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Macronutrient Proportions and Fat Type Impact Ketogenicity and Shape the Circulating Lipidome in Dogs. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070591. [PMID: 35888715 PMCID: PMC9324443 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological processes including ketogenesis are similar in dogs and humans, but there is little information available on the effect of carbohydrate restriction in dogs. Here, the ketogenicity and serum metabolic profiles of dogs were assessed after they had consumed high carbohydrate (HiCHO); high protein, low carbohydrate (PROT_LoCHO); or high fat, low carbohydrate (FAT_LoCHO) foods. Thirty-six dogs were fed HiCHO for 4 weeks, then randomized to PROT_LoCHO or FAT_LoCHO for 5 weeks. Dogs then crossed over to the other food for an additional 5 weeks. Generally, reduction of dietary carbohydrate by replacement with either protein or fat increased the energy required to maintain body weight, and fat had a greater effect. Postabsorptive energy availability derived mainly from glucose and triglycerides with HiCHO, from gluconeogenic amino acids and fatty acids with PROT_LoCHO, and from fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate with FAT_LoCHO. This study demonstrated that the reduction of carbohydrate in canine foods is potentially beneficial to dogs based on improvements in metabolism and supports the use of low-carbohydrate foods as safe and effective for healthy adult dogs.
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Xiong S, Wang W, Kenzior A, Olsen L, Krishnan J, Persons J, Medley K, Peuß R, Wang Y, Chen S, Zhang N, Thomas N, Miles JM, Alvarado AS, Rohner N. Enhanced lipogenesis through Pparγ helps cavefish adapt to food scarcity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2272-2280.e6. [PMID: 35390280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient availability varies seasonally and spatially in the wild. While many animals, such as hibernating animals or migrating birds, evolved strategies to overcome periods of nutrient scarcity,1,2 the cellular mechanisms of these strategies are poorly understood. Cave environments represent an example of nutrient-deprived environments, since the lack of sunlight and therefore primary energy production drastically diminishes the nutrient availability.3 Here, we used Astyanax mexicanus, which includes river-dwelling surface fish and cave-adapted cavefish populations, to study the genetic adaptation to nutrient limitations.4-9 We show that cavefish populations store large amounts of fat in different body regions when fed ad libitum in the lab. We found higher expression of lipogenesis genes in cavefish livers when fed the same amount of food as surface fish, suggesting an improved ability of cavefish to use lipogenesis to convert available energy into triglycerides for storage into adipose tissue.10-12 Moreover, the lipid metabolism regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ), is upregulated at both transcript and protein levels in cavefish livers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) showed that Pparγ binds cavefish promoter regions of genes to a higher extent than surface fish and inhibiting Pparγ in vivo decreases fat accumulation in A. mexicanus. Finally, we identified nonsense mutations in per2, a known repressor of Pparγ, providing a possible regulatory mechanism of Pparγ in cavefish. Taken together, our study reveals that upregulated Pparγ promotes higher levels of lipogenesis in the liver and contributes to higher body fat accumulation in cavefish populations, an important adaptation to nutrient-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Xiong
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Luke Olsen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jaya Krishnan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jenna Persons
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kyle Medley
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Robert Peuß
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Nancy Thomas
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - John M Miles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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3
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Cisbani G, Koppel A, Metherel AH, Smith ME, Aji KN, Andreazza AC, Mizrahi R, Bazinet RP. Serum lipid analysis and isotopic enrichment is suggestive of greater lipogenesis in young long-term cannabis users: A secondary analysis of a case-control study. Lipids 2022; 57:125-140. [PMID: 35075659 PMCID: PMC8923992 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is now legal in many countries and while numerous studies have reported on its impact on cognition and appetite regulation, none have examined fatty acid metabolism in young cannabis users. We conducted an exploratory analysis to evaluate cannabis impact on fatty acid metabolism in cannabis users (n = 21) and non-cannabis users (n = 16). Serum levels of some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids were higher in cannabis users compared to nonusers. As palmitic acid can be derived from diet or lipogenesis from sugars, we evaluated lipogenesis using a de novo lipogenesis index (palmitate/linoleic acid) and carbon-specific isotope analysis, which allows for the determination of fatty acid 13 C signature. The significantly higher de novo lipogenesis index in the cannabis users group along with a more enriched 13 C signature of palmitic acid suggested an increase in lipogenesis. In addition, while serum glucose concentration did not differ between groups, pyruvate and lactate were lower in the cannabis user group, with pyruvate negatively correlating with palmitic acid. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol was elevated in cannabis users and could contribute to lipogenesis by activating the cannabinoid receptor 1. Because palmitic acid has been suggested to increase inflammation, we measured peripheral cytokines and observed no changes in inflammatory cytokines. Finally, an anti-inflammatory metabolite of palmitic acid, palmitoylethanolamide was elevated in cannabis users. Our results suggest that lipogenic activity is increased in cannabis users; however, future studies, including prospective studies that control dietary intake are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Koppel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E. Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kankana N. Aji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Ana C. Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Douglas Research Center, Montreal, Canada,Corresponding author: Richard P. Bazinet, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, , Phone number: (416) 946-8276, Romina Mizrahi, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3,
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada,Corresponding author: Richard P. Bazinet, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, , Phone number: (416) 946-8276, Romina Mizrahi, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3,
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Drag J, Knapik-Czajka M, Gawedzka A, Gdula-Argasinska J, Jaskiewicz J. Impact of High-Sucrose Diet on the mRNA Levels for Elongases and Desaturases and Estimated Protein Activity in Rat Adipose Tissue. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:525-532. [PMID: 33993857 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921050011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) present in the adipose tissue (AT) can be modified by elongases and desaturases. These enzymes are regulated by different factors including nutrients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of high-sucrose diet (HSD; 68% sucrose) on the levels of mRNAs for elongases (Elovl2, Elovl5, Elovl6) and desaturases (Fads1, Fads2, Scd) and on the activity of the corresponding proteins in the rat AT. Male Wistar rats were randomized into two study groups: fed with an HSD and with a standard diet (ST). The mRNA levels were determined by a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. FA composition was analyzed by gas chromatography, and FA ratios were used to estimate the activity of the enzymes. In the HSD rats, the levels of Elovl5, Elovl6, Fads1, and Scd mRNAs were higher, while the level of Fads2 mRNA was lower than in the ST group. Higher levels of Elovl5 and Elovl6 mRNAs corresponded to higher relative activities of these enzymes, while downregulation of the Fads2 mRNA was associated with the lower activity of this desaturase. In contrast, an increase in the level of Scd mRNA was accompanied by a decrease in the enzyme activity. Less monounsaturated FAs were detected in the AT of HSD rats than in the ST group. The composition of individual FAs differed between the groups. This study supports the notion that the regulation of mRNA levels and activity of both elongases and desaturases play an important role in managing the AT lipid composition in response to changes in the dietary status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Drag
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Knapik-Czajka
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Anna Gawedzka
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasinska
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Jaskiewicz
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
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Exogenous Fatty Acids Modulate ER Lipid Composition and Metabolism in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010175. [PMID: 33467111 PMCID: PMC7830208 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lipid metabolism is a fundamental hallmark of all tumors, especially of breast cancer. Few studies describe the different lipid metabolisms and sensitivities to the microenvironment of breast cancer cell subtypes that influence the proliferation, aggressiveness, and success of therapy. This study describes the impact of lipid microenvironment on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and metabolic activity in two breast cancer cell lines with Luminal A and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) features. (2) Methods: We investigated the peculiar lipid phenotype of a TNBC cell line, MDA-MB-231, and a Luminal A cell line, MCF7, and their different sensitivity to exogenous fatty acids (i.e., palmitic acid (PA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)). Moreover, we verified the impact of exogenous fatty acids on ER lipid composition. (3) Results: The data obtained demonstrate that MDA-MB-231 cells are more sensitive to the lipid microenvironment and that both PA and DHA are able to remodel their ER membranes with consequences on resident enzyme activity. On the contrary, MCF7 cells are less sensitive to PA, whereas they incorporate DHA, although less efficiently than MDA-MB-231 cells. (4) Conclusions: This study sustains the importance of lipid metabolism as an innovative hallmark to discriminate breast cancer subclasses and to develop personalized and innovative pharmacological strategies. The different sensitivities to the lipid environment shown by MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells might be related to cell malignancy and chemoresistance onset. In the future, this new approach could lead to a substantial decrease both in deleterious side effects for the patients and in the cost of entire therapeutic treatments coupled with increased therapy efficiency.
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Metcalfe LK, Smith GC, Turner N. Defining lipid mediators of insulin resistance - controversies and challenges. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-18-0023. [PMID: 30068522 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Essential elements of all cells, lipids play important roles in energy production, signalling and as structural components. Despite these critical functions, excessive availability and intracellular accumulation of lipid is now recognised as a major factor contributing to many human diseases, including obesity and diabetes. In the context of these metabolic disorders, ectopic deposition of lipid has been proposed to have deleterious effects of insulin action. While this relationship has been recognised for some time now, there is currently no unifying mechanism to explain how lipids precipitate the development of insulin resistance. This review summarises the evidence linking specific lipid molecules to the induction of insulin resistance, describing some of the current controversies and challenges for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise K Metcalfe
- L Metcalfe, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Australia
| | - Greg C Smith
- G Smith, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- N Turner, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Johnston LW, Liu Z, Retnakaran R, Zinman B, Giacca A, Harris SB, Bazinet RP, Hanley AJ. Clusters of fatty acids in the serum triacylglyceride fraction associate with the disorders of type 2 diabetes. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1751-1762. [PMID: 29986954 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p084970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to examine longitudinal associations of triacylglyceride fatty acid (TGFA) composition with insulin sensitivity (IS) and β-cell function. Adults at risk for T2D (n = 477) had glucose and insulin measured from a glucose challenge at three time points over 6 years. The outcome variables Matsuda insulin sensitivity index, homeostatic model of assessment 2-percent sensitivity (HOMA2-%S), Insulinogenic Index over HOMA-IR (IGI/IR), and Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 were computed from the glucose challenge. Gas chromatography quantified TGFA composition from the baseline. We used adjusted generalized estimating equation (GEE) models and partial least squares (PLS) regression for the analysis. In adjusted GEE models, four TGFAs (14:0, 16:0, 14:1n-7, and 16:1n-7 as mol%) had strong negative associations with IS, whereas others (e.g., 18:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 20:2n-6, and 20:5n-3) had strong positive associations. Few associations were seen for β-cell function, except for 16:0, 18:1n-7, and 20:2n-6. PLS analysis indicated four TGFAs (14:0, 16:0, 14:1n-7, and 16:1n-7) that clustered together and strongly related with lower IS. These four TGFAs also correlated highly (r > 0.4) with clinically measured triacylglyceride. We found that higher proportions of a cluster of four TGFAs strongly related with lower IS as well as hypertriglyceridemia, suggesting that only a few FAs within the TGFA composition may primarily explain lipids' role in glucose dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Johnston
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stewart B Harris
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Daurio NA, Wang SP, Chen Y, Zhou H, McLaren DG, Roddy TP, Johns DG, Milot D, Kasumov T, Erion MD, Kelley DE, Previs SF. Enhancing Studies of Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms via Measurements of Metabolic Flux: Fundamental Concepts and Guiding Principles for Using Stable Isotope Tracers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:80-91. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Drąg J, Goździalska A, Knapik-Czajka M, Gawędzka A, Gawlik K, Jaśkiewicz J. Effect of high carbohydrate diet on elongase and desaturase activity and accompanying gene expression in rat's liver. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:2. [PMID: 28138346 PMCID: PMC5264288 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatic fatty acids (FAs) are modified through different metabolic pathways including elongation and desaturation. These processes are catalyzed by elongases and desaturases, respectively. Glucose, by transcription factors, regulates these processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of high carbohydrate diet (68%) on the expression of elongase (Elovl-2, Elovl-5, and Elovl-6) and desaturase (∆5D, ∆6D, Scd 1, Scd 2) genes and the activity of the enzymes. The changes in serum lipid profile (triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol) and glucose concentration were measured. Male Wistar rats were randomized into two study groups: animals fed with high carbohydrate diet (n = 6; HiCHO) and a control group fed with a standard diet (n = 6; ST). The expression of mRNA was determinate using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Hepatic FA composition was determined by gas chromatography, and FA ratios were used to estimate the activity of enzymes. Serum lipid profile and glucose concentration were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Results The mean values of transcript expression of all examined elongases and desaturases in liver HiCHO rats were higher as compared to ST. Higher expression did not always correspond to higher activity (as index). More monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) were detected in the liver of HiCHO rats as compared to ST. Serum TG level was higher in the HiCHO than in ST. Conclusions These studies support the notion that the regulation of both Elovl and desaturase expression may play an important role in managing hepatic lipid composition in response to changes in dietary status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Drąg
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 1 G. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego St., 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Goździalska
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Knapik-Czajka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gawędzka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawlik
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jaśkiewicz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
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Paglialunga S, Dehn CA. Clinical assessment of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:159. [PMID: 27640119 PMCID: PMC5027077 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is heralded as the next big global epidemic. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), the synthesis of new fatty acids from non-lipid sources, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD. While there is currently no NAFLD-specific therapeutic agent available, pharmaceutical drugs aimed at reducing hepatic fat accretion may prove to be a powerful ally in the treatment and management of this disease. With a focus on NAFLD, the present review summarizes current techniques examining DNL from a clinical perspective, and describes the merits and limitations of three commonly used assays; stable-label isotope tracer studies, fatty acid indexes and indirect calorimetry as non-invasive measures of hepatic DNL. Finally, the application of DNL assessments in the pharmacological and nutraceutical treatment of NAFLD/NASH is summarized. In a clinical research setting, measures of DNL are an important marker in the development of anti-NAFLD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Paglialunga
- Global Clinical Research, Celerion, 2420 West Baseline Road, Tempe, AZ, 85283, USA.
| | - Clayton A Dehn
- Global Clinical Research, Celerion, 2420 West Baseline Road, Tempe, AZ, 85283, USA.,Current affiliation: Umbrella Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA
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