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Granholm ACE, Englund E, Gilmore A, Head E, Yong WH, Perez SE, Guzman SJ, Hamlett ED, Mufson EJ. Neuropathological findings in Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and control patients with and without SARS-COV-2: preliminary findings. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:92. [PMID: 38801558 PMCID: PMC11130011 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus that led to COVID-19 is associated with significant and long-lasting neurologic symptoms in many patients, with an increased mortality risk for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or Down syndrome (DS). However, few studies have evaluated the neuropathological and inflammatory sequelae in postmortem brain tissue obtained from AD and people with DS with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. We examined tau, beta-amyloid (Aβ), inflammatory markers and SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in DS, AD, and healthy non-demented controls with COVID-19 and compared with non-infected brain tissue from each disease group (total n = 24). A nested ANOVA was used to determine regional effects of the COVID-19 infection on arborization of astrocytes (Sholl analysis) and percent-stained area of Iba-1 and TMEM 119. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies labeled neurons and glial cells in the frontal cortex of all subjects with COVID-19, and in the hippocampus of two of the three DS COVID-19 cases. SARS-CoV-2-related alterations were observed in peri-vascular astrocytes and microglial cells in the gray matter of the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and para-hippocampal gyrus. Bright field microscopy revealed scattered intracellular and diffuse extracellular Aβ deposits in the hippocampus of controls with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Overall, the present preliminary findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections induce abnormal inflammatory responses in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte E Granholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex II, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anah Gilmore
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex II, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel J Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Sicard M, Shor N, Davy V, Rouby JJ, Oquendo B, Maisonobe T, Puybasset L, Lehericy S, Lecarpentier A, Donadio C, Oasi C, Belmin J, Lubetzki C, Corvol JC, Grabli D, Saracino D. Cerebellar encephalitis and peripheral neuropathy with an atypical clinical and neuroimaging signature following Covid-19 vaccine: a report of two cases. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12390-5. [PMID: 38704487 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Sicard
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Charles-Foix, Service de Gériatrie à Orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Natalia Shor
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neuroradiology, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Davy
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Rouby
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Oquendo
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Charles-Foix, Service de Gériatrie à Orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Maisonobe
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | - Louis Puybasset
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Lehericy
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neuroradiology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Lecarpentier
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Charles-Foix, Service de Gériatrie à Orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Cristiano Donadio
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Charles-Foix, Service de Gériatrie à Orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Christel Oasi
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Charles-Foix, Service de Gériatrie à Orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Joël Belmin
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Charles-Foix, Service de Gériatrie à Orientation Cardiologique et Neurologique, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Departement of Neurology, Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, Paris, France.
- Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau (ICM), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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3
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Azargoonjahromi A. Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:61-78. [PMID: 38315740 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can have neurological effects, including cognitive symptoms like brain fog and memory problems. Research on the neurological effects of COVID-19 is ongoing, and factors such as inflammation, disrupted blood flow, and damage to blood vessels may contribute to cognitive symptoms. Notably, some authors and existing evidence suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can enter the central nervous system through different routes, including the olfactory nerve and the bloodstream. COVID-19 infection has been associated with neurological symptoms such as altered consciousness, headaches, dizziness, and mental disorders. The exact mechanisms and impact on memory formation and brain shrinkage are still being studied. This review will focus on pathways such as the olfactory nerve and blood-brain barrier disruption, and it will then highlight the interactions of the virus with different cell types in the brain, namely neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Researcher in Neuroscience, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Benito-León J. Unseen scars: Unraveling the neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Med Clin (Barc) 2024:S0025-7753(24)00016-2. [PMID: 38378337 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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Sakaibara M, Yamamoto H, Murota H, Monma N, Sato S, Hirano-Iwata A. Enhanced responses to inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in micropatterned networks of cultured cortical neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 695:149379. [PMID: 38159413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cortical neurons in dissociated cultures are an indispensable model system for pharmacological research that provides insights into chemical responses in well-defined environments. However, cortical neurons plated on homogeneous substrates develop an unstructured network that exhibits excessively synchronized activity, which occasionally masks the consequences induced by external substances. Here, we show that hyperactivity and excessive synchrony in cultured cortical networks can be effectively suppressed by growing neurons in microfluidic devices. These devices feature a hierarchically modular design that resembles the in vivo network. We focused on interleukin-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and assessed its acute and chronic effects. Fluorescence calcium imaging of spontaneous neural activity for up to 20 days of culture showed detectable modulation of collective activity events and neural correlation in micropatterned neurons, which was not apparent in neurons cultured on homogeneous substrates. Our results indicate that engineered neuronal networks provide a unique platform for detecting and understanding the fundamental effects of biochemical compounds on neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Sakaibara
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hakuba Murota
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Monma
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeo Sato
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Magaki S, Zhang T, Han K, Hilda M, Yong WH, Achim C, Fishbein G, Fishbein MC, Garner O, Salamon N, Williams CK, Valdes-Sueiras MA, Hsu JJ, Kelesidis T, Mathisen GE, Lavretsky H, Singer EJ, Vinters HV. HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications. FREE NEUROPATHOLOGY 2024; 5:5-5. [PMID: 38469363 PMCID: PMC10925920 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause significant neurologic disease. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of HIV has been extensively studied, with well-documented invasion of HIV into the brain in the initial stage of infection, while the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain are unclear. Neuropathologic features of active HIV infection in the brain are well characterized whereas neuropathologic findings in acute COVID-19 are largely non-specific. On the other hand, neuropathologic substrates of chronic dysfunction in both infections, as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and post-COVID conditions (PCC)/long COVID are unknown. Thus far, neuropathologic studies on patients with HAND in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy have been inconclusive, and autopsy studies on patients diagnosed with PCC have yet to be published. Further longitudinal, multidisciplinary studies on patients with HAND and PCC and neuropathologic studies in comparison to controls are warranted to help elucidate the mechanisms of CNS dysfunction in both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Magaki
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Karam Han
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Mirbaha Hilda
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - William H. Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omai Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K. Williams
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Miguel A. Valdes-Sueiras
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Glenn E. Mathisen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Olive View-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
| | - Helen Lavretsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elyse J. Singer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Tedesco I, Zito Marino F, Ronchi A, Duarte Neto AN, Dolhnikoff M, Municinò M, Campobasso CP, Pannone G, Franco R. COVID-19: detection methods in post-mortem samples. Pathologica 2023; 115:263-274. [PMID: 38054901 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 identification is routinely performed on fresh samples, such as nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, even if, the detection of the virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) autopsy tissues could help to underlie mechanisms of the pathogenesis that are not well understood. The gold standard for COVID-19 detection in FFPE samples remains the qRT-PCR as in swab samples, contextually other methods have been developed, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH). In this manuscript, we summarize the main data regarding the methods of COVID-19 detection in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary post-mortem samples, and especially the sensitivity and specificity of these assays will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tedesco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurizio Municinò
- Forensic Medicine Unit, "S. Giuliano" Hospital, Giugliano in Campania, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietro Campobasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Stein JA, Kaes M, Smola S, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Neuropathology in COVID-19 autopsies is defined by microglial activation and lesions of the white matter with emphasis in cerebellar and brain stem areas. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1229641. [PMID: 37521293 PMCID: PMC10374362 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1229641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate microglial and macrophage activation in 17 patients who died in the context of a COVID-19 infection in 2020 and 2021. Methods Through immunohistochemical analysis, the lysosomal marker CD68 was used to detect diffuse parenchymal microglial activity, pronounced perivascular macrophage activation and macrophage clusters. COVID-19 patients were compared to control patients and grouped regarding clinical aspects. Detection of viral proteins was attempted in different regions through multiple commercially available antibodies. Results Microglial and macrophage activation was most pronounced in the white matter with emphasis in brain stem and cerebellar areas. Analysis of lesion patterns yielded no correlation between disease severity and neuropathological changes. Occurrence of macrophage clusters could not be associated with a severe course of disease or preconditions but represent a more advanced stage of microglial and macrophage activation. Severe neuropathological changes in COVID-19 were comparable to severe Influenza. Hypoxic damage was not a confounder to the described neuropathology. The macrophage/microglia reaction was less pronounced in post COVID-19 patients, but detectable i.e. in the brain stem. Commercially available antibodies for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus material in immunohistochemistry yielded no specific signal over controls. Conclusion The presented microglial and macrophage activation might be an explanation for the long COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Stein
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Kaes
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
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