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Shimojima Y, Kanai Y, Moriyama T, Arakawa S, Tamura Y, Okada Y, Morita Y. Environmental Monitoring of Food Manufacturing Facilities for Listeria: A Case Study. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100149. [PMID: 37633514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring programs (EMPs) for food production facilities are useful for verifying general sanitation controls and are recommended as verification measures to ensure that the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan is working effectively. In this study, EMPs for Listeria were conducted at three food production facilities to assess the efficacy of sanitation control and establish effective sanitation control methods. In Facility A, L. monocytogenes was detected in the clean area although in Zone 3, non-food-contact surfaces. To prevent contamination from dirty areas, the cleaning practices in the preparation room were investigated. Normal cleaning combined with disinfection with carbonated hypochlorite water (chlorine concentration, 150 ppm) proved effective. At Facility B, a salad product and its ingredients (pastrami and salami) were positive for L. monocytogenes serotype 3b. The bacterial count was <10/g in all samples. However, when inoculated with L. monocytogenes isolates, the growth of approximately 2 log cfu/g was observed on pastrami after 48 h of incubation at 10°C. The ingredients were commercially purchased blocks that were sliced in a slicer at Facility B and used as salad toppings. Because both unopened blocks were negative for L. monocytogenes, contamination of the slicer was suspected. Sampling of the slicer revealed that contamination by L. monocytogenes serotype 3b was more extensive after use than before use. Therefore, the slicer was disassembled, cleaned, and disinfected thoroughly. In Facility C, L. monocytogenes serotype 4b (4e) was detected in all the dirty, semiclean, and clean areas. The strain was also isolated from the wheels of a smoking cart transported across the zones. Therefore, efforts were made to frequently clean and disinfect the cart. EMPs revealed the presence of Listeria in each facility and allowed remedial measures to be undertaken. Continued monitoring and Plan-Do-Check-Act cycles were considered desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Shimojima
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kanai
- Neogen Japan, 1-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | | | - Sayoko Arakawa
- Sagamihara City, 2-11-15 Chuo, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5277, Japan
| | - Yumi Tamura
- Institute of Public Health, Sagamihara City, 2-11-15 Chuo, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5277, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okada
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukio Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Fernandes S, Gomes IB, Simões M. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentiation by a triple combination of dual biocides and a phytochemical with complementary activity. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112680. [PMID: 37087211 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The failure of current sanitation practices requires the development of effective solutions for microbial control. Although combinations using antibiotics have been extensively studied to look for additive/synergistic effects, biocide combinations are still underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of dual biocide and triple biocide/phytochemical combinations, where phytochemicals are used as quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. The biocides selected were benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and peracetic acid (PAA) - as commonly used biocides, and glycolic acid (GA) and glyoxal (GO) - as alternative and sustainable biocides. Curcumin (CUR) and 10-undecenoic acid (UA) were the phytochemicals selected, based on their QS inhibition properties. A checkerboard assay was used for the screening of chemical interactions based on the cell growth inhibitory effects against Bacilluscereus and Pseudomonasfluorescens. It was observed that dual biocide combinations resulted in indifference, except the PAA + GA combination, which had a potential additive effect. PAA + GA + CUR and PAA + GA + UA combinations also triggered additive effects. The antimicrobial effects of the combinations were further evaluated on the inactivation of planktonic and biofilm cells after 30 min of exposure. These experiments corroborated the checkerboard results, in which PAA + GA was the most effective combination against planktonic cells (additive/synergistic effects). The antimicrobial effects of triple combinations were species- and biocide-specific. While CUR only potentiate the antimicrobial activity of GA against B.cereus, GA + UA and PAA + GA + UA combinations promoted additional antimicrobial effects against both bacteria. Biofilms were found to be highly tolerant, with modest antimicrobial effects being observed for all the combinations tested. However, this study demonstrated that low doses of biocides can be effective in bacterial control when combining biocides with a QS inhibitor, in particular, the combination of the phytochemical UA (as a QS inhibitor) with GA and PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Fernandes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Guo Y, Li X, Luby S, Jiang G. Vertical outbreak of COVID-19 in high-rise buildings: The role of sewer stacks and prevention measures. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 29:100379. [PMID: 35856009 PMCID: PMC9279164 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreaks in high-rise buildings suggested the transmission route of fecal-aerosol-inhalation due to the involvement of viral aerosols in sewer stacks. The vertical transmission is likely due to the failure of water traps that allow viral aerosols to spread through sewer stacks. This process can be further facilitated by the chimney effect in vent stack, extract ventilation in bathrooms, or wind-induced air pressure fluctuations. To eliminate the risk of such vertical disease spread, the installation of protective devices is highly encouraged in high-rise buildings. Although the mechanism of vertical pathogen spread through drainage pipeline has been illustrated by tracer gas or microbial experiments and numerical modeling, more research is needed to support the update of regulatory and design standards for sewerage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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4
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Volling C, Thomas S, Johnstone J, Maltezou HC, Mertz D, Stuart R, Jamal AJ, Kandel C, Ahangari N, Coleman BL, McGeer A. Development of a tool to assess evidence for causality in studies implicating sink drains as a reservoir for hospital-acquired gammaproteobacterial infection. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:454-464. [PMID: 32898614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of studies document an association between Gammaproteobacteria in sink drains and hospital-acquired infections, but the evidence for causality is unclear. AIM We aimed to develop a tool to assess the quality of evidence for causality in research studies that implicate sink drains as reservoirs for hospital-acquired Gammaproteobacterial infections. METHODS We used a modified Delphi process with recruited experts in hospital epidemiology to develop this tool from a pre-existing causal assessment application. FINDINGS Through four rounds of feedback and revision we developed the 'Modified CADDIS Tool for Causality Assessment of Sink Drains as a Reservoir for Hospital-Acquired Gammaproteobacterial Infection or Colonization'. In tests of tool application to published literature during development, mean percent agreement ranged from 46.7% to 87.5%, and the Gwet's AC1 statistic (adjusting for chance agreement) ranged from 0.13 to 1.0 (median 68.1). Areas of disagreement were felt to result from lack of a priori knowledge of causal pathways from sink drains to patients and uncertain influence of co-interventions to prevent organism acquisition. Modifications were made until consensus was achieved that further iterations would not improve the tool. When the tool was applied to 44 articles by two independent reviewers in an ongoing systematic review, percent agreement ranged from 93% to 98%, and the Gwet's AC1 statistic was 0.91-0.97. CONCLUSION The modified causality tool was useful for evaluating studies that implicate sink drains as reservoirs for hospital-acquired infections and may help guide the conduct and reporting of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Volling
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - S Thomas
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Johnstone
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H C Maltezou
- National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - D Mertz
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R Stuart
- Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alainna J Jamal
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Kandel
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N Ahangari
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B L Coleman
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A McGeer
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lo IL, Lio CF, Cheong HH, Lei CI, Cheong TH, Zhong X, Tian Y, Sin NN. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1698-1707. [PMID: 32226287 PMCID: PMC7098032 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a city famous for tourism, the public healthcare system of Macau SAR has been under great pressure during the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we report clinical and microbiological features of ten COVID-19 patients enrolled in the Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário (CHCSJ) between January 21 to February 16, 2020. Clinical samples from all patients including nasopharyngeal swab (NPS)/sputum, urine, and feces were collected for serial virus RNA testing by standard qRT-PCR assay. In total, seven were imported cases and three were local cases. The median duration from Macau arrival to admission in imported cases was 3 days. Four patients required oxygen therapy but none of them needed machinal ventilation. No fatal cases were noted. The most common symptoms were fever (80%) and diarrhea (80%). In the "Severe" group, there was significantly more elderly patients (p=0.045), higher lactate dehydrogenase levels (p=0.002), and elevated C-Reactive protein levels compared to the "Mild to Moderate" group (p<0.001). There were positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA signals in all patients' NPS and stool specimens but negative in all urine specimens. Based on our data on SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in stool and the possibility of a lag in viral detection in NPS specimens, the assessment of both fecal and respiratory specimen is recommended to enhance diagnostic sensitivity, and also to aid discharge decision before the role of viral RNA shedding in stool is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iek Long Lo
- Physician, Consultant, Department of respiratory medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chon Fu Lio
- Physician, Macau Academy of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hou Hon Cheong
- Physician, Macau Academy of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chin Ion Lei
- Physician, Chief of service, Department of medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tak Hong Cheong
- Physician, Chief of service, Department of respiratory medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xu Zhong
- Physician, Consultant, Department of respiratory medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yakun Tian
- Physician, Department of infectious diseases, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Nin Ngan Sin
- Physician, Macau Academy of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau Health Bureau, Macau SAR, China
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Berendes DM, de Mondesert L, Kirby AE, Yakubu H, Adomako L, Michiel J, Raj S, Robb K, Wang Y, Doe B, Ampofo J, Moe CL. Variation in E. coli concentrations in open drains across neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana: The influence of onsite sanitation coverage and interconnectedness of urban environments. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113433. [PMID: 31978730 PMCID: PMC6996153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alongside efforts to improve safe management of feces along the entire sanitation chain, including after the toilet, global sanitation efforts are focusing on universal access 'basic' services: onsite facilities that safely contain excreta away from human contact. Although fecal sludge management is improving in urban areas, open drains remain a common fate for feces in these often densely-populated neighborhoods in low-income countries. To-date, it is unclear to what extent complete coverage of onsite sanitation reduces fecal contamination in the urban environment and how fecal contamination varies within urban drains across neighborhoods by sanitation status within a city. We assessed how neighborhood levels of environmental fecal contamination (via spatially-representative sampling of open drains for E. coli) varied across four neighborhoods with varying income, type and coverage of household sanitation facilities, and population density in Accra, Ghana. Neighborhoods with very high sanitation coverage (≥89%) still had high (>4 log10 CFU/100 mL) E. coli concentrations in drains. Between-neighborhood variation in E. coli levels among the high coverage neighborhoods was significant: drain concentrations in neighborhoods with 93% and 89% coverage (4.7 (95% CI: 4.5, 4.9) & 4.9 (95% CI: 4.5, 5.3) log10 CFU/100 mL, respectively) were higher than in the neighborhood with 97% coverage (4.1 log10 CFU/100 mL, 95% CI: 3.8, 4.4 log10 CFU/100 mL). Compared with the highest coverage neighborhood, the neighborhood with lowest coverage (48%) also had higher E. coli concentrations (5.6 log10 CFU/100 mL, 95% CI: 5.3, 5.9 log10 CFU/100 mL). Although fecal contamination in open drains appeared lower in neighborhoods with higher onsite sanitation coverage (and vice versa), other factors (e.g. fecal sludge management, animals, population density) may affect drain concentrations. These results underscore that neighborhood-level onsite sanitation improvements alone may not sufficiently reduce fecal hazards to public health from open drains. These findings supporting the need for integrated, city-level fecal sludge management alongside multifaceted interventions to reduce fecal contamination levels and human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Berendes
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Laura de Mondesert
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy E Kirby
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Habib Yakubu
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lady Adomako
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - James Michiel
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suraja Raj
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine Robb
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuke Wang
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Doe
- Training, Research, and Networking for Development (TREND) Group, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Ampofo
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christine L Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Amin N, Rahman M, Raj S, Ali S, Green J, Das S, Doza S, Mondol MH, Wang Y, Islam MA, Alam MU, Huda TMN, Haque S, Unicomb L, Joseph G, Moe CL. Quantitative assessment of fecal contamination in multiple environmental sample types in urban communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh using SaniPath microbial approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221193. [PMID: 31841549 PMCID: PMC6913925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid urbanization has led to a growing sanitation crisis in urban areas of Bangladesh and potential exposure to fecal contamination in the urban environment due to inadequate sanitation and poor fecal sludge management. Limited data are available on environmental fecal contamination associated with different exposure pathways in urban Dhaka. We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the magnitude of fecal contamination in the environment in low-income, high-income, and transient/floating neighborhoods in urban Dhaka. Ten samples were collected from each of 10 environmental compartments in 10 different neighborhoods (4 low-income, 4 high-income and 2 transient/floating neighborhoods). These 1,000 samples were analyzed with the IDEXX-Quanti-Tray technique to determine most-probable-number (MPN) of E. coli. Samples of open drains (6.91 log10 MPN/100 mL), surface water (5.28 log10 MPN/100 mL), floodwater (4.60 log10 MPN/100 mL), produce (3.19 log10 MPN/serving), soil (2.29 log10 MPN/gram), and street food (1.79 log10 MPN/gram) had the highest mean log10 E. coli contamination compared to other samples. The contamination concentrations did not differ between low-income and high-income neighborhoods for shared latrine swabs, open drains, municipal water, produce, and street foodsamples. E. coli contamination levels were significantly higher (p <0.05) in low-income neighborhoods compared to high-income for soil (0.91 log10 MPN/gram, 95% CI, 0.39, 1.43), bathing water (0.98 log10 MPN/100 mL, 95% CI, 0.41, 1.54), non-municipal water (0.64 log10 MPN/100 mL, 95% CI, 0.24, 1.04), surface water (1.92 log10 MPN/100 mL, 95% CI, 1.44, 2.40), and floodwater (0.48 log10 MPN/100 mL, 95% CI, 0.03, 0.92) samples. E. coli contamination were significantly higher (p<0.05) in low-income neighborhoods compared to transient/floating neighborhoods for drain water, bathing water, non-municipal water and surface water. Future studies should examine behavior that brings people into contact with the environment and assess the extent of exposure to fecal contamination in the environment through multiple pathways and associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuhu Amin
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suraja Raj
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shahjahan Ali
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jamie Green
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shimul Das
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Solaiman Doza
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Momenul Haque Mondol
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Statistics, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Yuke Wang
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mahbub-Ul Alam
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tarique Md. Nurul Huda
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Haque
- Water Global Practice, The World Bank, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - George Joseph
- Water Global Practice, The World Bank, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Christine L. Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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8
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Hemdan BA, El-Liethy MA, ElMahdy MEI, El-Taweel GE. Metagenomics analysis of bacterial structure communities within natural biofilm. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02271. [PMID: 31485510 PMCID: PMC6716113 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial profiles of natural household biofilm have not been widely investigated. The majorities of these bacterial lineages are not cultivable. Thus, this study aims (i) to enumerate some potential bacterial lineages using culture based method within biofilm samples and confirmed using Biolog GEN III and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (ii) To investigate the bacterial profiles of communities in two biofilm samples using next generation sequencing (NGS). Forty biofilm samples were cultured and colonies of each selected prevailing potential lineages (E. coli, Salmonella entrica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) were selected for confirmation. From obtained results, the counts of the tested bacterial lineages in kitchen biofilm samples were greater than those in bathroom samples. Precision of PCR was higher than Biolog GEN III to confirm the bacterial isolates. Using NGS analysis, the results revealed that a total of 110,554 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained for two biofilm samples, representing kitchen and bathroom biofilm samples. The numbers of phyla in the kitchen biofilm sample (35 OTUs) was higher than that in bathroom sample (18 OTUs). A total of 435 genera were observed in the bathroom biofilm sample compared to only 256 in the kitchen sample. Evidences have shown that the empirical gadgets for biofilm investigation are becoming convenient and affordable. Many distinct bacterial lineages observed in biofilm are one of the most significant issues that threaten human health and lead to disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa A Hemdan
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Azab El-Liethy
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - M E I ElMahdy
- Environmental Virology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Gamila E El-Taweel
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Bhattacharya S, Singh A. Fixing accountabilities and finding solutions to tackle acute (communicable) diseases viewed as collateral damage due to errors of omission and commission in primary care. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:784-787. [PMID: 31041201 PMCID: PMC6482728 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_45_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bhattacharya
- Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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10
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A cluster of Chryseobacterium indologenes cases related to drainage water in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39:997-999. [DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this outbreak, 12 patients in intensive care units acquired a Chryseobacterium indologenes infection. Cultures from sinkholes and air samples were positive for C. indologenes. After removing wash basins, no new cases appeared. Sinkholes, potentially contaminated, can act as a reservoir for C. indologenes and other microorganisms. Thus, patients and equipment should be protected from sink splashes to avoid contamination.
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Gumbi BP, Moodley B, Birungi G, Ndungu PG. Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and GC-MS in Mgeni and Msunduzi river sediments, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20015-20028. [PMID: 28699007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of eight pharmaceuticals was monitored during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) along a 250-km stretch of the Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This paper describes an optimized method for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in sediments. The method combines ultrasonic, centrifuge, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of these drugs in solid samples. Most of the parameters that affect the extraction step were optimized. Solid samples were placed in a centrifuge tube and extracted with ethyl acetate:acetone (1:1, two cycles), followed by clean-up with Oasis HLB cartridge and derivatization with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Satisfactory recoveries were obtained ranging from 66 to 130%, depending on the analyte. Precision expressed as RSD (%) (n = 3) was less than 20% for all analytes. The LODs and LOQs were in the range of 0.024 to 1.90 ng g-1 which allowed to be applied in the analysis solid samples in Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers. In the solid samples analyzed, NSAID concentration ranged from not detected to 221 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhekumuzi P Gumbi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Brenda Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Grace Birungi
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick G Ndungu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Private Bag 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.
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Domínguez Jiménez MC, Vergara-López S. Environmental sampling protocol devised and implemented to resolve a nosocomial outbreak due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:1401-1403. [PMID: 27311511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.04.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for investigating wet foci in the hospital environment of a nosocomial outbreak due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca. By searching in areas that are usually inaccessible, by immersing sampling swabs in thioglycolate broth, and by concentrating the sampled water, reservoirs of infection that would have gone unnoticed can be detected.
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Zhou Z, Hu B, Gao X, Bao R, Chen M, Li H. Sources of sporadic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizations/infections in surgical ICUs: Association with contaminated sink trap. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:450-5. [PMID: 27184934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported the hospital outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to cross-contamination between patients and water fittings, but the importance of water fittings as sources of sporadic P. aeruginosa colonizations/infections remains ambiguous. AIM To investigate the sources of sporadic P. aeruginosa colonizations/infections in a clinical intensive surveillance, and further analysis the potential of sink trap for P. aeruginosa transmission in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS Patients monitoring and targeted environmental screening for P. aeruginosa was performed prospectively over a 27-week period, in absence of recognized outbreak, in two surgical intensive care units (SICUs). All isolates were genotyped by Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis. FINDINGS 18.9% (46/244) of water fitting samples harbored P. aeruginosa, and active screening samples from 9.2% (55/595) of hospitalized patients carried with P. aeruginosa. According to genotype results, approximately 50% of P. areuginosa colonizations/infections of patients were of exogenous origin. 64.7% (11/17) of exogenous sourced cases were associated with contaminated sink traps. There was a significant correlation between the incidence of exogenous colonization/infection and the prevalence of P. areuginosa in water fitting in SICU-2 (rs = 0.972; p = 0.014). Furthermore, P. areuginosa from sink trap possessed a higher level of resistance to multi-antibiotics as opposed to cross-transmission from other patients. CONCLUSION Water fitting especially sink trap act as an important role in sporadic P. aeruginosa transmission in SICU patients. This report highlights the necessity of identification of potential environmental reservoirs, such as sinks, for control of infections of environmentally hardy multi-resistant P. areuginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhaoYan Zhou
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - BiJie Hu
- Department of Infection Control, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - XiaoDong Gao
- Department of Infection Control, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Bao
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - HuaYin Li
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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