1
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Xie WL, Zhang MF, Huang ZY, Xu M, Li CX, Xu JH. Enhancing the biosynthesis of taxadien-5α-yl-acetate in Escherichia coli by combinatorial metabolic engineering approaches. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:50. [PMID: 38753083 PMCID: PMC11098985 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of paclitaxel (Taxol™) is a hot topic with extensive and durable interests for decades. However, it is severely hindered due to the very low titers of intermediates. In this study, Escherichia coli was employed to de novo synthesize a key intermediate of paclitaxel, taxadien-5α-yl-acetate (T5OAc). Plasmid-based pathway reconstruction and optimization were conducted for T5OAc production. The endogenous methylerythritol phosphate pathway was enhanced to increase the precursor supply. Three taxadien-5α-ol O-acetyltransferases were tested to obtain the best enzyme for the acetylation step. Metabolic burden was relieved to restore cell growth and promote production through optimizing the plasmid production system. In order to achieve metabolic balance, the biosynthesis pathway was regulated precisely by multivariate-modular metabolic engineering. Finally, in a 5-L bioreactor, the T5OAc titer was enhanced to reach 10.9 mg/L. This represents an approximately 272-fold increase in production compared to the original strain, marking the highest yield of T5OAc ever documented in E. coli, which is believed to be helpful for promoting the progress of paclitaxel biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Xie
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Fang Zhang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yu Huang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Jiang B, Gao L, Wang H, Sun Y, Zhang X, Ke H, Liu S, Ma P, Liao Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Du R, Rogge T, Li W, Shang Y, Houk KN, Xiong X, Xie D, Huang S, Lei X, Yan J. Characterization and heterologous reconstitution of Taxus biosynthetic enzymes leading to baccatin III. Science 2024; 383:622-629. [PMID: 38271490 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a well known anticancer compound. Its biosynthesis involves the formation of a highly functionalized diterpenoid core skeleton (baccatin III) and the subsequent assembly of a phenylisoserinoyl side chain. Despite intensive investigation for half a century, the complete biosynthetic pathway of baccatin III remains unknown. In this work, we identified a bifunctional cytochrome P450 enzyme [taxane oxetanase 1 (TOT1)] in Taxus mairei that catalyzes an oxidative rearrangement in paclitaxel oxetane formation, which represents a previously unknown enzyme mechanism for oxetane ring formation. We created a screening strategy based on the taxusin biosynthesis pathway and uncovered the enzyme responsible for the taxane oxidation of the C9 position (T9αH1). Finally, we artificially reconstituted a biosynthetic pathway for the production of baccatin III in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengchao Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinggang Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yugeng Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Du
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Zhang MF, Xie WL, Chen C, Li CX, Xu JH. Computational redesign of taxane-10β-hydroxylase for de novo biosynthesis of a key paclitaxel intermediate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7105-7117. [PMID: 37736790 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol®) is the most popular anticancer diterpenoid predominantly present in Taxus. The core skeleton of paclitaxel is highly modified, but researches on the cytochrome P450s involved in post-modification process remain exceedingly limited. Herein, the taxane-10β-hydroxylase (T10βH) from Taxus cuspidata, which is the third post-modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of taxadiene-5α-yl-acetate (T5OAc) to taxadiene-5α-yl-acetoxy-10β-ol (T10OH), was investigated in Escherichia coli by combining computation-assisted protein engineering and metabolic engineering. The variant of T10βH, M3 (I75F/L226K/S345V), exhibited a remarkable 9.5-fold increase in protein expression, accompanied by respective 1.3-fold and 2.1-fold improvements in turnover frequency (TOF) and total turnover number (TTN). Upon integration into the engineered strain, the variant M3 resulted in a substantial enhancement in T10OH production from 0.97 to 2.23 mg/L. Ultimately, the titer of T10OH reached 3.89 mg/L by fed-batch culture in a 5-L bioreactor, representing the highest level reported so far for the microbial de novo synthesis of this key paclitaxel intermediate. This study can serve as a valuable reference for further investigation of other P450s associated with the artificial biosynthesis of paclitaxel and other terpenoids. KEY POINTS: • The T10βH from T. cuspidata was expressed and engineered in E. coli unprecedentedly. • The expression and activity of T10βH were improved through protein engineering. • De novo biosynthesis of T10OH was achieved in E. coli with a titer of 3.89 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Li C, Qi Y, Sun Z, Jiang M, Li C. Way to efficient microbial paclitaxel mass production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:673-681. [PMID: 37954482 PMCID: PMC10632112 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial synthesis of paclitaxel is attractive for its short-cycle, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. However, low paclitaxel productivity, depleted capacity during subculture and storage, and unclear biosynthesis mechanisms restrain industrial microbial synthesis. Along with the isolation of various paclitaxel-producing microorganisms and the development of versatile molecular tools, tremendous promises for microbial paclitaxel synthesis have become increasingly prominent. In this review, we summarize the progress of microbial synthesis of paclitaxel in recent years, focusing on paclitaxel-producing endophytes and representative engineering microorganism hosts that were used as chassis for paclitaxel precursor synthesis. Numerous wide-type microbes can manufacture paclitaxel, and fermentation process optimization and strain improvement can greatly enhance the productivity. Engineered microbes can efficiently synthesize precursors of paclitaxel by introducing exogenous synthetic pathway. Mining paclitaxel synthetic pathways and genetic manipulation of endophytes will accelerate the construction of microbial cell factories, indefinitely contributing to paclitaxel mass production by microbes. This review emphasizes the potential and provides solutions for efficient microbial paclitaxel mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yanli Qi
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhongke Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Nanyang Institute of Medical Plant Technology and Industry, Nanyang, 473005, China
| | - Mengwan Jiang
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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5
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Zhang Z, Huang L, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH, Yu HL. Rational Design of Taxadiene Hydroxylase by Ancestral Enzyme Construction and the Elucidation of Key Amino Acids. Biochemistry 2023; 62:3214-3221. [PMID: 37902563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) play an important role in the biosynthesis of natural products by activating inert C-H bonds and inserting hydroxyl groups. However, the activities of most plant-derived CYP450s are extremely low, limiting the heterologous biosynthesis of natural products. Traditional enzyme engineering methods, either rational or screening-based, are not suitable for CYP450s because of the lack of crystal structures and high-throughput screening methods for this class of enzymes. CYP725A4 is the first hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis pathway of Taxol. Its low activity, promiscuity, and multispecificity make it a bottleneck in Taxol biosynthesis. Here, we identified key amino acids that affect the in vivo activity of CYP725A4 by constructing the ancestral enzymes of CYP725A4. We obtained positive mutants that showed an improved yield of hydroxylated products based on the key amino acids identified, providing guidance for the modification of other CYP450s involved in the biosynthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Longhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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6
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Zhu HJ, Pan J, Li CX, Chen FF, Xu JH. Construction and optimization of a biocatalytic route for the synthesis of neomenthylamine from menthone. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:75. [PMID: 38647910 PMCID: PMC10992614 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00693-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(+)-Neomenthylamine is an important industrial precursor used to synthesize high value-added chemicals. Here, we report a novel biocatalytic route to synthesize (+)-neomenthylamine by amination of readily available (-)-menthone substrate using ω-transaminase. By screening a panel of ω-transaminases, an ω-transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis JS17 was identified with considerable amination activity to (-)-menthone, and then characterization of enzymatic properties was conducted for the enzyme. Under optimized conditions, 10 mM (-)-menthone was transformed in a mild aqueous phase with 4.7 mM product yielded in 24 h. The biocatalytic route using inexpensive starting materials (ketone substrate and amino donor) and mild reaction conditions represents an easy and green approach for (+)-neomenthylamine synthesis. This method underscores the potential of biocatalysts in the synthesis of unnatural terpenoid amine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jue Zhu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kumar A, Techapun C, Sommanee S, Mahakuntha C, Feng J, Htike SL, Khemacheewakul J, Porninta K, Phimolsiripol Y, Wang W, Zhuang X, Qi W, Jantanasakulwong K, Nunta R, Leksawasdi N. Production of Phenylacetylcarbinol via Biotransformation Using the Co-Culture of Candida tropicalis TISTR 5306 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5606 as the Biocatalyst. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:928. [PMID: 37755036 PMCID: PMC10533076 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) is a precursor for the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and norephedrine. PAC is commonly produced through biotransformation using microbial pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) in the form of frozen-thawed whole cells. However, the lack of microorganisms capable of high PDC activity is the main factor in the production of PAC. In addition, researchers are also looking for ways to utilize agro-industrial residues as an inexpensive carbon source through an integrated biorefinery approach in which sugars can be utilized for bioethanol production and frozen-thawed whole cells for PAC synthesis. In the present study, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the co-culture of both strains were compared for their biomass and ethanol concentrations, as well as for their volumetric and specific PDC activities when cultivated in a sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate medium (SCBHM). The co-culture that resulted in a higher level of PAC (8.65 ± 0.08 mM) with 26.4 ± 0.9 g L-1 ethanol production was chosen for further experiments. Biomass production was scaled up to 100 L and the kinetic parameters were studied. The biomass harvested from the bioreactor was utilized as frozen-thawed whole cells for the selection of an initial pyruvate (Pyr)-to-benzaldehyde (Bz) concentration ([Pyr]/[Bz]) ratio suitable for the PAC biotransformation in a single-phase emulsion system. The initial [Pyr]/[Bz] at 100/120 mM resulted in higher PAC levels with 10.5 ± 0.2 mM when compared to 200/240 mM (8.60 ± 0.01 mM). A subsequent two-phase emulsion system with Pyr in the aqueous phase, Bz in the organic phase, and frozen-thawed whole cells of the co-culture as the biocatalyst produced a 1.46-fold higher PAC level when compared to a single-phase emulsion system. In addition, the cost analysis strategy indicated preliminary costs of USD 0.82 and 1.01/kg PAC for the single-phase and two-phase emulsion systems, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that the co-culture of C. tropicalis and S. cerevisiae can effectively produce bioethanol and PAC from SCB and would decrease the overall production cost on an industrial scale utilizing the two-phase emulsion system with the proposed multiple-pass strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasu Kumar
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Thanjavur 613403, India
| | - Charin Techapun
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sumeth Sommanee
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chatchadaporn Mahakuntha
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Juan Feng
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Su Lwin Htike
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Julaluk Khemacheewakul
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kritsadaporn Porninta
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.W.); (X.Z.); (W.Q.)
| | - Xinshu Zhuang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.W.); (X.Z.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.W.); (X.Z.); (W.Q.)
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Rojarej Nunta
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Division of Food Innovation and Business, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang 52100, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (A.K.); (C.T.); (S.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.); (S.L.H.); (J.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (K.J.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Rutkowska N, Drożdżyński P, Ryngajłło M, Marchut-Mikołajczyk O. Plants as the Extended Phenotype of Endophytes-The Actual Source of Bioactive Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10096. [PMID: 37373241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, plants have been used for their medicinal properties. The industrial production of plant-beneficial compounds is facing many drawbacks, such as seasonal dependence and troublesome extraction and purification processes, which have led to many species being on the edge of extinction. As the demand for compounds applicable to, e.g., cancer treatment, is still growing, there is a need to develop sustainable production processes. The industrial potential of the endophytic microorganisms residing within plant tissues is undeniable, as they are often able to produce, in vitro, similar to or even the same compounds as their hosts. The peculiar conditions of the endophytic lifestyle raise questions about the molecular background of the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds in planta, and the actual producer, whether it is the plant itself or its residents. Extending this knowledge is crucial to overcoming the current limitations in the implementation of endophytes for larger-scale production. In this review, we focus on the possible routes of the synthesis of host-specific compounds in planta by their endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rutkowska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Drożdżyński
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ryngajłło
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Olga Marchut-Mikołajczyk
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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