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Martínez-Lobo FJ, Díez-Fuertes F, Simarro I, Castro JM, Prieto C. The Ability of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies Correlates With In Vivo Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691145. [PMID: 34381448 PMCID: PMC8350477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered one of the most relevant diseases of swine. The condition is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), an extremely variable virus of the Arteriviridae family. Its heterogeneity can be responsible, at least partially, of the poor cross-protection observed between PRRSV isolates. Neutralizing antibodies (NAs), known to play a role in protection, usually poorly recognize heterologous PRRSV isolates, indicating that most NAs are strain-specific. However, some pigs develop broadly reactive NAs able to recognize a wide range of heterologous isolates. The aim of this study was to determine whether PRRSV isolates that induce broadly reactive NAs as determined in vitro are able to confer a better protection in vivo. For this purpose two in vivo experiments were performed. Initially, 40 pigs were immunized with a PRRSV-1 isolate known to induce broadly reactive NAs and 24 additional pigs were used as controls. On day 70 after immunization, the pigs were divided into eight groups composed by five immunized and three control pigs and exposed to one of the eight different heterologous PRRSV isolates used for the challenge. In the second experiment, the same experimental design was followed but the pigs were immunized with a PRRSV-1 isolate, which is known to generate mostly strain-specific NAs. Virological parameters, specifically viremia and the presence of challenge virus in tonsils, were used to determine protection. In the first experiment, sterilizing immunity was obtained in three groups, prevention of viremia was observed in two additional groups, although the challenge virus was detected occasionally in the tonsils of immunized pigs, and partial protection, understood as a reduction in the frequency of viremia compared with controls, was recorded in the remaining three groups. On the contrary, only partial protection was observed in all groups in the second experiment. The results obtained in this study confirm that PRRSV-1 isolates differ in their ability to induce cross-reactive NAs and, although other components of the immune response might have contributed to protection, pigs with cross-reactive NAs at the time of challenge exhibited better protection, indicating that broadly reactive NAs might play a role in protection against heterologous reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Lobo
- Animal Science Department, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Díez-Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,AIDS Research Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Simarro
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Castro
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Crisci E, Moroldo M, Vu Manh TP, Mohammad A, Jourdren L, Urien C, Bouguyon E, Bordet E, Bevilacqua C, Bourge M, Pezant J, Pléau A, Boulesteix O, Schwartz I, Bertho N, Giuffra E. Distinctive Cellular and Metabolic Reprogramming in Porcine Lung Mononuclear Phagocytes Infected With Type 1 PRRSV Strains. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588411. [PMID: 33365028 PMCID: PMC7750501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has an extensive impact on pig production. The causative virus (PRRSV) is divided into two species, PRRSV-1 (European origin) and PRRSV-2 (North American origin). Within PRRSV-1, PRRSV-1.3 strains, such as Lena, are more pathogenic than PRRSV-1.1 strains, such as Flanders 13 (FL13). To date, the molecular interactions of PRRSV with primary lung mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subtypes, including conventional dendritic cells types 1 (cDC1) and 2 (cDC2), monocyte-derived DCs (moDC), and pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIM), have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze the transcriptome profiles of in vivo FL13-infected parenchymal MNP subpopulations and of in vitro FL13- and Lena-infected parenchymal MNP. The cell-specific expression profiles of in vivo sorted cells correlated with their murine counterparts (AM, cDC1, cDC2, moDC) with the exception of PIM. Both in vivo and in vitro, FL13 infection altered the expression of a low number of host genes, and in vitro infection with Lena confirmed the higher ability of this strain to modulate host response. Machine learning (ML) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) unraveled additional relevant genes and pathways modulated by FL13 infection that were not identified by conventional analyses. GSEA increased the cellular pathways enriched in the FL13 data set, but ML allowed a more complete comprehension of functional profiles during FL13 in vitro infection. Data indicates that cellular reprogramming differs upon Lena and FL13 infection and that the latter might keep antiviral and inflammatory macrophage/DC functions silent. Although the slow replication kinetics of FL13 likely contribute to differences in cellular gene expression, the data suggest distinct mechanisms of interaction of the two viruses with the innate immune system during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Crisci
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ammara Mohammad
- Genomics Core Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- Genomics Core Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Celine Urien
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elise Bordet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mickael Bourge
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexis Pléau
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Schwartz
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Chase-Topping M, Xie J, Pooley C, Trus I, Bonckaert C, Rediger K, Bailey RI, Brown H, Bitsouni V, Barrio MB, Gueguen S, Nauwynck H, Doeschl-Wilson A. New insights about vaccine effectiveness: Impact of attenuated PRRS-strain vaccination on heterologous strain transmission. Vaccine 2020; 38:3050-3061. [PMID: 32122719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the main tool for controlling infectious diseases in livestock. Yet current vaccines only provide partial protection raising concerns about vaccine effectiveness in the field. Two successive transmission trials were performed involving 52 pigs to evaluate the effectiveness of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) vaccinal strain candidate against horizontal transmission of a virulent heterologous strain. PRRS virus, above the specified limit of detection, was observed in serum and nasal secretions for all but one pig (the exception only tested positive for serum), indicating that vaccination did not protect pigs from becoming infected and shedding the heterologous strain. However, vaccination delayed the onset of viraemia, reduced the duration of shedding and significantly decreased viral load throughout infection. Serum antibody profiles indicated that 4 out of 13 (31%) vaccinates in one trial had no serological response (NSR). A Bayesian epidemiological model was fitted to the data to assess the impact of vaccination and presence of NSRs on PRRS virus transmission dynamics. Despite little evidence for reduction in the transmission rate, vaccinated animals were on average slower to become infectious, experienced a shorter infectious period and recovered faster. The overall PRRSV transmission potential, represented by the reproductive ratio R0 was lower for the vaccinated animals, although there was substantial overlap in the credibility intervals for both groups. Model selection suggests that transmission parameters of vaccinated pigs with NSR were more similar to those of unvaccinated animals. The presence of NSRs in a population, however, seemed to only marginally affect the transmission dynamics. The results suggest that even when vaccination can't prevent infection, it can still have beneficial impacts on the transmission dynamics and contribute to reducing a herd's R0. However, biosecurity and other measures need to be considered to decrease contact rates and lower R0 below 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland, UK.
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christopher Pooley
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BIOSS), The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Scotland, UK
| | - Ivan Trus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bonckaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kelly Rediger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard I Bailey
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | | | - Maria Belén Barrio
- INRAE Département Santé Animale, UAR 0564 - ISP Bât 213, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Gueguen
- Biological Development Department, VIRBAC, 13ème rue, LID, BP27, 06511 Carros cedex, France
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Xie J, Trus I, Oh D, Kvisgaard LK, Rappe JCF, Ruggli N, Vanderheijden N, Larsen LE, Lefèvre F, Nauwynck HJ. A Triple Amino Acid Substitution at Position 88/94/95 in Glycoprotein GP2a of Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV1) Is Responsible for Adaptation to MARC-145 Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010036. [PMID: 30626009 PMCID: PMC6356402 DOI: 10.3390/v11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Meat Animal Research Center-145 (MARC-145) cell line has been proven to be valuable for viral attenuation regarding vaccine development and production. Cell-adaptation is necessary for the efficient replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in these cells. Multiple sequence analysis revealed consistent amino acid substitutions in GP2a (V88F, M94I, F95L) of MARC-145 cell-adapted strains. To investigate the putative effect of these substitutions, mutations at either position 88, 94, 95, and their combinations were introduced into two PRRSV1 (13V091 and IVI-1173) infectious clones followed by the recovery of viable recombinants. When comparing the replication kinetics in MARC-145 cells, a strongly positive effect on the growth characteristics of the 13V091 strain (+2.1 log10) and the IVI-1173 strain (+1.7 log10) compared to wild-type (WT) virus was only observed upon triple amino acid substitution at positions 88 (V88F), 94 (M94I), and 95 (F95L) of GP2a, suggesting that the triple mutation is a determining factor in PRRSV1 adaptation to MARC-145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Dayoung Oh
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lise K Kvisgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Julie C F Rappe
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Vanderheijden
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - François Lefèvre
- INRA, Molecular Immunology and Virology Unit, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Kristensen CS, Kvisgaard LK, Pawlowski M, Holmgaard Carlsen S, Hjulsager CK, Heegaard PMH, Bøtner A, Stadejek T, Haugegaard S, Larsen LE. Efficacy and safety of simultaneous vaccination with two modified live virus vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus types 1 and 2 in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 36:227-236. [PMID: 29191738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare responses of pigs vaccinated with a PRRS MLV vaccine against PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 with the responses of pigs vaccinated simultaneously with both vaccines. Furthermore, the efficacy of the two PRRSV MLV vaccination strategies was assessed following challenge. The experimental design included four groups of 4-weeks old SPF-pigs. On day 0 (DPV0), groups 1-3 (N=18 per group) were vaccinated with modified live virus vaccines (MLV) containing PRRSV-1 virus (VAC-T1), PRRSV-2 virus (VAC-T2) or both (VAC-T1T2). One group was left unvaccinated (N=12). On DPV 62, the pigs from groups 1-4 were mingled in new groups and challenged (DPC 0) with PRRSV-1, subtype 1, PRRSV-1, subtype 2 or PRRSV-2. On DPC 13/14 all pigs were necropsied. Samples were collected after vaccination and challenge. PRRSV was detected in all vaccinated pigs and the majority of the pigs were positive until DPV 28, but few of the pigs were still viremic 62 days after vaccination. Virus was detected in nasal swabs until DPV 7-14. No overt clinical signs were observed after challenge. PRRSV-2 vaccination resulted in a clear reduction in viral load in serum after PRRSV-2 challenge, whereas there was limited effect on the viral load in serum following challenge with the PRRSV-1 strains. Vaccination against PRRSV-1 had less impact on viremia following challenge. The protective effects of simultaneous vaccination with PRRSV Type 1 and 2 MLV vaccines and single PRRS MLV vaccination were comparable. None of the vaccines decreased the viral load in the lungs at necropsy. In conclusion, simultaneous vaccination with MLV vaccines containing PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 elicited responses comparable to single vaccination and the commercial PRRSV vaccines protected only partially against challenge with heterologous strains. Thus, simultaneous administration of the two vaccines is an option in herds with both PRRSV types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L K Kvisgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M Pawlowski
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Holmgaard Carlsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C K Hjulsager
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - P M H Heegaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Bøtner
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lindholm, Denmark.
| | - T Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - S Haugegaard
- Danish Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Kjellerup, Denmark.
| | - L E Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Renson P, Fablet C, Le Dimna M, Mahé S, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Paboeuf F, Rose N, Bourry O. Preparation for emergence of an Eastern European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain in Western Europe: Immunization with modified live virus vaccines or a field strain confers partial protection. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:133-140. [PMID: 28532792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. In the past several years, highly pathogenic strains that lead to even greater losses have emerged. For the Western European swine industry, one threat is the possible introduction of Eastern European PRRSV strains (example Lena genotype 1.3) which were shown to be more virulent than common Western resident strains under experimental conditions. To prepare for the possible emergence of this strain in Western Europe, we immunized piglets with a Western European PRRSV field strain (Finistere: Fini, genotype 1.1), a new genotype 1 commercial modified live virus (MLV) vaccine (MLV1) or a genotype 2 commercial MLV vaccine (MLV2) to evaluate and compare the level of protection that these strains conferred upon challenge with the Lena strain 4 weeks later. Results show that immunization with Fini, MLV1 or MLV2 strains shortened the Lena-induced hyperthermia. In the Fini group, a positive effect was also demonstrated in growth performance. The level of Lena viremia was reduced for all immunized groups (significantly so for Fini and MLV2). This reduction in Lena viremia was correlated with the level of Lena-specific IFNγ-secreting cells. In conclusion, we showed that a commercial MLV vaccine of genotype 1 or 2, as well as a field strain of genotype 1.1 may provide partial clinical and virological protection upon challenge with the Lena strain. The cross-protection induced by these immunizing strains was not related with the level of genetic similarity to the Lena strain. The slightly higher level of protection established with the field strain is attributed to a better cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Renson
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Union des Groupements de Producteurs de Viande de Bretagne (UGPVB), 104 rue Eugène Pottier, 35065 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - C Fablet
- Anses, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-être Porcins, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - M Le Dimna
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - S Mahé
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - F Touzain
- Anses, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Y Blanchard
- Anses, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - F Paboeuf
- Anses, Service de Production de Porcs Assainis et Expérimental, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - N Rose
- Anses, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-être Porcins, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - O Bourry
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France.
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