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Ma H, Wu X, Li Y, Xia Y. Research Progress in the Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Drug Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963054. [PMID: 35935869 PMCID: PMC9349351 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease. Recent studies have identified the key role of crosstalk between dysregulated epithelial cells, mesenchymal, immune, and endothelial cells in IPF. In addition, genetic mutations and environmental factors (e.g., smoking) have also been associated with the development of IPF. With the recent development of sequencing technology, epigenetics, as an intermediate link between gene expression and environmental impacts, has also been reported to be implicated in pulmonary fibrosis. Although the etiology of IPF is unknown, many novel therapeutic targets and agents have emerged from clinical trials for IPF treatment in the past years, and the successful launch of pirfenidone and nintedanib has demonstrated the promising future of anti-IPF therapy. Therefore, we aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathogenic factors of IPF, which would be helpful for the diagnosis of IPF, the development of anti-fibrotic drugs, and improving the prognosis of patients with IPF. In this study, we summarized the pathogenic mechanism, therapeutic targets and clinical trials from the perspective of multiple cell types, gene mutations, epigenetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xia,
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Velagacherla V, Mehta CH, Nayak Y, Nayak UY. Molecular pathways and role of epigenetics in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Life Sci 2022; 291:120283. [PMID: 34998839 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with unknown etiological factors that can progress to other dangerous diseases like lung cancer. Environmental and genetic predisposition are the two major etiological or risk factors involved in the pathology of the IPF. Among the environmental risk factors, smoking is one of the major causes for the development of IPF. Epigenetic pathways like nucleosomes remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA mediated genes play a crucial role in development of IPF. Mutations in the genes make the epigenetic factors as important drug targets in IPF. Transcriptional changes due to environmental factors are also involved in the progression of IPF. The mutations in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) have shown decreased life expectancy in IPF patients. The TERT-gene is highly expressed in chronic smokers and makes the role of epigenetics evident. Drug like nintedanib acts through vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), while drug pirfenidone acts through transforming growth factor (TGF), which is useful in IPF. Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR, is useful as an anti-fibrosis agent in preclinical models. Newer drugs such as Celgene-CC90001 and FibroGen-FG-3019 are currently under investigations acts through the modulating epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, the study on epigenetics opens a wide window for the discovery of newer drugs. This study provides an elementary analysis of multiple regulators of epigenetics and their roles associated with the pathology of IPF. Further, this review also includes epigenetic drugs under development in preclinical and clinical stages.
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Khanna D, Tashkin DP, Denton CP, Renzoni EA, Desai SR, Varga J. Etiology, Risk Factors, and Biomarkers in Systemic Sclerosis with Interstitial Lung Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:650-660. [PMID: 31841044 PMCID: PMC7068837 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0563ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex, multiorgan, autoimmune disease. Lung fibrosis occurs in ∼80% of patients with SSc; 25% to 30% develop progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD). The pathogenesis of fibrosis in SSc-associated ILD (SSc-ILD) involves cellular injury, activation/differentiation of mesenchymal cells, and morphological/biological changes in epithelial/endothelial cells. Risk factors for progressive SSc-ILD include older age, male sex, degree of lung involvement on baseline high-resolution computed tomography imaging, reduced DlCO, and reduced FVC. SSc-ILD does not share the genetic risk architecture observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), with key risk factors yet to be identified. Presence of anti-Scl-70 antibodies and absence of anti-centromere antibodies indicate increased likelihood of progressive ILD. Elevated levels of serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and C-reactive protein are both associated with SSc-ILD severity and predict SSc-ILD progression. A promising prognostic indicator is serum chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18. SSc-ILD shares similarities with IPF, although clear differences exist. Histologically, a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern is commonly observed in SSc-ILD, whereas IPF is defined by usual interstitial pneumonia. The course of SSc-ILD is variable, ranging from minor, stable disease to a progressive course, whereas all patients with IPF experience progression of disease. Although appropriately treated patients with SSc-ILD have better chances of stabilization and survival, a relentlessly progressive course, akin to IPF, is seen in a minority. Better understanding of cellular and molecular pathogenesis, genetic risk, and distinctive features of SSc-ILD and identification of robust prognostic biomarkers are needed for optimal disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donald P Tashkin
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher P Denton
- University College London Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A Renzoni
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit and.,National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Facility, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sujal R Desai
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton & Harefield National Health Services Foundation Trust Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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4
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Takagi K, Kawamoto M, Higuchi T, Tochimoto A, Harigai M, Kawaguchi Y. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the
HIF1A
gene are associated with susceptibility to pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis and contribute to SSc‐PAH disease severity. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:674-680. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kae Takagi
- Department of Medicine Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East Tokyo Japan
- Department of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Manabu Kawamoto
- Department of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoaki Higuchi
- Department of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiko Tochimoto
- Department of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayoshi Harigai
- Department of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Rheumatology Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Nihtyanova SI, Denton CP. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease. Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders 2020; 5:6-16. [PMID: 35382227 PMCID: PMC8922569 DOI: 10.1177/2397198320903867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease leading to vasculopathy and fibrosis
of skin and internal organs. Despite likely shared pathogenic mechanisms, the
patterns of skin and lung fibrosis differ. Pathogenesis of interstitial lung
disease, a major cause of death in systemic sclerosis, reflects the intrinsic
disease pathobiology and is associated with distinct clinical phenotypes and
laboratory characteristics. The commonest histological pattern of systemic
sclerosis–interstitial lung disease is non-specific interstitial pneumonia.
Systemic sclerosis–interstitial lung disease pathogenesis involves multiple
components, including susceptibility and triggering factors, which could be
genetic or environmental. The process is amplified likely through ongoing
inflammation and the link between inflammatory activity and fibrosis with IL6
emerging as a key mediator. The disease is driven by epithelial injury,
reflected by markers in the serum, such as surfactant proteins and KL-6. In
addition, mediators that are produced by epithelial cells and that regulate
inflammatory cell trafficking may be important, especially CCL2. Other factors,
such as CXCL4 and CCL18, point towards immune-mediated damage or injury
response. Monocytes and alternatively activated macrophages appear to be
important. Transforming growth factor beta appears central to pathogenesis and
regulates epithelial repair and fibroblast activation. Understanding
pathogenesis may help to unravel the stages of systemic sclerosis–interstitial
lung disease, risks of progression and determinants of outcome. With this
article, we set out to review the multiple factors, including genetic,
environmental, cellular and molecular, that may be involved in the pathogenesis
of systemic sclerosis–interstitial lung disease and the mechanisms leading to
sustained fibrosis. We propose a model for the pathogenesis of systemic
sclerosis–interstitial lung disease, based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Nihtyanova
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, London, UK
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Stock CJW, De Lauretis A, Visca D, Daccord C, Kokosi M, Kouranos V, Margaritopoulos G, George PM, Molyneaux PL, Nihtyanova S, Chua F, Maher TM, Ong V, Abraham DJ, Denton CP, Wells AU, Wain LV, Renzoni EA. Defining genetic risk factors for scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease : IRF5 and STAT4 gene variants are associated with scleroderma while STAT4 is protective against scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:1173-9. [PMID: 31916109 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although several genetic associations with scleroderma (SSc) are defined, very little is known on genetic susceptibility to SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). A number of common polymorphisms have been associated with SSc-ILD, but most have not been replicated in separate populations. Four SNPs in IRF5, and one in each of STAT4, CD226 and IRAK1, selected as having been previously the most consistently associated with SSc-ILD, were genotyped in 612 SSc patients, of European descent, of whom 394 had ILD. The control population (n = 503) comprised individuals of European descent from the 1000 Genomes Project. After Bonferroni correction, two of the IRF5 SNPs, rs2004640 (OR (95% CI)1.30 (1.10–1.54), pcorr = 0.015) and rs10488631 (OR 1.48 (1.14–1.92), pcorr = 0.022), and the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 (OR 1.43 (1.18–1.73), pcorr = 0.0015) were significantly associated with SSc compared with controls. However, none of the SNPs were significantly different between patients with SSc-ILD and controls. Two SNPs in IRF5, rs10488631 (OR 1.72 (1.24–2.39), pcorr = 0.0098), and rs2004640 (OR 1.39 (1.11–1.75), pcorr = 0.03), showed a significant difference in allele frequency between controls and patients without ILD, as did STAT4 rs7574865 (OR 1.86 (1.45–2.38), pcorr = 6.6 × 10−6). A significant difference between SSc with and without ILD was only observed for STAT4 rs7574865, being less frequent in patients with ILD (OR 0.66 (0.51–0.85), pcorr = 0.0084). In conclusion, IRF5 rs2004640 and rs10488631, and STAT4 rs7574865 were significantly associated with SSc as a whole. Only STAT4 rs7574865 showed a significant difference in allele frequency in SSc-ILD, with the T allele being protective against ILD.Key points • We confirm the associations of the IRF5 SNPs rs2004640 and rs10488631, and the STAT4 SNP rs7574865, with SSc as a whole. • None of the tested SNPs were risk factors for SSc-ILD specifically. • The STAT4 rs7574865 T allele was protective against the development of lung fibrosis in SSc patients. • Further work is required to understand the genetic basis of lung fibrosis in association with scleroderma. |
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Ha YJ, Lee YJ, Kang EH. Lung Involvements in Rheumatic Diseases: Update on the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Treatment. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:6930297. [PMID: 29854780 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6930297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lung illness encountered in patients with rheumatic diseases bears clinical significance in terms of increased morbidity and mortality as well as potential challenges placed on patient care. Although our understanding of natural history of this important illness is still limited, epidemiologic knowledge has been accumulated during the past decade to provide useful information on the risk factors and prognosis of lung involvements in rheumatic diseases. Moreover, the pathogenesis particularly in the context of genetics has been greatly updated for both the underlying rheumatic disease and associated lung involvement. This review will focus on the current update on the epidemiologic and genetics features and treatment options of the lung involvements associated with four major rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus), with more attention to a specific form of involvement or interstitial lung disease.
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8
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Stock CJW, Renzoni EA. Genetic predictors of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a review of recent literature. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:765-77. [PMID: 29476163 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between genetic and environmental factors is likely involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Interstitial lung disease associated in the context of SSc (SSc-ILD) is associated with significant morbidity, and is the leading cause of death in SSc. The spectrum of SSc-ILD severity is wide, ranging from patients with only limited and inherently stable pulmonary involvement, to those with extensive and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. In order to provide accurate prognostic information for patients, and to initiate appropriate monitoring and treatment regimens, the ability to identify patients at risk of developing severe ILD early in the disease course is crucial. Identification of genetic variants involved in disease pathogenesis can not only potentially provide diagnostic/prognostic markers, but can also highlight dysregulated molecular pathways for therapeutic targeting. A number of genetic associations have been established for susceptibility to SSc, but far fewer studies have investigated genetic susceptibility to SSc-ILD specifically. In this review we present a summary of the studies assessing genetic associations with SSc-ILD.
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis, also called scleroderma, is an immune-mediated rheumatic disease that is characterised by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and vasculopathy. Although systemic sclerosis is uncommon, it has a high morbidity and mortality. Improved understanding of systemic sclerosis has allowed better management of the disease, including improved classification and more systematic assessment and follow-up. Additionally, treatments for specific complications have emerged and a growing evidence base supports the use of immune suppression for the treatment of skin and lung fibrosis. Some manifestations of the disease, such as scleroderma renal crisis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, digital ulceration, and gastro-oesophageal reflux, are now treatable. However, the burden of non-lethal complications associated with systemic sclerosis is substantial and is likely to become more of a challenge. Here, we review the clinical features of systemic sclerosis and describe the best practice approaches for its management. Furthermore, we identify future areas for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Denton
- UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; UCL Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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10
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Mentrup T, Loock AC, Fluhrer R, Schröder B. Signal peptide peptidase and SPP-like proteases - Possible therapeutic targets? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2017; 1864:2169-82. [PMID: 28624439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and the four homologous SPP-like proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and SPPL3 are GxGD-type intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CLIPs). In addition to divergent subcellular localisations, distinct differences in the mechanistic properties and substrate requirements of individual family members have been unravelled. SPP/SPPL proteases employ a catalytic mechanism related to that of the γ-secretase complex. Nevertheless, differential targeting of SPP/SPPL proteases and γ-secretase by inhibitors has been demonstrated. Furthermore, also within the SPP/SPPL family significant differences in the sensitivity to currently available inhibitory compounds have been reported. Though far from complete, our knowledge on pathophysiological functions of SPP/SPPL proteases, in particular based on studies in mice, has been significantly increased over the last years. Based on this, inhibition of distinct SPP/SPPL proteases has been proposed as a novel therapeutic concept e.g. for the treatment of autoimmunity and viral or protozoal infections, as we will discuss in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Li C, Zhao Z, Zhou J, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao X. Relationship between the TERT, TNIP1 and OBFC1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to colorectal cancer in Chinese Han population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56932-56941. [PMID: 28915643 PMCID: PMC5593614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and telomere length has been reported correlate with CRC. This study aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms of telomere length related genes are associated with susceptibility to CRC in Chinese Han population. 11 SNPs from TERT, TNIP1 and OBFC1 genes were selected and genotyped, in addition odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate association between the SNPs and CRC risk in 247 patients clinically and 300 controls in a Chinese Han population. Our results showed that minor allele "G" of rs7708392 and minor allele "C" of rs10036748 in TNIP1 gene were significantly associated with an increased the CRC risk in genotype model, dominant model and additive model after Bonferroni's multiple adjusted (P<0.0011). Moreover, the two SNPs rs7708392 and rs10036748 were in strong linkage disequilibrium. We observed that the haplotype "G-C" was more frequent among CRC patients and associated with a 1.58-fold increased CRC risk (95%CI=1.17-2.13, P=0.003). Contrarily, haplotype "C-T" was associated with a 0.63-fold reduced CRC risk (95%CI=0.47-0.86, P=0.003). Additionally, SNPs in this study except rs7708392 and rs10036748 were found a modest connection with CRC risk. In conclusion, our study firstly provides evidence for a novel association between polymorphisms of telomere length related TNIP1 gene and CRC susceptibility in Chinese Han population, and the results need a further identification in a large sample size and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Elite Property Management Ltd, Saskatoon, SK S7H 0S6, Canada
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Xinhan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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12
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Yao J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Han K, Zhang L. FOXP3
polymorphisms in interstitial lung disease among Chinese Han population: A genetic association study. Clin Respir J 2017; 12:1182-1190. [PMID: 28508461 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150081 China
| | - Tianze Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150081 China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150081 China
| | - Kaiyu Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150081 China
| | - Linyou Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150081 China
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Zuo X, Zhang L, Luo H, Li Y, Zhu H. Systematic approach to understanding the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Clin Genet 2017; 92:365-371. [PMID: 27918067 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha People's Republic of China
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