. These parasites have sophisticated mechanisms that give them a surprising immunomodulatory capacity favoring parasite persistence and establishment of infection. In this review, we analyze miRNAs in infections caused by helminths, emphasizing their role in immune regulation and its implication in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Rada P, Hrdý I, Zdrha A, Narayanasamy RK, Smutná T, Horáčková J, Harant K, Beneš V, Ong SC, Tsai CY, Luo HW, Chiu CH, Tang P, Tachezy J. Double-Stranded RNA Viruses Are Released From Trichomonas vaginalis Inside Small Extracellular Vesicles and Modulate the Exosomal Cargo. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:893692. [PMID: 35602021 PMCID: PMC9114709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protist that infects the human urogenital tract. During the infection, trichomonads adhere to the host mucosa, acquire nutrients from the vaginal/prostate environment, and release small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that contribute to the trichomonad adherence and modulate the host-parasite communication. Approximately 40–70% of T. vaginalis strains harbor a double-stranded RNA virus called Trichomonasvirus (TVV). Naked TVV particles have the potential to stimulate a proinflammatory response in human cells, however, the mode of TVV release from trichomonads to the environment is not clear. In this report, we showed for the first time that TVV particles are released from T. vaginalis cells within sEVs. The sEVs loaded with TVV stimulated a higher proinflammatory response of human HaCaT cells in comparison to sEVs from TVV negative parasites. Moreover, a comparison of T. vaginalis isogenic TVV plus and TVV minus clones revealed a significant impact of TVV infection on the sEV proteome and RNA cargo. Small EVs from TVV positive trichomonads contained 12 enriched and 8 unique proteins including membrane-associated BspA adhesine, and about a 2.5-fold increase in the content of small regulatory tsRNA. As T. vaginalis isolates are frequently infected with TVV, the release of TVV via sEVs to the environment represents an important factor with the potential to enhance inflammation-related pathogenesis during trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Alois Zdrha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ravi Kumar Narayanasamy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tamara Smutná
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Jana Horáčková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Karel Harant
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Beneš
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seow-Chin Ong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Tsai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Luo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Tang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center in Vestec (BIOCEV), Vestec, Czechia
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Peng R, Santos HJ, Nozaki T. Transfer RNA-Derived Small RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Parasitic Protozoa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:286. [PMID: 35205331 PMCID: PMC8872473 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are newly identified non-coding small RNAs that have recently attracted attention due to their functional significance in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. tsRNAs originated from the cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs by specific nucleases. According to the start and end sites, tsRNAs can be broadly divided into tRNA halves (31-40 nucleotides) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs, 14-30 nucleotides). tsRNAs have been reported in multiple organisms to be involved in gene expression regulation, protein synthesis, and signal transduction. As a novel regulator, tsRNAs have also been identified in various protozoan parasites. The conserved biogenesis of tsRNAs in early-branching eukaryotes strongly suggests the universality of this machinery, which requires future research on their shared and potentially disparate biological functions. Here, we reviewed the recent studies of tsRNAs in several representative protozoan parasites including their biogenesis and the roles in parasite biology and intercellular communication. Furthermore, we discussed the remaining questions and potential future works for tsRNAs in this group of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.P.); (H.J.S.)
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Xie D, Li S, Wu T, Wang X, Fang L. MiR-181c suppresses triple-negative breast cancer tumorigenesis by targeting MAP4K4. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 230:153763. [PMID: 35026645 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) ranks as the highest incidence among cancer types in women all over the world. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known as a highly aggressive subtype of BC due to high rate of recurrence and metastasis, poor prognosis and lacking of effective targeted therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short endogenous non-coding RNA that mostly functioning to silence the target mRNAs. In this study, we found miR-181c-5p (miR-181c) was down-expressed in TNBC tissues and cell lines, whereas MAP4K4 was highly-expressed. Up-regulation of miR-181c inhibited TNBC cells proliferation and migration, promoted TNBC cells apoptosis and regulated the cell cycle by arresting cells in the G0/G1 cell phase, while depletion of miR-181c showed opposite effect. Importantly, miR-181c suppressed MAP4K4 expression at both mRNA and protein levels by directly targeting MAP4K4, thereby inhibiting the tumor-promoting effect of MAP4K4. This study is the first to demonstrate the miR-181c/MAP4K4 signaling in suppressing TNBC, providing a novel therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, PR China.
| | - Saiyang Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Changzhou First People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, PR China
| | - Tianqi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
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Torres AG, Martí E. Toward an Understanding of Extracellular tRNA Biology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:662620. [PMID: 33937338 PMCID: PMC8082309 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.662620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) including abundant full length tRNAs and tRNA fragments (tRFs) have recently garnered attention as a promising source of biomarkers and a novel mediator in cell-to-cell communication in eukaryotes. Depending on the physiological state of cells, tRNAs/tRFs are released to the extracellular space either contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) or free, through a mechanism that is largely unknown. In this perspective article, we propose that extracellular tRNAs (ex-tRNAs) and/or extracellular tRFs (ex-tRFs) are relevant paracrine signaling molecules whose activity depends on the mechanisms of release by source cells and capture by recipient cells. We speculate on how ex-tRNA/ex-tRFs orchestrate the effects in target cells, depending on the type of sequence and the mechanisms of uptake. We further propose that tRNA modifications may be playing important roles in ex-tRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gabriel Torres
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Martí
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
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