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Galantamine Based Novel Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitors: A Molecular Modeling Design Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031035. [PMID: 36770702 PMCID: PMC9919016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes play an essential role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its excessive activity causes several neuronal problems, particularly psychopathies and neuronal cell death. A bioactive pose on the hAChE B site of the human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) enzyme employed in this investigation, which was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID 4EY6), allowed for the prediction of the binding affinity and free binding energy between the protein and the ligand. Virtual screening was performed to obtain structures similar to Galantamine (GNT) with potential hAChE activity. The top 200 hit compounds were prioritized through the use of filters in ZincPharmer, with special features related to the pharmacophore. Critical analyses were carried out, such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), ADME/Tox predictions, molecular docking, molecular simulation studies, synthetic accessibility (SA), lipophilicity, water solubility, and hot spots to confirm the stable binding of the two promising molecules (ZINC16951574-LMQC2, and ZINC08342556-LMQC5). The metabolism prediction, with metabolites M3-2, which is formed by Glutathionation reaction (Phase II), M1-2, and M2-2 formed from the reaction of S-oxidation and Aliphatic hydroxylation (Phase I), were both reactive but with no side effects. Theoretical synthetic routes and prediction of synthetic accessibility for the most promising compounds are also proposed. In conclusion, this study shows that in silico modeling can be used to create new drug candidate inhibitors for hAChE. The compounds ZINC16951574-LMQC2, and ZINC08342556-LMQC5 are particularly promising for oral administration because they have a favorable drug-likeness profile, excellent lipid solubility, high bioavailability, and adequate pharmacokinetics.
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Wu W, Li S, Yang M, Lin Y, Zheng K, Akutse KS. Citronellal perception and transmission by Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) females. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18615. [PMID: 33122679 PMCID: PMC7596511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae s.s. is a key vector of Plasmodium parasites. Repellents, which may be a promising alternative to pesticides used to control malaria mosquitoes. Although citronellal is a known mosquito repellent, its repellency characteristics are largely unknown. Determining the specific odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) that detect and transfer the citronellal molecule in A. gambiae s.s. will help to define the mode of action of this compound. In this research, we assessed the repellent activity of citronellal in A. gambiae s.s. using a Y-tube olfactory meter, screened candidate citronellal-binding OBPs and ORs using reverse molecular docking, clarified the binding properties of predicted proteins for citronellal using fluorescence competition binding assay. Results showed that citronellal had a dosage effect on repelling A. gambiae s.s.. The 50% repellent rate was determined to be 4.02 nmol. Results of simulated molecular docking showed that the only proteins that bound tightly with citronellal were AgamOBP4 and AgamORC7. Fluorescence competitive binding assays confirmed the simulations. This research determined that citronellal was captured by AgamOBP4 and transmitted to AgamORC7 in A. gambiae s.s.. Our study will be beneficial in the further understanding the repellent mechanism of citronellal against A. gambiae s.s..
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Wu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences & Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363001, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences & Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363001, China
| | - Min Yang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences & Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363001, China
| | - Yongwen Lin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences & Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363001, China.
| | - Kaibin Zheng
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences & Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363001, China
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Janda E, Nepveu F, Calamini B, Ferry G, Boutin JA. Molecular Pharmacology of NRH:Quinone Oxidoreductase 2: A Detoxifying Enzyme Acting as an Undercover Toxifying Enzyme. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:620-633. [DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Loiseau C, Cooper MM, Doolan DL. Deciphering host immunity to malaria using systems immunology. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:115-143. [PMID: 31608461 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A century of conceptual and technological advances in infectious disease research has changed the face of medicine. However, there remains a lack of effective interventions and a poor understanding of host immunity to the most significant and complex pathogens, including malaria. The development of successful interventions against such intractable diseases requires a comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen immune responses. A major advance of the past decade has been a paradigm switch in thinking from the contemporary reductionist (gene-by-gene or protein-by-protein) view to a more holistic (whole organism) view. Also, a recognition that host-pathogen immunity is composed of complex, dynamic interactions of cellular and molecular components and networks that cannot be represented by any individual component in isolation. Systems immunology integrates the field of immunology with omics technologies and computational sciences to comprehensively interrogate the immune response at a systems level. Herein, we describe the system immunology toolkit and report recent studies deploying systems-level approaches in the context of natural exposure to malaria or controlled human malaria infection. We contribute our perspective on the potential of systems immunity for the rational design and development of effective interventions to improve global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Loiseau
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Martha M Cooper
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
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Zappas MP, Whitely C, Carter S. Global Travel: What to Know Before They Go. J Nurse Pract 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ocan M, Akena D, Nsobya S, Kamya MR, Senono R, Kinengyere AA, Obuku EA. Persistence of chloroquine resistance alleles in malaria endemic countries: a systematic review of burden and risk factors. Malar J 2019; 18:76. [PMID: 30871535 PMCID: PMC6419488 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroquine, a previous highly efficacious, easy to use and affordable anti-malarial agent was withdrawn from malaria endemic regions due to high levels of resistance. This review collated evidence from published-reviewed articles to establish prevalence of Pfcrt 76T and Pfmdr-1 86Y alleles in malaria affected countries following official discontinuation of chloroquine use. Methods A review protocol was developed, registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42018083957) and published in a peer-reviewed journal. Article search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs/Vhl and Embase databases by two experienced librarians (AK, RS) for the period 1990-to-Febuary 2018. Mesh terms and Boolean operators (AND, OR) were used. Data extraction form was designed in Excel spread sheet 2007. Data extraction was done by three reviewers (NL, BB and MO), discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Random effects analysis was done in Open Meta Analyst software. Heterogeneity was established using I2-statistic. Results A total of 4721 citations were retrieved from article search (Pubmed = 361, Lilac/vhl = 28, Science Direct = 944, Scopus = 3388). Additional targeted search resulted in three (03) eligible articles. After removal of duplicates (n = 523) and screening, 38 articles were included in the final review. Average genotyping success rate was 63.6% (18,343/28,820) for Pfcrt K76T and 93.5% (16,232/17,365) for Pfmdr-1 86Y mutations. Prevalence of Pfcrt 76T was as follows; East Africa 48.9% (2528/5242), Southern Africa 18.6% (373/2163), West Africa 58.3% (3321/6608), Asia 80.2% (1951/2436). Prevalence of Pfmdr-1 86Y was; East Africa 32.4% (1447/5722), Southern Africa 36.1% (544/1640), West Africa 52.2% (1986/4200), Asia 46.4% (1276/2217). Over half, 52.6% (20/38) of included studies reported continued unofficial chloroquine use following policy change. Studies done in Madagascar and Kenya reported re-emergence of chloroquine sensitive parasites (IC50 < 30.9 nM). The average time (years) since discontinuation of chloroquine use to data collection was 8.7 ± 7.4. There was high heterogeneity (I2 > 95%). Conclusion The prevalence of chloroquine resistance alleles among Plasmodium falciparum parasites have steadily declined since discontinuation of chloroquine use. However, Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr-1 N86Y mutations still persist at moderate frequencies in most malaria affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Ocan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. .,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P. O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam Nsobya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Senono
- Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P. O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Annet Kinengyere
- Albert Cook Library, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A Obuku
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Sekihara M, Tachibana SI, Yamauchi M, Yatsushiro S, Tiwara S, Fukuda N, Ikeda M, Mori T, Hirai M, Hombhanje F, Mita T. Lack of significant recovery of chloroquine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum parasites following discontinuance of chloroquine use in Papua New Guinea. Malar J 2018; 17:434. [PMID: 30477515 PMCID: PMC6260888 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroquine treatment for Plasmodium falciparum has been discontinued in almost all endemic regions due to the spread of resistant isolates. Reversal of chloroquine susceptibility after chloroquine discontinuation has been reported in dozens of endemic regions. However, this phenomenon has been mostly observed in Africa and is not well documented in other malaria endemic regions. To investigate this, an ex vivo study on susceptibility to chloroquine and lumefantrine was conducted during 2016–2018 in Wewak, Papua New Guinea where chloroquine had been removed from the official malaria treatment regimen in 2010. Genotyping of pfcrt and pfmdr1 was also performed. Results In total, 368 patients were enrolled in this study. Average IC50 values for chloroquine were 106.6, 80.5, and 87.6 nM in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. These values were not significantly changed from those obtained in 2002/2003 (108 nM). The majority of parasites harboured a pfcrt K76T the mutation responsible for chloroquine resistance. However, a significant upward trend was observed in the frequency of the K76 (wild) allele from 2.3% in 2016 to 11.7% in 2018 (P = 0.008; Cochran–Armitage trend test). Conclusions Eight years of chloroquine withdrawal has not induced a significant recovery of susceptibility in Papua New Guinea. However, an increasing tendency of parasites harbouring chloroquine-susceptible K76 suggests a possibility of resurgence of chloroquine susceptibility in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2585-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sekihara
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Tachibana
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Yamauchi
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shoki Yatsushiro
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Steven Tiwara
- Wewak General Hospital, Wewak, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Naoyuki Fukuda
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mie Ikeda
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mori
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Francis Hombhanje
- Centre for Health Research & Diagnostics, Divine Word University, P.O. Box 483, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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