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Gouilly D, Vrillon A, Bertrand E, Goubeaud M, Catala H, Germain J, Ainaoui N, Rafiq M, Nogueira L, Mouton-Liger F, Planton M, Salabert AS, Hitzel A, Méligne D, Jasse L, Sarton B, Silva S, Lemesle B, Péran P, Payoux P, Thalamas C, Paquet C, Pariente J. Translocator protein (TSPO) genotype does not change cerebrospinal fluid levels of glial activation, axonal and synaptic damage markers in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 43:103626. [PMID: 38850834 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PET imaging of the translocator protein (TSPO) is used to assess in vivo brain inflammation. One of the main methodological issues with this method is the allelic dependence of the radiotracer affinity. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), previous studies have shown similar clinical and patho-biological profiles between TSPO genetic subgroups. However, there is no evidence regarding the effect of the TSPO genotype on cerebrospinal-fluid biomarkers of glial activation, and synaptic and axonal damage. METHOD We performed a trans-sectional study in early AD to compare cerebrospinal-fluid levels of GFAP, YKL-40, sTREM2, IL-6, IL-10, NfL and neurogranin between TSPO genetic subgroups. RESULTS We recruited 33 patients with early AD including 16 (48%) high affinity binders, 13 (39%) mixed affinity binders, and 4/33 (12%) low affinity binders. No difference was observed in terms of demographics, and cerebrospinal fluid levels of each biomarker for the different subgroups. CONCLUSION TSPO genotype is not associated with a change in glial activation, synaptic and axonal damage in early AD. Further studies with larger numbers of participants will be needed to confirm that the inclusion of specific TSPO genetic subgroups does not introduce selection bias in studies and trials of AD that combine TSPO imaging with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gouilly
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy, Sleep and Movement Disorders, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.
| | - Agathe Vrillon
- Université de Paris, Cognitive Neurology Center, GHU Nord, APHP, Hospital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm UMRS11-44 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Bertrand
- Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Goubeaud
- Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Catala
- Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France
| | - Johanne Germain
- Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France
| | - Nadéra Ainaoui
- Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Rafiq
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy, Sleep and Movement Disorders, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Leonor Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cytology, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - François Mouton-Liger
- Université de Paris, Inserm UMRS11-44 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Planton
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy, Sleep and Movement Disorders, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Hitzel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Déborah Méligne
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Jasse
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy, Sleep and Movement Disorders, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamine Sarton
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France; Critical Care Unit, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Stein Silva
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France; Critical Care Unit, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Lemesle
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy, Sleep and Movement Disorders, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Thalamas
- Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Université de Paris, Cognitive Neurology Center, GHU Nord, APHP, Hospital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm UMRS11-44 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy, Sleep and Movement Disorders, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Center of Clinical Investigation, CHU Toulouse Purpan (CIC 1436), Toulouse, France; Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, UMR 1214, Inserm/UPS, Toulouse, France
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Gobom J, Brinkmalm A, Brinkmalm G, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Analysis Using Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100721. [PMID: 38246483 PMCID: PMC10926085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by several neuropathological changes, mainly extracellular amyloid aggregates (plaques), intraneuronal inclusions of phosphorylated tau (tangles), as well as neuronal and synaptic degeneration, accompanied by tissue reactions to these processes (astrocytosis and microglial activation) that precede neuronal network disturbances in the symptomatic phase of the disease. A number of biomarkers for these brain tissue changes have been developed, mainly using immunoassays. In this review, we discuss how targeted mass spectrometry (TMS) can be used to validate and further characterize classes of biomarkers reflecting different AD pathologies, such as tau- and amyloid-beta pathologies, synaptic dysfunction, lysosomal dysregulation, and axonal damage, and the prospect of using TMS to measure these proteins in clinical research and diagnosis. TMS advantages and disadvantages in relation to immunoassays are discussed, and complementary aspects of the technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Goossens J, Cervantes González A, Dewit N, Lidón L, Fortea J, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Belbin O, Vanmechelen E. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of synaptic vesicle protein, VAMP-2, across the sporadic Alzheimer's disease continuum. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:186. [PMID: 37898760 PMCID: PMC10612328 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synapse loss is an early event that precedes neuronal death and symptom onset and is considered the best neuropathological correlate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2) has emerged as a promising biomarker of AD-related synapse degeneration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to explore the CSF profile of VAMP-2 across the AD continuum in relation to core AD biomarkers, other synaptic proteins, neurogranin (Ng) and synaptosomal-associated Protein-25 kDa (SNAP-25) and cognitive performance. METHODS We developed a digital immunoassay on the Single Molecule Array platform to quantify VAMP-2 in CSF and used existing immunoassays to quantify Ng, SNAP-25 and core CSF AD biomarkers. The clinical study included 62 cognitively unimpaired AD biomarker-negative subjects and 152 participants across the AD continuum from the SPIN cohort (Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration). Cognitive measures of episodic, semantic, executive and visuospatial domains and global cognition were included. Statistical methods included χ2 tests, spearman correlation, and ANCOVA analyses. RESULTS The VAMP-2 assay had a good analytical performance (repeatability 8.9%, intermediate precision 10.3%). Assay antibodies detected native VAMP-2 protein in human brain homogenates. CSF concentrations of VAMP-2, neurogranin and SNAP-25 were lower in preclinical AD stage 1 compared to controls and higher at later AD stages compared to AD stage 1 and were associated with core AD biomarkers, particularly total tau (adj. r2 = 0.62 to 0.78, p < 0.001). All three synaptic proteins were associated with all cognitive domains in individuals on the AD continuum (adj. r2 = 0.04 to 0.19, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our novel digital immunoassay accurately measures VAMP-2 changes in CSF, which reflect AD biomarkers and cognitive performance across multiple domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Cervantes González
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nele Dewit
- Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Flow Cytometry Unit, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Laia Lidón
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Delaby C, Hirtz C, Lehmann S. Overview of the blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Promises and challenges. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:161-172. [PMID: 36371265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of people with advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a significant psychological and financial cost to the world population. Accurate detection of the earliest phase of preclinical AD is of major importance for the success of preventive and therapeutic strategies (Cullen et al., 2021). Advances in analytical techniques have been essential for the development of sensitive, specific and reliable diagnostic tests for AD biomarkers in biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid and blood). Blood biomarkers hold promising potential for early and minimally invasive detection of AD, but also for differential diagnosis of dementia and for monitoring the course of the disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current blood biomarkers of AD, from tau proteins and amyloid peptides to biomarkers of neuronal degeneration and inflammation, reactive and metabolic factors. We thus discuss the informative value of currently candidate blood biomarkers and their potential to be integrated into clinical practice for the management of AD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delaby
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hirtz
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - S Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France.
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Sharma L, Sharma A, Kumar D, Asthana MK, Lalhlenmawia H, Kumar A, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar D. Promising protein biomarkers in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1727-1744. [PMID: 35015199 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious, multifactorial disease that involves the devastation of neurons leading to cognitive impairments. Alzheimer's have compounded pathologies of diverse nature, including proteins as one important factor along with mutated genes and enzymes. Although various review articles have proposed biomarkers, still, the statistical importance of proteins is missing. Proteins associated with AD include amyloid precursor protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calmodulin-like skin protein, hepatocyte growth factor, matrix Metalloproteinase-2. These proteins play a crucial role in the AD hypothesis which includes the tau hypothesis, amyloid-beta (Aβ) hypothesis, cholinergic neuron damage, etc. The present review highlights the role of major proteins and their physiological functions in the early diagnosis of AD. Altered protein expression results in cognitive impairment, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal degradation, and memory loss. On the medicinal ground, efforts of making anti-amyloid, anti-tau, anti-inflammatory treatments are on the peak, having these proteins as putative targets. Few proteins, e.g., Amyloid precursor protein results in the formation of non-soluble sticky Aβ40 and Aβ42 monomers that, over time, aggregate into plaques in the cortical and limbic brain areas and neurogranin is believed to regulate calcium-mediated signaling pathways and thus modulating synaptic plasticity are few putative and potential forthcoming targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies. These proteins may help to diagnose the disease early, bode well for the successful discovery and development of therapeutic and preventative regimens for this devasting public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Manish Kumar Asthana
- Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - H Lalhlenmawia
- Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Aizawl, 796017, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, 176061, India
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173 229, India.
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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Han Z, Geng Y, Xia Z, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Kong E, Wang X, Jia J, Zhang H. Cattle Encephalon Glycoside and Ignotin Ameliorate Palmitoylation of PSD-95 and Enhance Expression of Synaptic Proteins in the Frontal Cortex of a APPswe/PS1dE9 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:141-154. [PMID: 35570485 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Synaptic abnormalities in synaptic proteins are the initial hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The higher level of palmitoylation of synaptic proteins was closely associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) in AD. Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin (CEGI) have been shown to act as multitarget neurotrophic agents in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic AD mice. However, it is not clear whether CEGI can influence Aβ deposition or whether it does so by the regulation of protein palmitoylation and expression of synaptic proteins in transgenic AD mice. Objective: In this study, we investigated the roles of CEGI in modulating postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) palmitoylation, Aβ pathologies, and expression of synaptic-associated proteins in APP/PS1 mice. Methods: Five-month-old APP/PS1 mice were treated intraperitoneally with 6.6 mL/kg of CEGI for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, APP/PS1 mice were subjected to Morris water maze to test their cognitive functions. Acyl-biotinyl exchange (ABE) for PSD-95 palmitoylation, immunofluorescent staining for expression of PSD-95, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), and synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) were assessed in mouse brain sections. Results: CEGI treatment in APP/PS1 mice significantly reduced Aβ deposition, relieved memory deficits, and decreased PSD-95 palmitoylation while markedly increasing the expression of PSD-95, NR2B, and SYT1 in the frontal cortex. There was a significant correlation between Aβ expression and PSD-95 palmitoylation in APP/PS1 mice. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that CEGI improved AD-like neuropathology, possibly by inhibiting PSD-95 palmitoylation, improving learning memory, and enhancing expression of synaptic-associated proteins, representing a potential therapy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Xuchang Hospital, Xuchang, Henan, China
| | - Yazhuo Hu
- Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhitao Han
- Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Neurology, The 3rd Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuchang Hospital, Xuchang, Henan, China
| | - Zhenfu Wang
- Department of Zhantansi, Medical District of Central Beijing, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Zhantansi, Medical District of Central Beijing, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Henan, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Jia
- Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Huang S, Wang YJ, Guo J. Biofluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress, Problems, and Perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:677-691. [PMID: 35306613 PMCID: PMC9206048 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of the biomarker-based A-T-N (Amyloid/Tau/Neurodegeneration) framework in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the diagnosis of AD has become more precise, and cerebrospinal fluid tests and positron emission tomography examinations based on this framework have become widely accepted. However, the A-T-N framework does not encompass the whole spectrum of AD pathologies, and problems with invasiveness and high cost limit the application of the above diagnostic methods aimed at the central nervous system. Therefore, we suggest the addition of an “X” to the A-T-N framework and a focus on peripheral biomarkers in the diagnosis of AD. In this review, we retrospectively describe the recent progress in biomarkers based on the A-T-N-X framework, analyze the problems, and present our perspectives on the diagnosis of AD.
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