Mutations of TP53 and genes related to homologous recombination repair in breast cancer with germline BRCA1/2 mutations

Pan-cancer analysis of the interplay between mutational signatures and cellular signaling

Cancer is a multi-faceted disease with intricate relationships between mutagenic processes, alterations in cellular signaling, and the tissue microenvironment. To date, these processes have been largely studied in isolation. A systematic understanding of how they interact and influence each other is lacking. Here, we present a framework for systematically characterizing the interaction between pairs of mutational signatures and between signatures and signaling pathway alterations. We applied this framework to large-scale data from TCGA and PCAWG and identified multiple positive and negative interactions, both cross֊tissue and tissue֊specific, that provide new insights into the molecular routes observed in tumorigenesis and their respective drivers. This framework allows for a more fine-grained dissection of common and distinct etiology of mutational signatures. We further identified several interactions with both positive and negative impacts on patient survival, demonstrating their clinical relevance and potential for improving personalized cancer care.

DNA Damage Responses in Tumors Are Not Proliferative Stimuli, but Rather They Are DNA Repair Actions Requiring Supportive Medical Care

BACKGROUND

In tumors, somatic mutagenesis presumably drives the DNA damage response (DDR) via altered regulatory pathways, increasing genomic instability and proliferative activity. These considerations led to the standard therapeutic strategy against cancer: the disruption of mutation-activated DNA repair pathways of tumors.

PURPOSE

Justifying that cancer cells are not enemies to be killed, but rather that they are ill human cells which have the remnants of physiologic regulatory pathways.

RESULTS

1. Genomic instability and cancer development may be originated from a flaw in estrogen signaling rather than excessive estrogen signaling; 2. Healthy cells with genomic instability exhibit somatic mutations, helping DNA restitution; 3. Somatic mutations in tumor cells aim for the restoration of DNA damage, rather than further genomic derangement; 4. In tumors, estrogen signaling drives the pathways of DNA stabilization, leading to apoptotic death; 5. In peritumoral cellular infiltration, the genomic damage of the tumor induces inflammatory cytokine secretion and increased estrogen synthesis. In the inflammatory cells, an increased growth factor receptor (GFR) signaling confers the unliganded activation of estrogen receptors (ERs); 6. In breast cancer cells responsive to genotoxic therapy, constitutive mutations help the upregulation of estrogen signaling and consequential apoptosis. In breast tumors non-responsive to genotoxic therapy, the possibilities for ER activation via either liganded or unliganded pathways are exhausted, leading to farther genomic instability and unrestrained proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding the real character and behavior of human tumors at the molecular level suggests that we should learn the genome repairing methods of tumors and follow them by supportive therapy, rather than provoking additional genomic damages.

Distinct genomic and immunologic tumor evolution in germline TP53-driven breast cancers

Pathogenic germline TP53 alterations cause Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS), and breast cancer is the most common cancer in LFS females. We performed first of its kind multimodal analysis of LFS breast cancer (LFS-BC) compared to sporadic premenopausal BC. Nearly all LFS-BC underwent biallelic loss of TP53 with no recurrent oncogenic variants except ERBB2 (HER2) amplification. Compared to sporadic BC, in situ and invasive LFS-BC exhibited a high burden of short amplified aneuploid segments (SAAS). Pro-apoptotic p53 target genes BAX and TP53I3 failed to be up-regulated in LFS-BC as was seen in sporadic BC compared to normal breast tissue. LFS-BC had lower CD8+ T-cell infiltration compared to sporadic BC yet higher levels of proliferating cytotoxic T-cells. Within LFS-BC, progression from in situ to invasive BC was marked by an increase in chromosomal instability with a decrease in proliferating cytotoxic T-cells. Our study uncovers critical events in mutant p53-driven tumorigenesis in breast tissue.

Assessing the Phenotype of a Homologous Recombination Deficiency Using High Resolution Array-Based Comparative Genome Hybridization in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) cells with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) accumulate genomic scars (LST, TAI, and LOH) over a value of 42 in sum. PARP inhibitors can treat OC with HRD. The detection of HRD can be done directly by imaging these genomic scars, or indirectly by detecting mutations in the genes involved in HR. We show that HRD detection is also possible using high-resolution aCGH. A total of 30 OCs were analyzed retrospectively with high-resolution arrays as a test set and 19 OCs prospectively as a validation set. Mutation analysis was performed by HBOC TruRisk V2 panel to detect HR-relevant mutations. CNVs were clustered with respect to the involved HR genes versus the OC cases. In prospective validation, the HRD status determined by aCGH was compared with external HRD assessments. Two BRCA mutation carriers did not have HRD. OC could approximately differentiate into two groups with characteristic CNV patterns with different survival rates. Mutation frequencies have a linear regression on the HRD score. Mutations in individual HR-relevant genes do not always indicate HRD. This may depend on the mutation frequency in tumor cells. The aCGH shows the genomic scars of an HRD inexpensively and directly.

Genome-wide expression profiling reveals novel biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most aggressive and frequent malignancy detected among women worldwide. The pathophysiology of OC should, therefore be better understood to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive novel biomarkers necessary for early detection, management, and prognostication. In this study, we aimed to investigate transcriptomic landscape and biomarker through RNA-seq data analysis. Further analysis by Protein Protein network identified top 10 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the significant enrichment of DEGs in basal cell carcinoma, cell cycle and FoxO signalling pathway. The RNA-seq results of 10 DEGs were validated by QRT-PCR and TCGA database. Correlation studies were also performed between gene expression and clinical characteristics followed by survival analysis. Finally, 8 DEGs (CDKN1A, BCL6, CDC45, WNT2, TLR5, AQP5) including two novel DEGs (CSN1S1 and NKILA) were identified showing significant correlations with EOC characteristics. These may serve as interesting biomarkers and novel treatment targets and warrant further investigation into the functional outcome of EOC.

Effect of ABC Theory Model on Negative Emotion of Young Patients with Breast Cancer During Treatment

Objective

To evaluate the effect of emotional ABC theory on anxiety and depression in young patients with breast cancer.

Methods

A total of 200 eligible young patients with breast cancer were randomly divided into control group (N = 100) and experimental group (N = 100). The control group received routine treatment, while the experimental group received emotional ABC theory intervention at the same time.

Results

The Self Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores of the two groups were observed before and after nursing. There was no significant difference between the two groups before nursing (P > 0.05), but there was significant difference between the two groups after nursing, the control group was significantly higher than the experimental group (P < 0.05). The satisfaction degree of the control group was significantly lower than that of the experimental group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Young patients with breast cancer using emotional ABC theory can effectively improve negative emotions, clinical can promote the nursing program.