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Son CJ, Carnino JM, Lee H, Jin Y. Emerging Roles of Circular RNA in Macrophage Activation and Inflammatory Lung Responses. Cells 2024; 13:1407. [PMID: 39272979 PMCID: PMC11394395 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA that forms a covalently closed continuous loop, unlike linear RNA. The expression of circRNAs in mammals is often conserved across species and shows tissue and cell specificity. Some circRNA serve as gene regulators. However, the biological function of most circRNAs is unclear. CircRNA does not have 5' or 3' ends. The unique structure of circRNAs provides them with a much longer half-life and more resistance to RNase R than linear RNAs. Inflammatory lung responses occur in the pathogenesis and recovery of many lung diseases. Macrophages form the first line of host defense/innate immune responses and initiate/mediate lung inflammation. For example, in bacterial pneumonia, upon pro-inflammatory activation, they release early response cytokines/chemokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to sites of infection and clear pathogens. The functional effects and mechanisms by which circRNAs exert physiological or pathological roles in macrophage activation and lung inflammation remain poorly understood. In this article, we will review the current understanding and progress of circRNA biogenesis, regulation, secretion, and degradation. Furthermore, we will review the current reports on the role of circRNAs in macrophage activation and polarization, as well as in the process of inflammatory lung responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jun Son
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jonathan M Carnino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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2
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Mei S, Ma X, Zhou L, Wuyun Q, Cai Z, Yan J, Ding H. Circular RNA in Cardiovascular Diseases: Biogenesis, Function and Application. Biomolecules 2024; 14:952. [PMID: 39199340 PMCID: PMC11352787 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases pose a significant public health challenge globally, necessitating the development of effective treatments to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of non-coding RNAs, have been recognized for their role in cardiovascular disease. Aberrant expression of circRNAs is closely linked with changes in various cellular and pathophysiological processes within the cardiovascular system, including metabolism, proliferation, stress response, and cell death. Functionally, circRNAs serve multiple roles, such as acting as a microRNA sponge, providing scaffolds for proteins, and participating in protein translation. Owing to their unique properties, circRNAs may represent a promising biomarker for predicting disease progression and a potential target for cardiovascular drug development. This review comprehensively examines the properties, biogenesis, and potential mechanisms of circRNAs, enhancing understanding of their role in the pathophysiological processes impacting cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the prospective clinical applications of circRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mei
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaozhu Ma
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qidamugai Wuyun
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ziyang Cai
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiangtao Yan
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China; (S.M.); (X.M.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, China
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Dergunova LV, Vinogradina MA, Filippenkov IB, Limborska SA, Dergunov AD. Circular RNAs Variously Participate in Coronary Atherogenesis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6682-6700. [PMID: 37623241 PMCID: PMC10453518 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, numerous studies have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a significant role in coronary artery atherogenesis and other cardiovascular diseases. They belong to the class of non-coding RNAs and arise as a result of non-canonical splicing of premature RNA, which results in the formation of closed single-stranded circRNA molecules that lack 5'-end caps and 3'-end poly(A) tails. circRNAs have broad post-transcriptional regulatory activity. Acting as a sponge for miRNAs, circRNAs compete with mRNAs for binding to miRNAs, acting as competing endogenous RNAs. Numerous circRNAs are involved in the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes associated with the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, chronic heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. Recent studies have shown that сirc_0001445, circ_0000345, circ_0093887, сircSmoc1-2, and circ_0003423 are involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) with an atheroprotective effect, while circ_0002984, circ_0029589, circ_0124644, circ_0091822, and circ_0050486 possess a proatherogenic effect. With their high resistance to endonucleases, circRNAs are promising diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review aims to provide updated information on the involvement of atherogenesis-related circRNAs in the pathogenesis of CAD. We also discuss the main modern approaches to detecting and studying circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions, as well as the prospects for using circRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila V. Dergunova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia; (M.A.V.); (I.B.F.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Margarita A. Vinogradina
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia; (M.A.V.); (I.B.F.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Ivan B. Filippenkov
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia; (M.A.V.); (I.B.F.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Svetlana A. Limborska
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia; (M.A.V.); (I.B.F.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Alexander D. Dergunov
- Laboratory of Structural Fundamentals of Lipoprotein Metabolism, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky Street 10, Moscow 101990, Russia;
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Ren L, Jiang Q, Mo L, Tan L, Dong Q, Meng L, Yang N, Li G. Mechanisms of circular RNA degradation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1355. [PMID: 36494488 PMCID: PMC9734648 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs formed by backsplicing during cotranscriptional and posttranscriptional processes, and they widely exist in various organisms. CircRNAs have multiple biological functions and are associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases. While the biogenesis and biological function of circRNAs have been extensively studied, there are few studies on circRNA degradation and only a few pathways for specific circRNA degradation have been identified. Here we outline basic information about circRNAs, summarize the research on the circRNA degradation mechanisms and discusses where this field might head, hoping to provide some inspiration and guidance for scholars who aim to study the degradation of circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxin Ren
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Qingshan Jiang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001 China
| | - Liyi Mo
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Lijie Tan
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Qifei Dong
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Lijuan Meng
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Department of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang Hunan, 421001 China
| | - Nanyang Yang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Guoqing Li
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
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5
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Chen C, Xia C, Tang H, Jiang Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Huang T, Yuan X, Wang J, Peng L. Circular RNAs Involve in Immunity of Digestive Cancers From Bench to Bedside: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833058. [PMID: 35464462 PMCID: PMC9020258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a complex role in tumor formation and development. On the one hand, immune surveillance can inhibit the growth of tumors; on the other hand, immune evasion of tumors can create conditions conducive for tumor development and growth. CircRNAs are endogenous non-coding RNAs with a covalently closed loop structure that are abundantly expressed in eukaryotic organisms. They are characterized by stable structure, rich diversity, and high evolutionary conservation. In particular, circRNAs play a vital role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of tumors through their unique functions. Recently, the incidence and mortality of digestive cancers, especially those of gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer, have remained high. However, the functions of circRNAs in digestive cancers immunity are less known. The relationship between circRNAs and digestive tumor immunity is systematically discussed in our paper for the first time. CircRNA can influence the immune microenvironment of gastrointestinal tumors to promote their occurrence and development by acting as a miRNA molecular sponge, interacting with proteins, and regulating selective splicing. The circRNA vaccine even provides a new idea for tumor immunotherapy. Future studies should be focused on the location, transportation, and degradation mechanisms of circRNA in living cells and the relationship between circRNA and tumor immunity. This paper provides a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Congcong Xia
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yirun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumour Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Li Peng, ; Junpu Wang,
| | - Li Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Peng, ; Junpu Wang,
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Yu L, Zheng ZM. Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Circular RNA Is Barely Detectable for the Claimed Biological Activity. mBio 2022; 13:e0359421. [PMID: 35038914 PMCID: PMC8764516 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03594-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 oncoprotein plays an essential role in cervical carcinogenesis and is encoded predominantly by an E6*I mRNA through alternative RNA splicing of a P97 promoter-transcribed bicistronic E6E7 pre-mRNA. Recently, an HPV16 circular RNA, circE7, was detected in two HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines, CaSki and SiHa. It was generated through back-splicing of the E6E7 pre-mRNA. The reported findings showed that, because viral E6*I RNA was nuclear, E7 was mainly translated from the cytoplasmic circE7, and knockdown of circE7 in CaSki cells led to reduction of E7 oncoprotein, cell proliferation, and xenograft tumor formation. We have reanalyzed the published data, conducted detailed experiments, and found that the circE7 in CaSki cells is only 0.4 copies per cell, which is ∼1,640-fold lower than E6*I RNA and also barely detectable from two W12 subclone cell lines, 20861 (integrated HPV16) and 20863 (extrachromosomal HPV16) cells derived from a low-grade cervical lesion. We also determined HPV16 E6*I and E6*II RNAs in CaSki cells are mainly cytoplasmic in cell fractionation analyses, as reported in other studies. We further demonstrated that the claimed circE7 functions in the published report have resulted from off-target effects on E6*I RNA by the circE7 small interfering RNAs used in the reported study. IMPORTANCE RNA back-splicing is a rare splicing event accounting for <1% of canonical RNA splicing and, thus, is thought to have little or no biological significance. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) from RNA back-splicing have been found widely in cells and tissues and may have a role in modulating RNA transcription, splicing, and interference and antiviral innate immunity. A recent report claimed that the predominant HPV16 E6*I RNA was nuclear and unable to encode E7. Rather, a viral circE7 was responsible for translating the oncoprotein E7 in CaSki cells, a cervical cancer cell line. However, we found that both HPV16 E6*I and circE7 RNAs in CaSki cells are primarily cytoplasmic and that the copy number of viral E6*I RNA is 656 copies per cell, whereas the viral circE7 is only 0.4 copies per cell. Most importantly, we found that the claimed circE7 function resulted from off-target effect on viral E6*I RNA by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) si-circE7 designed to knock down the back-spliced circE7 RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yu
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kar B, Bhuyan SK, Ghosh G, Rath G. Clinical Interventions and Budding Applications of Probiotics in the Treatment and Prevention of Viral Infections. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:122-130. [PMID: 34690010 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the period, viral infections remain the utmost challenge in front of the scientific community. Continuous shifting and drafting of viral antigenic peptides are the main drivers in the development of antiviral drug resistance. The resurgence of disease, difficulties facing the development of an effective vaccine and undesirable immunological outcomes, foster to develop an alternative therapeutic approach to combat viral infections. Biomimetic nature of viral particles competent to invade the host cell by downregulating the expression of immune responsive cells. To revive from such complications, strengthening the innate immunity places first and foremost defense mechanisms to restrict viral infiltration. Variegated probiotic strains show antiviral activity by stimulating the macrophage and dendritic cell to secret the inflammation response mediated chemokines and cytokines, production of antimicrobial peptides, and biosurfactants, modulate the antiviral gens expression, alter the proportional functionality of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells (Tregs), etc. With the appreciation for the antiviral activity and health benefits, however, the selectivity of specific probiotic strain from the diversified microbiome, the interactive molecular mechanism of probiotics, viability and sustainability of a specific number of a probiotic strain at the end of the shelf life, stability, selection of the formulation materials, identification and validation of the key process parameters have the major challenges for the development of an effective probiotic therapy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Prativa Biswasroy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Bhuyan
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan University, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Odisha, India.
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8
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Function of Circular RNAs in Fish and Their Potential Application as Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137119. [PMID: 34281172 PMCID: PMC8268770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an emerging class of regulatory RNAs with a covalently closed-loop structure formed during pre-mRNA splicing. Recent advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing and circRNA-specific computational tools have driven the development of novel approaches to their identification and functional characterization. CircRNAs are stable, developmentally regulated, and show tissue- and cell-type-specific expression across different taxonomic groups. They play a crucial role in regulating various biological processes at post-transcriptional and translational levels. However, the involvement of circRNAs in fish immunity has only recently been recognized. There is also broad evidence in mammals that the timely expression of circRNAs in muscle plays an essential role in growth regulation but our understanding of their expression and function in teleosts is still very limited. Here, we discuss the available knowledge about circRNAs and their role in growth and immunity in vertebrates from a comparative perspective, with emphasis on cultured teleost fish. We expect that the interest in teleost circRNAs will increase substantially soon, and we propose that they may be used as biomarkers for selective breeding of farmed fish, thus contributing to the sustainability of the aquaculture sector.
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9
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Zhai X, Zhang Y, Xin S, Cao P, Lu J. Insights Into the Involvement of Circular RNAs in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622316. [PMID: 33717126 PMCID: PMC7947908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded, endogenous, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules formed by the backsplicing of messenger RNA (mRNA) precursors and have covalently closed circular structures without 5′-end caps and 3′-end polyadenylation [poly(A)] tails. CircRNAs are characterized by abundant species, stable structures, conserved sequences, cell- or tissue-specific expression, and widespread and stable presence in many organisms. Therefore, circRNAs can be used as biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of a variety of diseases. Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are caused by defects in immune tolerance or abnormal immune regulation, which leads to damage to host organs. Due to the complexity of the pathophysiological processes of AIDs, clinical therapeutics have been suboptimal. The emergence of circRNAs sheds new light on the treatment of AIDs. In particular, circRNAs mainly participate in the occurrence and development of AIDs by sponging targets. This review systematically explains the formation, function, mechanism, and characteristics of circRNAs in the context of AIDs. With a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological functions of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of AIDs, circRNAs may become reasonable, accurate, and effective biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of AIDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Healthcare Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Healthcare Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Healthcare Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Del Vesco AP, Jang HJ, Monson MS, Lamont SJ. Role of the chicken oligoadenylate synthase-like gene during in vitro Newcastle disease virus infection. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101067. [PMID: 33752069 PMCID: PMC8005822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) is one of the key interferon-induced antiviral factors that act through inhibition of viral replication. In chickens, there is a single well-characterized OAS gene, oligoadenylate synthase-like (OASL) that has been shown to be upregulated after infection with various viruses. However, a deeper understanding of how chicken OASL acts against viral infection is still necessary. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that OASL short interfering RNA (siRNA)–mediated knockdown would decrease the host gene expression response to the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by impacting antiviral pathways. To assess our hypothesis, a chicken fibroblast cell line (DF-1) was infected with the NDV (LaSota strain) and OASL expression was knocked down using a specific siRNA. The level of NDV viral RNA in the cells and the expression of interferon response- and apoptosis-related genes were evaluated by quantitative PCR at 4, 8, and 24 h postinfection (hpi). Knockdown of OASL increased the level of NDV viral RNA at 4, 8, and 24 hpi (P < 0.05) and eliminated the difference between NDV-infected and noninfected cells for expression of interferon response- and apoptosis-related genes (P > 0.05). The lack of differential expression suggests that knockdown of OASL resulted in a decreased response to NDV infection. Within NDV-infected cells, OASL knockdown reduced expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, interferon alfa receptor subunit 1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2, ribonuclease L, caspase 8 (CASP8) and caspase 9 (CASP9) at 4 hpi, CASP9 at 8 hpi, and caspase 3, CASP8, and CASP9 at 24 hpi (P < 0.05). We suggest that the increased NDV viral load in DF-1 cells after OASL knockdown was the result of a complex interaction between OASL and interferon response- and apoptosis-related genes that decreased host response to the NDV. Our results provide comprehensive information on the role played by OASL during NDV infection in vitro. Targeting this mechanism could aid in future prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for Newcastle disease in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Del Vesco
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 50011-3150 Ames, USA; Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Hyun Jun Jang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 50011-3150 Ames, USA; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Melissa S Monson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 50011-3150 Ames, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 50011-3150 Ames, USA.
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Abstract
Protein-RNA interactions have crucial roles in various cellular activities, which, when dysregulated, can lead to a range of human diseases. The identification of small molecules that target the interaction between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA is progressing rapidly and represents a novel strategy for the discovery of chemical probes that facilitate understanding of the cellular functions of RBPs and of therapeutic agents with new mechanisms of action. In this Review, I present a current overview of targeting emerging RBPs using small-molecule inhibitors and recent progress in this burgeoning field. Small-molecule inhibitors that were reported for three representative emerging classes of RBPs, the microRNA-binding protein LIN28, the single-stranded or double-stranded RNA-binding Toll-like receptors and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, are highlighted from a medicinal-chemistry and chemical-biology perspective. However, although this field is burgeoning, challenges remain in the discovery and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of RBPs.
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Jiang C, Shi R, Chen B, Yan X, Tang G. Casticin elicits inflammasome-induced pyroptosis through activating PKR/JNK/NF-κB signal in 5-8F cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109576. [PMID: 31951974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Casticin is one of the effective ingredients of fructus viticis. Most studies have shown that casticin has a strong anti-proliferation activity against various tumor cells. However, its anti-tumor effect and molecular mechanism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the casticin selectively inhibited the proliferation of 5-8F cells in vitro. Further analysis revealed that casticin treatment significantly increased sub-G2 phase and incited pyroptotic process. Moreover, we demonstrated that PKR participated in in regulating the process of GSDMD-dependent pyroptotic tumor cell death. PKR knockdown alleviated the activation of JNK pathway and the expression of its downstream proteins, including cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N, interleukin-1β. These findings indicate that PKR/JNK/NF-κB signal is essential for casticin-induced caspase-1 inflammasome formation and inflammatory cytokines release in 5-8F cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Runjie Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Guoyao Tang
- Department of Oral Mucosa, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China.
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Zheng ZM. Correction to: Circular RNAs and RNase L in PKR activation and virus infection. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:58. [PMID: 31346407 PMCID: PMC6636110 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD USA
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