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Asiri IM, Alrastal DY, Alaqeel RK, Alotaibi FM, Kurdi SM, Alshayban DM, Alsultan MM, Almalki BA, AlShehail BM, ALZlaiq WA, Alotaibi MM, Alanazi MS. A survey of drive-thru pharmacy services: Evaluating the acceptance and perspectives of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101924. [PMID: 38226348 PMCID: PMC10788628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The practice of dispensing drugs in primary healthcare centers has shifted to community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. These changes increase demand and mandate improving their services; one such is establishing pharmacy drive-thru services. To explore the effects of drive-thru services on the pharmacy profession, this study aimed to measure community pharmacists' acceptance, perception, and satisfaction regarding drive-thru services. Methods This cross-sectional study design was conducted in Saudi Arabia between January 2023 and May 2023-comparing the perception, acceptance, and satisfaction of pharmacists who work in a community pharmacy that provides a drive-thru service versus no drive-thru service. Community pharmacists were invited to complete an online questionnaire consisting of four sections developed from previous studies with some modifications. Descriptive statistical analysis and an independent t-test were utilized to test the difference between the two groups (providing drive-thru service vs. non) in their responses. Results This study included 380 community pharmacists, of whom 33 % provided drive-thru services and 67 % did not. Pharmacists' perceptions of drive-thru services differed significantly. Those with drive-thru services perceived lower convenience for delivering drug information and patient counseling, and they were concerned about the potential impact on their health effects (M = 3.15, SD = 1.34) compared to those without (M = 3.58, SD = 1.10), t (3 7 8) = -3.32, p < 0.01). However, they recognized the convenience of serving sick patients, the elderly, disabled individuals, and mothers with children in cars (M = 3.71, SD = 1.17), which was higher than those without (M = 4.04, SD = 1.21), t (3 7 8) = -2.70, p < 0.01). Regarding the current pharmacy layout suitability, pharmacists with drive-thru services found it more suitable (M = 3.13, SD = 1.14) than those without (M = 2.49, SD = 1.14), t (3 7 8) = 5.1, p < 0.01). However, the two groups had no significant difference in overall satisfaction. Conclusion Pharmacists working in pharmacies offering drive-thru services recognized certain benefits but also expressed concerns about health effects and decreased convenience for counseling. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and pharmacy management, highlighting the nuanced views of pharmacists in adopting drive-thru services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Asiri
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Dina Y Alrastal
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Rawan K Alaqeel
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Fawaz M Alotaibi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Sawsan M Kurdi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Dhafer M Alshayban
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Mohammed M Alsultan
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Bassem A Almalki
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alhofuf, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia 31982
| | - Wafa A ALZlaiq
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 1982 31441
| | - Mansour M Alotaibi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alhofuf, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia 31982
| | - Muteb S Alanazi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
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Romero-Ibarguengoitia ME, López-Zamarrón KY, Hernández-Treviño MG, Gutierrez-González D, González-Cantú A, González Peña OI, Garza-Silva A. Development, validation and measurement of patient satisfaction questionnaire in Spanish in drive thru services adapted to hospital pharmacies during COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101838. [PMID: 38162710 PMCID: PMC10757251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There are no validation studies on patient satisfaction surveys in Spanish that can evaluate a hospital pharmacy drive-thru service. Objective To develop and apply a pharmacy drive-thru satisfaction survey in Spanish during the COVID-19 pandemic with an analysis of the instrument validation. Methods This was a qualitative study for developing, validating, and measuring patient satisfaction who used the drive-thru pharmacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Content validity was obtained by a two-round Delphi and patient interview for apparent validity. The questionnaire was administered to 110 patients. The researchers made an item reduction by inter-item and item-total correlation analysis, stability validation by a test-retest, a test of reliability by Cronbach's alpha, and extraction of factors by an exploratory factorial analysis. Likewise, confirmatory factor analysis was developed to obtain a structural equation model based on generating an instrument of two sub-models of latent factors (service and place) with ten observed variables (items). Results A questionnaire was developed that relates six observable variables to the latent factor service and four observable variables to the latent factor place which are ten items based on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, obtaining a Cronbach's alpha = 0.901. The mean population satisfaction score was 4.523. The model presented a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.026 (0.000-0.098), and standardized beta values greater than 0.2 according to the confirmatory factor analysis. Therefore, the goodness-of-fit of our model is consistent and the instrument of patient satisfaction with the use of drive-thru has been validated. Patient satisfaction had a mean of 4.9 points. Conclusions This study developed and validated a reliable scale that evaluates satisfaction in a hospital pharmacy drive-thru service during COVID-19 pandemic that can be applied in other Spanish speaking countries. A great percentage of the patients that were evaluated had good satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Romero-Ibarguengoitia
- Research and Education Department, Hospital Clinica Nova, Avenida del Bosque #139 Cuauhtemoc San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, Mexico
- Universidad de Monterrey, Escuela de medicina, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500-Pte, Zona Valle Poniente, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León 66238, Mexico
| | - Katia Yackelyne López-Zamarrón
- Universidad de Monterrey, Escuela de medicina, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500-Pte, Zona Valle Poniente, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León 66238, Mexico
| | - Mariana Georgina Hernández-Treviño
- Universidad de Monterrey, Escuela de medicina, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500-Pte, Zona Valle Poniente, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León 66238, Mexico
| | - Dalia Gutierrez-González
- Research and Education Department, Hospital Clinica Nova, Avenida del Bosque #139 Cuauhtemoc San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, Mexico
- Universidad de Monterrey, Escuela de medicina, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500-Pte, Zona Valle Poniente, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León 66238, Mexico
| | - Arnulfo González-Cantú
- Research and Education Department, Hospital Clinica Nova, Avenida del Bosque #139 Cuauhtemoc San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, Mexico
- Universidad de Monterrey, Escuela de medicina, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500-Pte, Zona Valle Poniente, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León 66238, Mexico
| | - Omar Israel González Peña
- Research and Education Department, Hospital Clinica Nova, Avenida del Bosque #139 Cuauhtemoc San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, Mexico
- Evidence-Based Medicine Research Unit, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, National Institute of Health, Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Ababneh BF, Ong SC, Alsaloumi L, Aljamal HZ, Hussain R. Reliability and validity of the Malay version of the drive-thru community pharmacy service questionnaire and the Malaysian public's awareness, attitudes, and perceptions of drive-thru community pharmacy during COVID-19. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:159. [PMID: 38017584 PMCID: PMC10683268 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding general public's experiences of using drive-thru pharmacies during COVID-19 in different countries is imperative for establishing these services by standardizing global guidelines for drive-thru pharmacies. The objectives of this study were to validate a Malay version of the drive-thru community pharmacy service questionnaire for use among Malaysians and to obtain a better understanding of the public's awareness, attitudes, and perceptions of drive-thru community pharmacy service during COVID-19. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional study, conducted online using a Google form survey using a convenient sampling method among the Malaysian public. The English version of the drive-thru community pharmacy service questionnaire was translated into the Malay language according to international guidelines. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were examined by experts. Then, the questionnaire was pilot tested on 15 native speakers. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficients. The test-retest reliability was measured with Cohen's κ coefficient. RESULTS A total of 519 participants completed the questionnaire. Face and content validity were satisfactory, as noticed by both the experts and pilot study participants. For test-retest reliability (32 participants), most perception statements had very good coefficient agreement values. Cronbach's alpha of the perception part was 0.833, indicating strong internal consistency. The median age of study participants was 50.0 (IQR = 31.0) and about half of them were females (50.3%, n = 261). Despite 20.4% (n = 106) of the participants reported that the drive-thru community pharmacy service was available in their cities, only 10.4% (n = 54) reported using it. Most participants were in favor of introducing drive-thru services in community pharmacies throughout the country. Drive-thru community pharmacies, according to more than half of the participants (n = 394), would be beneficial to the public. Participants acknowledged that community pharmacies with drive-thru services were useful during the COVID-19 and quarantine periods due to the enhanced social distance 43.5% (n = 226), reduced the spread of the COVID-19 virus 47.0% (n = 244), and relieved pressure on other healthcare settings 38.2% (n = 198). CONCLUSIONS The translated questionnaire was valid and reliable in assessing the perceptions toward drive-thru community pharmacy service during COVID-19 in Malaysia. The participants expressed good awareness and favorable attitudes and perceptions toward drive-thru community pharmacy service during COVID-19. Furthermore, they perceived those services helped to increase social isolation and stop the COVID-19 virus from spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan F Ababneh
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Chin Ong
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Louai Alsaloumi
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Hisham Z Aljamal
- Discipline of Orthopedics, Dr. Sulaiman AL Habib Medical Group, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Hussain
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Ababneh BF, Ong SC, Alsaloumi L, Hussain R. Development and validation of an assessment tool for public perceptions toward drive-thru community pharmacy services in Malaysia during COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1144466. [PMID: 37601205 PMCID: PMC10434766 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community pharmacists' roles have expanded and undergone a significant transition over the last few years. Consequently, new and different pharmacy services, such as drive-thru pharmacy services, have emerged. Drive-thru pharmacy services began three decades ago and continued even during outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients' perceptions are essential to the successful implementation and satisfaction with any new service. This study examines the reliability and validity of the assessment tool of public perceptions toward drive-thru community pharmacy services in Malaysia during COVID-19. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. The developed tool consists of 28 items to evaluate believed advantages toward drive-thru community pharmacy services, believed disadvantages toward drive-thru community pharmacy services, differences between drive-thru community pharmacy services and instore drug refill services, perceptions toward drive-thru community pharmacy services and feelings regarding how the introduction of drive-thru pharmacy services may affect the image of community pharmacists. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to identify the factors of the developed tool, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the model fitness. Results The EFA identified five elements and 25 items for the tool, and through CFA results, the observed model of the 25 items structure of the tool was verified as an excellent fit for the data [χ2 (265, N = 565) = 819.586, p < 0.001, IFI = 0.931, CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.064]. The results of the CFA indicated a good model fit between the observed model and the proposed model. The internal reliability of the entire tool and each factor was very satisfactory as Cronbach's Alpha for the whole structured tool was 0.843 and for each factor was as follows, first factor (believed advantages) = 0.909, second factor (believed disadvantages) = 0.921, third factor (differences between drive-thru and instore refill) = 0.647, fourth factor (perceptions) = 0.926, and fifth factor (feelings) = 0.681. Conclusion The developed and validated tool would be valuable for assessing the public's perceptions of the drive-thru community pharmacy service during COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Faisal Ababneh
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Chin Ong
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Louai Alsaloumi
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Türkiye
| | - Rabia Hussain
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Awareness, attitudes, and perceptions of drive-thru community pharmacy services among the general public in Malaysia during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282991. [PMID: 36897873 PMCID: PMC10004521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a lack of attention to drive-thru services in the community pharmacy setting, particularly during the COVID-19 period in Malaysia. The main objective of this study was to assess the public awareness, attitudes, and perceptions towards drive-thru community pharmacy services among during COVID-19 in Malaysia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administrated, web-based survey (Google form) among the public in Malaysia between May and June 2022. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Associations between the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and the use of drive-thru community pharmacy services were assessed using a chi-square test. Regression analyses were carried out to determine whether the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were associated with perceptions towards drive-thru community pharmacy services. RESULTS A total of 565 (70.6%) of the general public completed the survey instrument. The median age of study participants was 40.0 (IQR = 36.0) and about half of them were males (50.6%, n = 286). Although 18.6% (n = 105) of the participants reported the presence of DTCPS in their cities, only 9.0% (n = 51) reported having used this service. Most of the participants were supportive to establish drive-thru services at community pharmacies in the country. Most of the believed advantages among participants were that DTCPS are helpful during COVID-19 and quarantine time 48.0% (n = 271) by enhancing social distancing and reducing the spread of the COVID-19 virus 48.5% (n = 274). Among sociodemographic factors, non-Malaysian nationality (p<0.001), and age above 55 years (p = 0.01) were found to negatively affect participants' perceptions towards drive-thru community pharmacy services. CONCLUSION This study showed positive awareness, attitudes, and perceptions toward drive-thru community pharmacy services during COVID-19 in Malaysia among the public. The participants believed that those services were helpful during COVID-19 to enhance social distancing and to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus.
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Chew LS, Yeo YL, Chang CT, Chew CC, George D, Rajan P. Satisfaction among patients and caregivers receiving value-added services during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in a tertiary hospital in the Perak state of Malaysia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jphsr/rmab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Patient satisfaction was used as an indicator of service quality in the public hospitals. The pharmacy value-added services (VAS) were intensified after the COVID-19 outbreak, and evaluation of user’s satisfaction was important for service improvement.
Methods
This was a single-centre, cross-sectional, web-based study in the outpatient pharmacy in a tertiary hospital in the Perak state of Malaysia. Patients and caregivers aged 18 years and above, received at least one prescription refill using the pharmacy VAS from April to September 2020, were included. The questionnaire was adapted from a validated tool, underwent face and content validation before dissemination. The link was disseminated to the targeted population through short messages service (SMS).
Key findings
Out of 1200 invited people, 303 agreed to participate. Majority of the respondents were male (160, 52.8%), Chinese (156, 51.5%), with tertiary education (201, 66.3%) and retiree (112, 37.0%). Out of a maximum score of 5, the overall mean satisfaction score was 4.42 (SD: 0.55). The respondents were most agreeable to time-saving benefits of the pharmacy VAS (4.56 ± 0.63). Majority of the respondents felt that pharmacy VAS had made their life easier (290, 95.7%) and planned to recommend the pharmacy VAS to others (292, 96.4%) Respondents aged more than 60 (versus age 18–35, β = 2.375, P < 0.001) and those who used drive-through service (versus SPUB, β = 2.272, P = 0.001) reported higher satisfaction scores. Several suggestions were made for service improvement, including longer operating hours (18, 6.0%), upgraded communication system (9, 3.0%), smoother registration process (9, 3.0%), more polite staff (9, 3.0%), selection of preferred postage delivery time (6, 2.0%) and promotion of VAS (4, 1.3%)
Conclusions
Majority of the respondents were highly satisfied towards the pharmacy VAS. Future studies should compare the satisfaction of VAS with traditional counter service to compare the level and factors that contributed to the users’ satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Sim Chew
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Yeo
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Tao Chang
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chii-Chii Chew
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Doris George
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Philip Rajan
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
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Hussain R, Dawoud DM, Babar ZUD. Drive-thru pharmacy services: A way forward to combat COVID-19 pandemic. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:1920-1924. [PMID: 32792322 PMCID: PMC7373674 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Countries around the globe have responded to pandemic preparedness and developed strategies to cope with the COVID-19 crisis. In this context, the role of healthcare professionals is of paramount importance. Pharmacists are playing a vital role in dealing, preparedness, prevention, protection, promoting access to medicines and to improve health outcomes during this crisis. In this context, “Drive-thru” pharmacy services improve access to medicines while ensuring the preventive measures suggested by the World Health Organization. This commentary provides an overview of opportunities and challenges related to the implementation of “drive-thru pharmacy services” and their role in improving public health during this crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Hussain
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Dalia M Dawoud
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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