Realistic boundary conditions in SimVascular through inlet catheter modeling

The Impact of Injection Distance to Bifurcations on Yttrium-90 Distribution in Liver Cancer Radioembolization

PURPOSE

To model the effect of the injection location on the distribution of yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) microspheres in the liver during radioembolization using computational simulation and to determine the potential effects of radial movements of the catheter tip.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Numerical studies were conducted using images from a representative patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. The right hepatic artery (RHA) was segmented from contrast-enhanced cone-beam computed tomography scans. The blood flow was investigated in the trunk of the RHA using numerical simulations for 6 injection position scenarios at 2 sites located at a distance of approximately 5 and 20 mm upstream of the first bifurcation (RHA diameters of approximately 4.6 mm). The ⁹⁰Y delivery to downstream vessels was calculated from the simulated hepatic artery hemodynamics.

RESULTS

Varying the injection location along the RHA and across the vessel cross-section resulted in different simulated microsphere distributions in the downstream vascular bed. When the catheter tip was 5 mm upstream of the bifurcation, ⁹⁰Y distribution in the downstream branches varied by as much as 53% with a 1.5-mm radial movement of the tip. However, the catheter radial movement had a weaker effect on the microsphere distribution when the injection plane was farther from the first bifurcation (20 mm), with a maximum delivery variation of 9% to a downstream branch.

CONCLUSIONS

An injection location far from bifurcations is recommended to minimize the effect of radial movements of the catheter tip on the microsphere distribution.

Development of a computational fluid dynamic model to investigate the hemodynamic impact of REBOA

Background: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a lifesaving intervention for major truncal hemorrhage. Balloon-tipped arterial catheters are inserted via the femoral artery to create a temporary occlusion of the aorta, which minimizes the rate of internal bleeding until definitive surgery can be conducted. There is growing concern over the resultant hypoperfusion and potential damage to tissues and organs downstream of REBOA. To better understand the acute hemodynamic changes imposed by REBOA, we developed a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model under normal, hemorrhage, and aortic occlusion conditions. The goal was to characterize the acute hemodynamic changes and identify regions within the aortic vascular tree susceptible to abnormal flow and shear stress. Methods: Hemodynamic data from established porcine hemorrhage models were used to build a CFD model. Swine underwent 20% controlled hemorrhage and were randomized to receive a full or partial aortic occlusion. Using CT scans, we generated a pig-specific aortic geometry and imposed physiologically relevant inlet flow and outlet pressure boundary conditions to match in vivo data. By assuming non-Newtonian fluid properties, pressure, velocity, and shear stresses were quantified over a cardiac cycle. Results: We observed a significant rise in blood pressure (∼147 mmHg) proximal to REBOA, which resulted in increased flow and shear stress within the ascending aorta. Specifically, we observed high levels of shear stress within the subclavian arteries (22.75 Pa). Alternatively, at the site of full REBOA, wall shear stress was low (0.04 ± 9.07E-4 Pa), but flow oscillations were high (oscillatory shear index of 0.31). Comparatively, partial REBOA elevated shear levels to 84.14 ± 19.50 Pa and reduced flow oscillations. Our numerical simulations were congruent within 5% of averaged porcine experimental data over a cardiac cycle. Conclusion: This CFD model is the first to our knowledge to quantify the acute hemodynamic changes imposed by REBOA. We identified areas of low shear stress near the site of occlusion and high shear stress in the subclavian arteries. Future studies are needed to determine the optimal design parameters of endovascular hemorrhage control devices that can minimize flow perturbations and areas of high shear.