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Lin S, Ji Z, Gao J, Fan J, Hou J, Liu S, Wang C, Chen K, Tao L, Jiang Z. Poldip2 Aggravates inflammation in diabetic retinopathy by impairing mitophagy via the AMPK/ULK1/Pink1 pathway. Life Sci 2025; 373:123681. [PMID: 40320136 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2025] [Revised: 04/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/26/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Inflammation is a crucial aspect of the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) has been linked to inflammation in various disorders, but its role in DR remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of Poldip2 in DR. METHODS Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed significant mitophagy reduction due to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in the retinas of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In vivo, AAV9-Poldip2-shRNA was administered to STZ-induced DR rats, partially restoring mitophagy. Microglia (BV2) cells cultured in high glucose (HG) conditions exhibited similar behavior. Likewise, BV2 received Poldip2-siRNA treatment to further explore the regulatory mechanism of Poldip2. RESULTS In vivo, Poldip2 was significantly elevated alongside VEGFR and SQSTM1/P62, while mitophagy markers were inhibited. Under HG conditions, BV2 secret large amounts of pro-inflammatory factors. Human Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HRMECs) were significantly affected by these HG-cultured BV2, leading to angiogenesis. Notably, Poldip2 knockdown significantly increased Pink1 by preventing its ubiquitination-mediated degradation, thereby enhancing mitophagy and reducing retinal inflammation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Poldip2 contributes to DR by promoting Pink1 degradation, which inhibits mitophagy and leads to inflammation. Targeting Poldip2 may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zhiyu Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liming Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zhengxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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Fang X, Shao Z, Ding H, Xu H, Tu Z, Wang H, Li D, Huang C, Jiang C. Urolithin A enhances diabetic wound healing: Insights from parkin-mediated mitophagy in endothelial progenitor cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 155:114572. [PMID: 40203794 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Diabetes is often associated with delayed wound healing, where endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a key role in maintaining vascular integrity and promoting angiogenesis. Urolithin A, a metabolite derived from pomegranates, strawberries, and nuts, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in reversing damage in various disease models, indicating its potential in facilitating diabetic wound healing. In this study, we investigated the effects of Urolithin A on mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and impaired function in EPCs treated with high glucose. Through sequencing and molecular docking analysis, we found that Urolithin A exerts its therapeutic action by upregulating Parkin and activating mitophagy. Furthermore, Urolithin A alleviated delayed wound healing in diabetic rat models. In conclusion, Urolithin A holds promise as a therapeutic agent for improving diabetes-related delayed wound healing by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and enhancing EPC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fang
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317500, China; Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310017, China
| | - Zhenxuan Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310017, China
| | - Hongfeng Ding
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317500, China
| | - Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317500, China
| | - Zhuolong Tu
- Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310017, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310017, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310017, China.
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317500, China.
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Magrì B, Bucolo C, D'Agata V. Targeting the PINK1/Parkin pathway: A new perspective in the prevention and therapy of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2024; 247:110024. [PMID: 39117133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes characterized by neurovascular impairment of the retina. The dysregulation of the mitophagy process occurs before apoptotic cell death and the appearance of vascular damage. In particular, mitochondrial alterations happen during DR development, supporting the hypothesis that mitophagy is negatively correlated to disease progression. This process is mainly regulated by the PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway whose activation promotes mitophagy. In this review, we will summarize the evidence reported in the literature demonstrating the involvement of the PINK1/Parkin pathway in diabetic retinopathy-induced retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy.
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Peng J, Abdulla R, Liu X, He F, Xin X, Aisa HA. Polyphenol-Rich Extract of Apocynum venetum L. Leaves Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells against High Glucose-Induced Damage through Polyol Pathway and Autophagy. Nutrients 2024; 16:2944. [PMID: 39275261 PMCID: PMC11397065 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a specific microvascular problem of diabetes, which is mainly caused by hyperglycemia and may lead to rapid vision loss. Dietary polyphenols have been reported to decrease the risk of DR. Apocynum venetum L. leaves are rich in polyphenolic compounds and are popular worldwide for their health benefits as a national tea drink. Building on previous findings of antioxidant activity and aldose reductase inhibition of A. venetum, this study investigated the chemical composition of polyphenol-rich extract of A. venetum leaves (AVL) and its protective mechanism on ARPE-19 cells in hyperglycemia. Ninety-three compounds were identified from AVL by LC-MS/MS, including sixty-eight flavonoids, twenty-one organic acids, and four coumarins. AVL regulated the polyol pathway by decreasing the expression of aldose reductase and the content of sorbitol, enhancing the Na+K+-ATPase activity, and weakening intracellular oxidative stress effectively; it also could regulate the expression of autophagy-related proteins via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway to maintain intracellular homeostasis. AVL could restore the polyol pathway, inhibit oxidative stress, and maintain intracellular autophagy to protect cellular morphology and improve DR. The study reveals the phytochemical composition and protective mechanisms of AVL against DR, which could be developed as a functional food and/or candidate pharmaceutical, aiming for retina protection in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rahima Abdulla
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fei He
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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5
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Caruso L, Fields M, Rimondi E, Zauli G, Longo G, Marcuzzi A, Previati M, Gonelli A, Zauli E, Milani D. Classical and Innovative Evidence for Therapeutic Strategies in Retinal Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2124. [PMID: 38396799 PMCID: PMC10889839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human retina is a complex anatomical structure that has no regenerative capacity. The pathogenesis of most retinopathies can be attributed to inflammation, with the activation of the inflammasome protein platform, and to the impact of oxidative stress on the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy in retinal cells. In recent years, new therapeutic approaches to treat retinopathies have been investigated. Experimental data suggest that the secretome of mesenchymal cells could reduce oxidative stress, autophagy, and the apoptosis of retinal cells, and in turn, the secretome of the latter could induce changes in mesenchymal cells. Other studies have evidenced that noncoding (nc)RNAs might be new targets for retinopathy treatment and novel disease biomarkers since a correlation has been found between ncRNA levels and retinopathies. A new field to explore is the interaction observed between the ocular and intestinal microbiota; indeed, recent findings have shown that the alteration of gut microbiota seems to be linked to ocular diseases, suggesting a gut-eye axis. To explore new therapeutical strategies for retinopathies, it is important to use proper models that can mimic the complexity of the retina. In this context, retinal organoids represent a good model for the study of the pathophysiology of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Matteo Fields
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Maurizio Previati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
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Hu Z, Wang X, Hu Q, Chen X. Exploring the protective effects of herbal monomers against diabetic retinopathy based on the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35541. [PMID: 37904448 PMCID: PMC10615407 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become one of the top 3 blinding eye diseases in the world. In spite of recent therapeutic breakthroughs, it is not yet possible to cure DR through pharmacotherapy. Cell death is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of DR. Moderate modulation of cellular autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis have been identified as effective targets for the treatment of DR. Numerous phytochemicals have emerged as potential new drugs for the treatment of DR. We collected basic DR research on herbal monomers through keywords such as autophagy and apoptosis, and conducted a systematic search for relevant research articles published in the PubMed database. This review provides the effects and reports of herbal monomers on various DR cellular and animal models in vivo and in vitro in the available literature, and emphasizes the importance of cellular autophagy and apoptosis as current DR therapeutic targets. Based on our review, we believe that herbal monomers that modulate autophagy and inhibit apoptosis may be potentially effective candidates for the development of new drugs in the treatment of DR. It provides a strategy for further development and application of herbal medicines for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Hu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Sadeghi A, Niknam M, Momeni-Moghaddam MA, Shabani M, Aria H, Bastin A, Teimouri M, Meshkani R, Akbari H. Crosstalk between autophagy and insulin resistance: evidence from different tissues. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:456. [PMID: 37876013 PMCID: PMC10599071 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a critical hormone that promotes energy storage in various tissues, as well as anabolic functions. Insulin resistance significantly reduces these responses, resulting in pathological conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The management of insulin resistance requires better knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanisms to prevent secondary complications, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent evidence regarding the etiological mechanisms behind insulin resistance emphasizes the role of energy imbalance and neurohormonal dysregulation, both of which are closely regulated by autophagy. Autophagy is a conserved process that maintains homeostasis in cells. Accordingly, autophagy abnormalities have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, T2DM, obesity, and CVDs. Thus, there may be a link between autophagy and insulin resistance. Therefore, the interaction between autophagy and insulin function will be examined in this review, particularly in insulin-responsive tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asie Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Niknam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Bastin
- Clinical Research Development Center "The Persian Gulf Martyrs" Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Zhao X, Bie LY, Pang DR, Li X, Yang LF, Chen DD, Wang YR, Gao Y. The role of autophagy in the treatment of type II diabetes and its complications: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1228045. [PMID: 37810881 PMCID: PMC10551182 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1228045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR). Its incidence is increasing annually, posing a significant threat to human life and health. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to discover effective drugs and investigate the pathogenesis of T2DM. Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining normal islet structure. However, in a state of high glucose, autophagy is inhibited, resulting in impaired islet function, insulin resistance, and complications. Studies have shown that modulating autophagy through activation or inhibition can have a positive impact on the treatment of T2DM and its complications. However, it is important to note that the specific regulatory mechanisms vary depending on the target organ. This review explores the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of T2DM, taking into account both genetic and external factors. It also provides a summary of reported chemical drugs and traditional Chinese medicine that target the autophagic pathway for the treatment of T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lu-Yao Bie
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dao-Ran Pang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Long-Fei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yue-Rui Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Yu DQ, Yu SP, Wu J, Lan LN, Mao BX. LIN28A attenuates high glucose-induced retinal pigmented epithelium injury through activating SIRT1-dependent autophagy. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1465-1474. [PMID: 37724283 PMCID: PMC10475635 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.09.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of LIN28A (human) on high glucose-induced retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cell injury and its possible mechanism. METHODS Diabetic retinopathy model was generated following 48h of exposure to 30 mmol/L high glucose (HG) in ARPE-19 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot tested the expression of the corresponding genes and proteins. Cell viability as well as apoptosis was determined through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry assays. Immunofluorescence assay was adopted to evaluate autophagy activity. Caspase 3 activity, oxidative stress markers, and cytokines were appraised adopting their commercial kits, respectively. Finally, ARPE-19 cells were preincubated with EX527, a Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor, prior to HG stimulation to validate the regulatory mechanism. RESULTS LIN28A was downregulated in HG-challenged ARPE-19 cells. LIN28A overexpression greatly inhibited HG-induced ARPE-19 cell viability loss, apoptosis, oxidative damage as well as inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the repressed autophagy and SIRT1 in ARPE-19 cells challenged with HG were elevated after LIN28A overexpression. In addition, treatment of EX527 greatly inhibited the activated autophagy following LIN28A overexpression and partly abolished the protective role of LIN28A against HG-elicited apoptosis, oxidative damage as well as inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION LIN28A exerts a protective role against HG-elicited RPE oxidative damage, inflammation, as well as apoptosis via regulating SIRT1/autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Song-Ping Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Na Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bang-Xun Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Benítez-Fernández R, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Gómez-Sintes R, Boya P. Mitophagy in the retina: Viewing mitochondrial homeostasis through a new lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101205. [PMID: 37454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to photooxidative damage and external stressors. Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria within lysosomes, and can be triggered by distinct stimuli such as mitochondrial damage or hypoxia. Here, we review the importance of mitophagy in retinal physiology and pathology. In the developing retina, mitophagy is essential for metabolic reprogramming and differentiation of retina ganglion cells (RGCs). In basal conditions, mitophagy acts as a quality control mechanism, maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool to meet cellular demands. We summarize the different autophagy- and mitophagy-deficient mouse models described in the literature, and discuss the potential role of mitophagy dysregulation in retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we provide an overview of methods used to monitor mitophagy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This review highlights the important role of mitophagy in sustaining visual function, and its potential as a putative therapeutic target for retinal and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Benítez-Fernández
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Sehrawat A, Mishra J, Mastana SS, Navik U, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Dysregulated autophagy: A key player in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166666. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
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Sehrawat A, Mishra J, Mastana SS, Navik U, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Dysregulated autophagy: A key player in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166666. [PMID: 36791919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential in regulating the turnover of macromolecules via removing damaged organelles, misfolded proteins in various tissues, including liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue to maintain the cellular homeostasis. In these tissues, a specific type of autophagy maintains the accumulation of lipid droplets which is directly related to obesity and the development of insulin resistance. It appears to play a protective role in a normal physiological environment by eliminating the invading pathogens, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles and generating energy and new building blocks by recycling the cellular components. Ageing is also a crucial modulator of autophagy process. During stress conditions involving nutrient deficiency, lipids excess, hypoxia etc., autophagy serves as a pro-survival mechanism by recycling the free amino acids to maintain the synthesis of proteins. The dysregulated autophagy has been found in several ageing associated diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. So, targeting autophagy can be a promising therapeutic strategy against the progression to diabetes related complications. Our article provides a comprehensive outline of understanding of the autophagy process, including its types, mechanisms, regulation, and role in the pathophysiology of T2DM and related complications. We also explored the significance of autophagy in the homeostasis of β-cells, insulin resistance (IR), clearance of protein aggregates such as islet amyloid polypeptide, and various insulin-sensitive tissues. This will further pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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13
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Autophagy Modulates the Migration of Retinal Pericytes Induced by Advanced Glycation End Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2760537. [PMID: 36569344 PMCID: PMC9771648 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2760537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pericyte migration occurs in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is one of the important causes of pericyte loss. Autophagy has been found to play essential roles in the regulation of many types of cell migration. In this study, we explored the relationship between autophagy and retinal pericyte migration. In diabetic rats, the retinas became thinner, and the level of autophagy in each cell layer increased. In the primary culture of bovine retinal pericytes, we found that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increased the migratory cell ability without influencing cell viability, which also increased the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and decreased the expression of vinculin. AGEs-induced retinal pericyte autophagy and the inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine significantly inhibited cell migration, reversed AGEs-induced FAK phosphorylation, and changed vinculin and MMP-2 protein expression. These results provide a new insight into the migration mechanism of retinal pericytes. The early control of autophagy has a potential effect on regulating pericyte migration, which may contribute to keeping the integrity of retinal vessels in DR.
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14
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Gao Y, Wang C, Jiang D, An G, Jin F, Zhang J, Han G, Cui C, Jiang P. New insights into the interplay between autophagy and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neuronal cell death and survival. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:994037. [PMID: 36187470 PMCID: PMC9524158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.994037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process that maintains the normal homeostasis of cells by digesting and degrading aging proteins and damaged organelles. The effect of autophagy on neural tissue is still a matter of debate. Some authors suggest that autophagy has a protective effect on nerve cells, whereas others suggest that autophagy also induces the death of nerve cells and aggravates nerve injury. In mammals, oxidative stress, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) constitute important defense mechanisms to help cells adapt to and survive the stress conditions caused by physiological and pathological stimuli. Under many pathophysiological conditions, oxidative stress, autophagy and ERS are integrated and amplified in cells to promote the progress of diseases. Over the past few decades, oxidative stress, autophagy and ERS and their interactions have been a hot topic in biomedical research. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the interactions between oxidative stress, autophagy and ERS in neuronal cell death and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Gao
- Clinical Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Di Jiang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang An
- Clinical Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Guangkui Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Changmeng Cui, ; Pei Jiang,
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Changmeng Cui, ; Pei Jiang,
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15
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16
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Svikle Z, Peterfelde B, Sjakste N, Baumane K, Verkauskiene R, Jeng CJ, Sokolovska J. Ubiquitin-proteasome system in diabetic retinopathy. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13715. [PMID: 35873915 PMCID: PMC9306563 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes, being the most prevalent reason for blindness among the working-age population in the developed world. Despite constant improvement of understanding of the pathogenesis of DR, identification of novel biomarkers of DR is needed for improvement of patient risk stratification and development of novel prevention and therapeutic approaches. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the primary protein quality control system responsible for recognizing and degrading of damaged proteins. This review aims to summarize literature data on modifications of UPS in diabetes and DR. First, we briefly review the structure and functions of UPS in physiological conditions. We then describe how UPS is involved in the development and progression of diabetes and touch upon the association of UPS genetic factors with diabetes and its complications. Further, we focused on the effect of diabetes-induced hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and hypoxia on UPS functioning, with examples of studies on DR. In other sections, we discussed the association of several other mechanisms of DR (endoplasmic reticulum stress, neurodegeneration etc) with UPS modifications. Finally, UPS-affecting drugs and remedies are reviewed. This review highlights UPS as a promising target for the development of therapies for DR prevention and treatment and identifies gaps in existing knowledge and possible future study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Svikle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Beate Peterfelde
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia,Ophthalmology Department, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Kristine Baumane
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia,Ophthalmology Department, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Chi-Juei Jeng
- Ophthalmology Department, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, The Republic of China (Taiwan),College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Liu XY, Peng J, He F, Tursun X, Li SP, Xin XL, Aisa HA. Shabyar Ameliorates High Glucose Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Injury Through Suppressing Aldose Reductase and AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 Autophagy Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852945. [PMID: 35620285 PMCID: PMC9127207 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shabyar (SBA) is a traditional medicine formula for relieving vision loss caused by factors including diabetic retinopathy (DR) in clinics. However, the mechanism of it on retina protective effect still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether its protective effect was related to aldose reductase (AR) inhibition and retinal pigment epithelial cell injury mediated by autophagy or not. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) induced by high glucose was used as a model in vitro, with Epalrestat (EPL, AR inhibitor) and Difrarel (DFR, DR therapeutic drug) as positive controls. Western blotting and Polyol pathway products assay showed that SBA reduced the expression of AR protein and the content of ROS, and sorbitol, increased the level of Na+-K+-ATPase and alleviated cell edema. Western blotting and DCFH-DA probe assay showed that SBA decreased pAMPK/AMPK and pULK1/ULK1 which associated with autophagy initiation, down-regulated Beclin-1, Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, LC3 II and Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and up-regulated pmTOR/mTOR, SQSTM1/p62 and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reduces intracellular autophagosomes. Real-Time PCR assay showed that SBA had no significant effect on mRNA expression of AR and mTOR. These data demonstrated that SBA treatment inhibits the autophagy of ARPE-19 through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway, and reduced early-stage apoptosis occurred by high glucose. These findings reveal the protective role and mechanism of SBA on retinal pigment epithelium, and provide experimental basis for the clinical application of SBA in the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xirali Tursun
- Institute of Xinjiang Traditional Uyghur Medicine, Urumqi, China
| | - Shu Ping Li
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue Lei Xin
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- The State Key Laboratory Basis Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plant Resource, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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18
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Zhu C, Zhao Y, Pei D, Liu Z, Liu J, Li Y, Yu S, Ma L, Sun J, Li A. PINK1 mediated mitophagy attenuates early apoptosis of gingival epithelial cells induced by high glucose. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:144. [PMID: 35473620 PMCID: PMC9044577 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress mediated by hyperglycemia damages cell-reparative processes such as mitophagy. Down-regulation of mitophagy is considered to be a susceptible factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. However, the role of mitophagy in DM-associated periodontitis has not been fully elucidated. Apoptosis of human gingival epithelial cells (hGECs) is one of the representative events of DM-associated periodontitis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy activated in the process of high glucose (HG)-induced hGECs apoptosis. METHODS For dose-response studies, hGECs were incubated in different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 15, 25, and 50 mmol/L) for 48 h. Then, hGECs were challenged with 25 mmol/L glucose for 12 h and 48 h, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), caspase 9 and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Subsequently, autophagy was evaluated by estimating P62, LC3 II mRNA levels, LC3 fluorescent puncta and LC3-II/I ratio. Meanwhile, the involvement of PINK1-mediated mitophagy was assessed by qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. Finally, hGECs were transfected with shPINK1 and analyzed by MMP, caspase 9 and annexin V-FITC apoptosis. RESULTS The number of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase 9 protein were significantly increased in cells challenged with HG (25 mmol/L) for 48 h (HG 48 h). MMP was impaired both at HG 12 h and HG 48 h, but the degree of depolarization was more serious at HG 48 h. The autophagy improved as the amount of LC3 II increased and p62 decreased in HG 12 h. During this process, HG 12 h treatment induced PINK1-mediated mitophagy. PINK1 silencing with HG 12 h resulted in MMP depolarization and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that loss of the PINK1 gene may cause mitochondrial dysfunction and increase sensitivity to HG-induced apoptosis of hGECs at the early stage. PINK1 mediated mitophagy attenuates early apoptosis of gingival epithelial cells induced by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dandan Pei
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Jin Liu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ye Li
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Shuchen Yu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Junyi Sun
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Department of Special Clinic, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ang Li
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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19
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PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy as a protective mechanism against AFB 1-induced liver injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113043. [PMID: 35447291 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) can cause oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial damage and subsequent liver injury. Although it is well-known that damaged mitochondria are eliminated by PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, this mechanism has not yet been characterized in the context of AFB1-induced liver injury. In this study, male wild-type C57BL/6N mice were divided into groups 1-4, which were then orally administered 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/kg body weight AFB1 for 28 d, respectively. Our results demonstrated that oxidative stress, NLRP3-inflammasome activation, and mitochondrial damage were dose-dependently augmented in AFB1-induced liver injury. Additionally, PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy peaked in the groups that had received a mid-dose of AFB1 (0.75 mg/kg), which was attenuated slightly in high-dose groups. Afterward, we further characterized AFB1-induced liver injury by comparing wild-type C57BL/6N mice with Parkin knockout (Parkin-/-) mice. We found that the restricted mitophagy in Parkin-/- mice was associated with increased oxidative stress, NLRP3-inflammasome activation, mitochondrial damage, and liver injury. Taken together, these results indicate that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy plays an important role in attenuating AFB1-induced liver injury in mice.
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20
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Li Y, Zheng W, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Pan L, Wu X, Yuan Y, Shen Z, Ma S, Zhang X, Wu J, Chen Z, Zhang X. BNIP3L/NIX-mediated mitophagy: molecular mechanisms and implications for human disease. Cell Death Dis 2021; 13:14. [PMID: 34930907 PMCID: PMC8688453 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that maintains the mitochondrial quantity by eliminating dysfunctional or superfluous mitochondria through autophagy machinery. The mitochondrial outer membrane protein BNIP3L/Nix serves as a mitophagy receptor by recognizing autophagosomes. BNIP3L is initially known to clear the mitochondria during the development of reticulocytes. Recent studies indicated it also engages in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of how BNIP3L induces mitophagy and discuss the biological functions of BNIP3L and its regulation at the molecular level. We further discuss current evidence indicating the involvement of BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy in human disease, particularly in cancer and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmacology Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijia Ma
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxian Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmacology Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Maestro I, de la Ballina LR, Simonsen A, Boya P, Martinez A. Phenotypic Assay Leads to Discovery of Mitophagy Inducers with Therapeutic Potential for Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4512-4523. [PMID: 34846852 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy, involved in important physiological processes and defects in pathways has been reported in pathological conditions, such as neurodegeneration. Thus, mitophagy is an interesting target for drug discovery programs. In this investigation, we used robust phenotypic assay to screen a set of 50 small heterocyclic compounds to identify inducers of mitophagy. We identified two compounds, VP07 and JAR1.39, that induce Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Based on structure-activity relationship studies, we proposed the ability of the compounds to act as light chain 3 (LC3) interactors, similar to cardiolipin or ceramide, triggering mitophagy via Pink1/Parkin. Finally, we show promising therapeutic applicability in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Maestro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura R. de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Zapata-Muñoz J, Bell K, Boya P. New insights into the role of autophagy in retinal and eye diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101038. [PMID: 34620506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental homeostatic pathway that mediates the degradation and recycling of intracellular components. It serves as a key quality control mechanism, especially in non-dividing cells such as neurons. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue located in the back of the eye that detects and processes visual images. Vision is a highly demanding process, making the eye one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body and photoreceptors display glycolytic metabolism, even in the presence of oxygen. The retina and eye are also exposed to other stressors that can impair their function, including genetic mutations and age-associated changes. Autophagy, among other pathways, is therefore a key process for the preservation of retinal homeostasis. Here, we review the roles of both canonical and non-canonical autophagy in normal retinal function. We discuss the most recent studies investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy and its role protecting photoreceptors in several forms of retinal degeneration. Finally, we consider the therapeutic potential of strategies that target autophagy pathways to treat prevalent retinal and eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Bai J, Yang Y, Wu D, Yang F. SS-31 protect retinal pigment epithelial cells from H 2 O 2 -induced cell injury by reducing apoptosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1016-1023. [PMID: 33774859 PMCID: PMC8252508 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that effects from oxidative stress induced damage of retinal or human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Antioxidant supplementation is a plausible strategy to avoid oxidative stress and maintain the function of retina. d-Arg-2,6-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH2 (SS-31) has been used in the treatment of many diseases. In this study, we found that SS-31 attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced loss of cell viability, reduced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in RPE cells. HO-1, Trx-1 and Nrf-2 expression levels significantly increased on pre-treatment with SS-31 compared with the H2 O2 group. SS-31 inhibited apoptosis through the downregulation of Bax and the upregulation of Bcl-2. Our results suggest that SS-31 had a protective effect against H2 O2 treatment in ARPE-19 cells by enhancing the antioxidative enzymes expression and decreasing apoptosis, which could be considered a promising therapeutic intervention for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- The Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangChina
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yumei Yang
- The Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangChina
| | - Dingting Wu
- The Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangChina
| | - Fan Yang
- The Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangChina
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24
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Zhang Q, Li HS, Li R, Du JH, Jiao C. Autophagy dysregulation mediates the damage of high glucose to retinal pigment epithelium cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:805-811. [PMID: 34150534 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the role and mechanism of autophagy in retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) damaged by high glucose, so as to offer a new idea for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS ARPE-19, a human RPE cell line cultured in vitro was divided into the normal control (NC), autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), high-glucose (HG), and HG+3-MA groups. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay and the apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry. The protein expressions of apoptosis markers, including Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3, as well as autophagy marker including microtubule-related protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), p62, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) were detected by Western blotting. Autophagic flux was detected by transfection with Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B. RESULTS Under high glucose conditions, the viability of ARPE-19 was decreased, and the apoptosis rate increased, the protein expressions of Bax, Caspase-3, and LC3-II/LC3-I were all increased and the expressions of Bcl-2, p62 and p-mTOR decreased, and autophagic flux was increased compared with that of the controls. Treatment with 3-MA reversed all these changes caused by high glucose. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates the mechanisms of cell damage of ARPE-19 through high glucose/mTOR/autophagy/apoptosis pathway, and new strategies for DR may be developed based on autophagy regulation to manage cell death of RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Song Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710077, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Hui Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cong Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710077, Shaanxi Province, China
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25
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Feng L, Liang L, Zhang S, Yang J, Yue Y, Zhang X. HMGB1 downregulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells protects against diabetic retinopathy through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Autophagy 2021; 18:320-339. [PMID: 34024230 PMCID: PMC8942416 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1926655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and currently one of the major causes of blindness. Several previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy, which is regulated by HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), is involved in DR development. However, the role of autophagy in DR is quite complicated in that it promotes pericyte survival in early DR, whereas excessive autophagy causes excess stress and leads to necrosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between HMGB1, the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome pathway, and DR, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. In brief, the relationship between high glucose (HG) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway was examined in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The relationship was studied by detecting classical autophagic features, and siRNAs targeting HMGB1 and pharmacological regulators were used to explore the role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in DR development. The results demonstrated that HG inhibited autophagy and diminished the degradative capacity of autophagy due to lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP). In addition, HMGB1 was found to be involved in LMP via the CTSB (cathepsin B)-dependent pathway, but not the CTSL (cathepsin L)-dependent pathway. Knockdown of HMGB1 expression rescued LMP, restored the degradative capacity of autophagy, decreased the expression of inflammatory factors and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and protected against apoptosis in RPE cells in the early stages of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Feng
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglu Yang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Yue
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
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26
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Gong Q, Wang H, Yu P, Qian T, Xu X. Protective or Harmful: The Dual Roles of Autophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644121. [PMID: 33842506 PMCID: PMC8026897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative pathway involving intracellular substance degradation and recycling. Recently, this process has attracted a great deal of attention for its fundamental effect on physiological processes in cells, tissues, and the maintenance of organismal homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy occurs in some diseases, including immune disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), as a serious microvascular complication of diabetes, is the main cause of visual loss in working-age adults worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of DR are thought to be associated with accumulation of oxidative stress, retinal cell apoptosis, inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and nutrient starvation. These factors are closely related to the regulation of autophagy under pathological conditions. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the potential role of autophagy in the progression of DR through different pathways. However, to date this role is not understood, and whether the altered level of autophagy flux protects DR, or instead aggravates the progression, needs to be explored. In this review, we explore the alterations and functions of autophagy in different retinal cells and tissues under DR conditions, and explain the mechanisms involved in DR progression. We aim to provide a basis on which DR associated stress-modulated autophagy may be understood, and to suggest novel targets for future therapeutic intervention in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
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27
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Protective Effects of Fucoxanthin on High Glucose- and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-Induced Injury in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121176. [PMID: 33255669 PMCID: PMC7760030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing due to the eating and living habits of modern people. As the disease progresses, the long-term effects of diabetes can cause microvascular disease, causing dysfunction in different parts of the body, which, in turn, leads to different complications, such as diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is the main cause of vision loss and blindness in diabetic patients. Persistent hyperglycemia may cause damage to the retina, induce the accumulation of inflammatory factors, and destroy the blood–retinal barrier function. Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a marine carotenoid extracted from seaweed. It accounts for more than 10% of the total carotenoids in nature. Fx is mainly found in brown algae and has strong antioxidant properties, due to its unique biologically active structure. This carotenoid also has the effects of reducing lipid peroxidation, reducing DNA damage, and preventing cardiovascular diseases as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, there is no relevant research on the protective effect of Fx in DR. Therefore, in this study, we explore the protective effect of Fx on the retina. Human retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19) are used to investigate the protective effect of Fx on high glucose stress- (glucose 75 mM) and high lipid peroxidation stress (4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE (30 μM))-induced DR. The cell viability test shows that Fx recovered the cell damage, and Western blotting shows that Fx reduced the inflammation response and maintained the integrity of the blood–retinal barrier by reducing its apoptosis and cell adhesion factor protein expression. Using an antioxidant enzyme assay kit, we find that the protective effect of Fx may be related to the strong antioxidant properties of Fx, which increases catalase and reduces oxidative stress to produce a protective effect on the retina.
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28
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BNIP3L-Dependent Mitophagy Promotes HBx-Induced Cancer Stemness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Glycolysis Metabolism Reprogramming. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030655. [PMID: 32168902 PMCID: PMC7139741 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of predisposing factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of HBV x protein (HBx) in mediating the induction and maintenance of cancer stemness during HBV-related HCC attracts considerable attention, but the exact mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. Here, ABCG2-dependent stem-like side population (SP) cells, which are thought to be liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), were present in HCC cells, and the fraction of this subset was increased in HBx-expressing HCC cells. In addition, glycolysis was upregulated in LCSCs and HBx-expressing HCC cells, and intervention of glycolysis attenuated cancer stem-like phenotypes. Mitochondria play an important role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, BNIP3L-dependent mitophagy was also activated in LCSCs and HBx-expressing HCC cells, which triggered a metabolic shift toward glycolysis. In summary, we proposed a positive feedback loop, in which HBx induced BNIP3L-dependent mitophagy which upregulated glycolytic metabolism, increasing cancer stemness of HCC cells in vivo and in vitro. BNIP3L might be a potential therapeutic target for intervention of LCSCs-associated HCC. Anti-HBx, a monoclonal antibody targeting intracellular HBx, had the potential to delay the progression of HBV infection related-HCC.
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29
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Zhang Y, Xi X, Mei Y, Zhao X, Zhou L, Ma M, Liu S, Zha X, Yang Y. High-glucose induces retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and inhibits mitophagy by regulating ROS/PINK1/Parkin signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1315-1325. [PMID: 30841445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) seriously endangers human beings' health, uncovering the underlying mechanism might help to cure DR. In this study, we found that the effects of glucose on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) varies in a dose dependent manner, high-glucose (50mM) promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell apoptosis, inhibits cell mitophagy as well as proliferative abilities, while low-glucose (15mM) induces ROS production and cell mitophagy, but has little impacts on cell apoptosis and proliferation. Of note, the toxic effects of high-glucose (50mM) on RPE are alleviated by ROS scavengers and aggravated by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or mitophagy inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). High-glucose (50mM) induced ROS generation is merely eliminated by ROS scavengers instead of mitophagy or autophagy inhibitor. We also proved that high-glucose (50mM) inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis by regulating ROS mediated inhibition of mitophagy. In addition, mitophagy associated proteins PINK1 and Parkin are downregulated by high-glucose (50mM) or hydrogen peroxide treatments, which are reversed by ROS scavengers. Of note, Knock-down of PINK1 decreases phospharylated Parkin instead of total Parkin levels in RPE. Intriguingly, high-glucose's inhibiting effects on cell mitophagy as well as proliferation and its promoting effects on cell apoptosis are reversed by either PINK1 or Parkin overexpression. Therefore, we concluded that high-glucose promotes RPE apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation as well as mitophagy by regulating ROS mediated inactivation of ROS/PINK1/Parkin signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoting Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First people's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Jinbi Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueying Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Liqiong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Minjun Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Sili Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Xu Zha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Yanni Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dianmian Road, Kunming Yunnan, China.
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