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Yuan X, Hao W, Teng Y, Zhang H, Han C, Zhang X, Li Z, Ibhadon AO, Teng F. Effect of multi-interface electron transfer on water splitting and an innovative electrolytic cell for synergistic hydrogen production and degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141929. [PMID: 38604520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The cleaning and utilization of industry wastewater are still a big challenge. In this work, we mainly investigate the effect of electron transfer among multi-interfaces on water electrolysis reaction. Typically, the CoS2, Co3S4/CoS2 (designated as CS4-2) and Co3S4/Co9S8/CoS2 (designated as CS4-8-2) samples are prepared on a large scale by one-step molten salt method. It is found that because of the different work functions (designated as WF; WF(Co3S4) = 4.48eV, WF(CoS2) = 4.41eV, WF(Co9S8) = 4.18 eV), the effective heterojunctions at the multi-interfaces of CS4-8-2 sample, which obviously improve interface charge transfer. Thus, the CS4-8-2 sample shows an excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity (134 mV/10 mA cm-2, 40 mV dec-1). The larger double-layer capacitance (Cdl = 17.1 mF cm-2) of the CS4-8-2 sample indicates more electrochemical active sites, compared to the CoS2 and CS4-2 samples. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation proves that due to interface polarization under electric field, the multi-interfaces effectively promote electron transfer and regulate electron structure, thus promoting the adsorption of OH- and dissociation of H2O. Moreover, an innovative norfloxacin (NFX) electrolytic cell (EC) is developed through introducing NFX into the electrolyte, in which efficient NFX degradation and hydrogen production are synergistically achieved. To reach 50 mA cm-2, the required cell voltage of NFX-EC has decreased by 35.2%, compared to conventional KOH-EC. After 2h running at 1 V, 25.5% NFX was degraded in the NFX EC. This innovative NFX-EC is highly energy-efficient, which is promising for the synergistic cleaning and utilization of industry wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Weiyi Hao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yiran Teng
- Nanjing Software Research Institute of China United Network Communications Co., Ltd, 230 Lushan Road, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Hanming Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chengyue Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Alex O Ibhadon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Teng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 19 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
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Chen M, Li L, Wang Y, Liang D, Zhou Z, Xin H, Li C, Yuan G, Wang J. Sulfonated P-W modified nitrogen-containing carbon-based solid acid catalysts for one-pot conversion of cellulose to ethyl levulinate under water-ethanol medium. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129472. [PMID: 38262833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Converting cellulose (Cel) into ethyl levulinate (EL) is one of the promising strategies for supplying liquid fuels. In this paper, the prepared sulfonated P-W-modified N-containing carbon-based solid acid catalyst (PWNCS), in which the Polyaniline (PANI) was employed as N and C precursors, successfully converted Cel into EL under the water-ethanol medium. The characterization results demonstrated that a tiny addition of P increased the Brønsted acid sites (BAS) content and defective WO3 provided the Lewis acid sites (LAS), meanwhile, the sulfonation process did not change the fundamental structure but introduced the sulfonic groups to dramatically increase the acidic content. Therefore, under optimized reaction conditions, PWNCS realized about 100% Cel conversion and 71.61% of EL yield, furthermore, the selectivity of EL reached 89.14%. In addition, the effect of water on the reaction pathway of Cel to EL over PWNCS was proposed. The addition of water generally resulted in the hydration of defective WO3 to reduce the LAS and increase BAS, which significantly inhibited the side reactions of retro-aldol condensation (RAC) and subsequent etherification reactions during Cel conversion and then improved the selectivity of EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China.
| | - Longyang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
| | - Yishuang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China.
| | - Defang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
| | - Zinan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
| | - Haosheng Xin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
| | - Gang Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 232001 Huainan, PR China
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Wang Y, Wang R, Duan S. Optimization Methods of Tungsten Oxide-Based Nanostructures as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111727. [PMID: 37299630 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting, as a sustainable, pollution-free and convenient method of hydrogen production, has attracted the attention of researchers. However, due to the high reaction barrier and slow four-electron transfer process, it is necessary to develop and design efficient electrocatalysts to promote electron transfer and improve reaction kinetics. Tungsten oxide-based nanomaterials have received extensive attention due to their great potential in energy-related and environmental catalysis. To maximize the catalytic efficiency of catalysts in practical applications, it is essential to further understand the structure-property relationship of tungsten oxide-based nanomaterials by controlling the surface/interface structure. In this review, recent methods to enhance the catalytic activities of tungsten oxide-based nanomaterials are reviewed, which are classified into four strategies: morphology regulation, phase control, defect engineering, and heterostructure construction. The structure-property relationship of tungsten oxide-based nanomaterials affected by various strategies is discussed with examples. Finally, the development prospects and challenges in tungsten oxide-based nanomaterials are discussed in the conclusion. We believe that this review provides guidance for researchers to develop more promising electrocatalysts for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sibin Duan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Feng T, Cui Z, Guo P, Wang X, Li J, Liu X, Wang W, Li Z. Fabrication of Ru/WO 3-W 2N/N-doped carbon sheets for hydrogen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:618-626. [PMID: 36669455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental analysis indicates WO3-based nanostructures exhibit poor hydrogen evolution reactivity, particularly in alkaline medium, arising from the low electron transfer rate. It is imperative to tune the composition and structure of WO3 to boost the cleavage of H-OH bond. Here, we construct Ru/WO3-W2N/N-doped carbon sheets (Ru/WO3-W2N/NC) using m-WO3 nanosheets as precursors with the aid of RuCl3, Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and dopamine. Structural investigation reveals the formation of N-doped carbon sheets, Ru nanoparticles, and WO3-W2N. As a result, hydrogen evolution reactivity is greatly improved on Ru/WO3-W2N/N-doped carbon sheets with 64 mV at 10 mA/cm2 in 1 mol/L (M) KOH, outperforming most of WO3-based electrocatalysts in previous literatures. Meanwhile, it facilitates the generation of H2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 with the excellent activity of 110 mV at 10 mA/cm2. Our work provides an efficient strategy to tailor the electronic structure of WO3 to catalyze acidic and alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhijie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Juan Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Xien Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenpin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Mineo G, Bruno L, Bruno E, Mirabella S. WO 3 Nanorods Decorated with Very Small Amount of Pt for Effective Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1071. [PMID: 36985965 PMCID: PMC10059913 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most promising green methods for the efficient production of renewable and sustainable H2, for which platinum possesses the highest catalytic activity. Cost-effective alternatives can be obtained by reducing the Pt amount and still preserving its activity. The Pt nanoparticle decoration of suitable current collectors can be effectively realized by using transition metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures. Among them, WO3 nanorods are the most eligible option, thanks to their high stability in acidic environments, and large availability. Herein, a simple and affordable hydrothermal route is used for the synthesis of hexagonal WO3 nanorods (average length and diameter of 400 and 50 nm, respectively), whose crystal structure is modified after annealing at 400 °C for 60 min, to obtain a mixed hexagonal/monoclinic crystal structure. These nanostructures were investigated as support for the ultra-low-Pt nanoparticles (0.2-1.13 μg/cm2): decoration occurs by drop casting some drops of a Pt nanoparticle aqueous solution and the electrodes were tested for the HER in acidic environment. Pt-decorated WO3 nanorods were characterized by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry. HER catalytic activity is studied as a function of the total Pt nanoparticle loading, thus obtaining an outstanding overpotential of 32 mV at 10 mA/cm2, a Tafel slope of 31 mV/dec, a turn-over frequency of 5 Hz at -15 mV, and a mass activity of 9 A/mg at 10 mA/cm2 for the sample decorated with the highest Pt amount (1.13 μg/cm2). These data show that WO3 nanorods act as excellent supports for the development of an ultra-low-Pt-amount-based cathode for efficient and low-cost electrochemical HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacometta Mineo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (L.B.); (E.B.)
- IMM-CNR, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Bruno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (L.B.); (E.B.)
- IMM-CNR, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Bruno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (L.B.); (E.B.)
- IMM-CNR, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvo Mirabella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (L.B.); (E.B.)
- IMM-CNR, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Lee S, Lee Y, Kim T, Kim G, Eom T, Shin H, Jeong Y, Jeon S. Steep-Slope Transistor with an Imprinted Antiferroelectric Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53019-53026. [PMID: 36394287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of negative capacitance (NC), which can internally boost the voltage applied to a transistor, has been considered to overcome the fundamental Boltzmann limit of a transistor. To stabilize the NC effect, the dielectric (DE) must be integrated into a heterostructure with a ferroelectric (FE) film. However, in a multidomain hafnia, the charge boosting effect is reduced owing to a lowering of the depolarization field originating from the stray field at each domain, and simultaneously, the operating voltage increases owing to the voltage division at the DE. Here, we demonstrate core approaches to the gate stack of energy-efficient device technology using a transient NC. Electrical measurements of the transistor with imprinted antiferroelectric and high CDE/CFE structures exhibit low subthreshold slopes below 20 mV/dec, a low voltage operation of 0.5 V, a fast operation of 20 ns, hysteresis-free Id-Vg, and high endurance characteristics of 1012 cycles. We expect that this will lead to the rapid implementation of the NC effect in high-speed switching device applications with significantly improved energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Yongsun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Giuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Taehyong Eom
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Hunbeom Shin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Yeongseok Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Sanghun Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Korea
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Van Nguyen T, Do HH, Tekalgne M, Van Le Q, Nguyen TP, Hong SH, Cho JH, Van Dao D, Ahn SH, Kim SY. Correction to: WS 2-WC-WO 3 nano‑hollow spheres as an efficient and durable catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:33. [PMID: 34665358 PMCID: PMC8526663 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Van Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Huu Do
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahider Tekalgne
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Thang Phan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dung Van Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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