Knockdown of lncRNA MIR31HG inhibits cell proliferation in human HaCaT keratinocytes

Long non-coding RNA in IgA nephropathy: a comprehensive review

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) stands as the most prevalent primary glomerulonephritis globally, almost half of patients progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, the precise pathogenesis of IgAN remains elusive. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), non-protein-coding transcripts that regulate gene expression, have been found to exhibit distinct expression patterns in various disease states. Comprehensive bioinformatic analyses from IgAN patients have uncovered differential expression of lncRNAs such as HOTAIR, H19, and MALAT1. Furthermore, a single nucleotide polymorphism in MIR31HG has been linked to IgAN susceptibility and correlated with clinical markers like urinary red blood cells and hemoglobin levels. Lnc-TSI and lnc-CHAF1B-3, specifically expressed in the kidneys of IgAN patients, exhibit associations with renal fibrosis indices and the degree of kidney function deterioration, influencing the progression of renal fibrosis through distinct signaling pathways. Additionally, renal intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) related long noncoding RNA (ICR) levels positively correlate with IgAN severity and contribute to renal fibrosis, whereas serum H19 serves as an independent protective factor against IgAN. Notably, experiments have validated the involvement of PTTG3P, lnc-CHAF1B-3, and CRNDE in the pathogenesis of IgAN. Nevertheless, data on the roles of lncRNAs in IgAN pathogenesis and their potential as biomarkers remain limited, and effective therapeutic options for IgAN are similarly rare. Therefore, there is an urgent need to bridge this knowledge gap. This article presents a review of current literature on lncRNAs related to IgAN, aiming to consolidate existing findings and identify future research avenues.

A Systems Bioinformatics Analysis Indicates that Disruption of the lncRNA SFTA1P Network is Consistent with Impairing Surfactant Homeostasis and Respiratory Function Observed in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the leading global health challenges wherein novel therapeutic targets are much needed. In this systems bioinformatics study, we report that disruption of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SFTA1P-centered network, respiratory gaseous exchange and surfactant-associated Biological Network (rgsBNet), is consistent with impairing surfactant homeostasis and respiratory function, and thus warrants attention for future drug discovery and development. We analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas LUAD cohort to identify differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs), followed by correlational analysis to examine the coexpression network of lncRNA SFTA1P and its potential role in LUAD pathogenesis. We observed the downregulation of lncRNA SFTA1P and its coexpressed network in LUAD. Intriguingly, this network appears to be associated with disrupting surfactant homeostasis and perturbing respiratory function, suggesting a potential role in LUAD progression. Additionally, we identified key transcription factors that correlate with the expression of genes crucial for respiratory gaseous exchange and surfactant homeostasis. The attendant regulatory mechanisms suggested that SFTA1P may act as a "sponge" for certain miRNAs, sequestering them away from their mRNA targets. In conclusion, this work uncovers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing surfactant homeostasis in LUAD and offers a possible avenue for therapeutic interventions aimed at ameliorating lung function and improving disease management. The downregulation of lncRNA SFTA1P and its coexpressed network highlights their potential as regulators of lung function and opens doors for further investigation into their role in LUAD progression and as potential therapeutic targets.

Advances in RNA therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a group of complex, chronic conditions characterized by disturbance of immune tolerance, with examples including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. These diseases have unclear pathogenesis, and traditional therapeutic approaches remain limited. However, advances in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have led to the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to ADs. Coupled with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating ADs. This paper reviews the progress in the use of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, mRNAs, and other RNA-based therapies in ADs, focusing on their therapeutic potential and application prospects, providing insights for future research and clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Biological functions and affected signaling pathways by Long Non-Coding RNAs in the immune system

Recently, the various regulative functions of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been well determined. Recently, the vital role of LncRNAs as gene regulators has been identified in the immune system, especially in the inflammatory response. All cells of the immune system are governed by a complex and ever-changing gene expression program that is regulated through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. LncRNAs regulate gene expression within the cell nucleus by influencing transcription or through post-transcriptional processes that affect the splicing, stability, or translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Recent studies in immunology have revealed substantial alterations in the expression of lncRNAs during the activation of the innate immune system as well as the development, differentiation, and activation of T cells. These lncRNAs regulate key aspects of immune function, including the manufacturing of inflammatory molecules, cellular distinction, and cell movement. They do this by modulating protein-protein interactions or through base pairing with RNA and DNA. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanism of action of lncRNAs as novel immune-related regulators and their impact on physiological and pathological processes related to the immune system, including autoimmune diseases. We also highlight the emerging pattern of gene expression control in important research areas at the intersection between immunology and lncRNA biology.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease with complex pathogenesis. The altered proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, together with the activity of dendritic cells and T cells, are crucial drivers of psoriasis progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are composed of over 200 nucleotides and exert a large variety of functions, including the regulation of gene expression. Under pathological conditions, the expression of lncRNAs is frequently dysregulated. Recent studies demonstrated that lncRNAs significantly affect major cellular processes, and their aberrant expression is likely involved in the pathogenesis of various disorders. In this review, we will discuss the role of lncRNAs in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. We will summarize recent studies that investigated the relationships between lncRNAs and keratinocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory responses.

LncRNA lnc-SPRR2G-2 contributes to keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation in psoriasis by activating the STAT3 pathway and downregulating KHSRP

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by increased keratinocyte proliferation and local inflammation. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in many immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of lnc-SPRR2G-2 (SPRR2G) in M5-treated psoriatic keratinocytes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that lnc-SPRR2G-2 was significantly upregulated in psoriasis tissues and psoriatic keratinocytes. In psoriatic keratinocytes, functional and molecular experiment analyses demonstrated that SPRR2G regulated proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, and induced the expression of S100 calcium binding protein A7 (S100A7), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10). The function of SPRR2G in psoriasis is related to the STAT3 signaling pathway and can be inhibited by a STAT3 inhibitor. Moreover, KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP) was proved to be regulated by lnc-SPRR2G-2 and to control the mRNA decay of psoriasis-related cytokines (p < 0.05). In summary, we reported the functions of lnc-SPRR2G-2 and KHSRP in psoriasis. Our findings provide new insights for the further exploration of the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis.

LncRNA MIR181A2HG inhibits keratinocytes proliferation through miR-223-3p/SOX6 axis

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a complex and recurrent chronic inflammatory skin disease, and the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an indispensable role in regulating cellular functions. This research aims to explore the potential impact of lncRNA MIR181A2HG on the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation.

METHODS

The expression level of MIR181A2HG and the mRNA level of KRT6, KRT16, and SOX6 were assessed using qRT-PCR. The viability and proliferation of keratinocytes were evaluated using CCK-8 and EdU assays. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to test the interaction among MIR181A2HG/miR-223-3p/SOX6. Protein level was detected by Western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

The findings indicated that psoriasis lesions tissue exhibited lower levels of MIR181A2HG expression compared to normal tissue. The overexpression of MIR181A2HG resulted in the inhibition of HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation. The knockdown of MIR181A2HG promoted cell proliferation. The dual-luciferase reporter assay and rescue experiments provided evidence of the interaction among MIR181A2HG, SOX6, and miR-223-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

The lncRNA MIR181A2HG functions as a miR-223-3p sponge targeting SOX6 to regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes, which suggested that MIR181A2HG/miR-223-3p/SOX6 might be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for psoriasis.

LncRNA MIR181A2HG negatively regulates human keratinocytes proliferation by binding SRSF1

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of a variety of cell biological processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of lncRNA MIR181A2HG in the proliferation of human keratinocytes. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to measure the expression levels of MIR181A2HG, SRSF1, KRT6, and KRT16 in tissue specimens and HaCaT keratinocytes. The effects of MIR181A2HG on HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, and cell-cycle assays. RNA pulldown-mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to identify the proteins interacting with MIR181A2HG. RNA pull-down-Western blotting and RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RIP-qRT-PCR) assays were used to determine the interactions between MIR181A2HG and its RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). MIR181A2HG was down-regulated in psoriasis tissues. MIR181A2HG overexpression induced G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and decreased the protein levels of KRT6, KRT16, Cyclin D1, CDK4, and Cyclin A2 in HaCaT keratinocytes. MIR181A2HG knockdown showed the opposite effect. By using RNA pulldown-MS, 356 proteins were identified to interact with MIR181A2HG potentially. Bioinformatics analysis showed that NOP56 and SRSF1 may be RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that may be interact with MIR181A2HG. Furthermore, by using RNA pull-down-Western blotting and RIP-qRT-PCR, SRSF1 was determined to interact with MIR181A2HG. Moreover, silencing of SRSF1 inhibited keratinocytes proliferation, which could be reversed with the knockdown of MIR181A2HG. Our findings indicated that MIR181A2HG can negatively regulate HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation by binding SRSF1, suggesting that MIR181A2HG and SRSF1 may serve as potential targets for the treatment of psoriasis.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-024-00621-6.

Targeted siRNA Therapy for Psoriasis: Translating Preclinical Potential into Clinical Treatments

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the excessive proliferation of keratinocytes and heightened immune activation. Targeting pathogenic genes through small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy represents a promising strategy for the treatment of psoriasis. This mini-review provides a comprehensive summary of siRNA research targeting the pathogenesis of psoriasis, covering aspects such as keratinocyte function, inflammatory cell roles, preclinical animal studies, and siRNA delivery mechanisms. It details recent advancements in RNA interference that modulate key factors including keratinocyte proliferation (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2, FGFR2), apoptosis (Interferon Alpha Inducible Protein 6, G1P3), differentiation (Grainyhead Like Transcription Factor 2, GRHL2), and angiogenesis (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF); immune cell infiltration and inflammation (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, TNF-α; Interleukin-17, IL-17); and signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, Nuclear Factor Kappa B, NF-κB) that govern immunopathology. Despite significant advances in siRNA-targeted treatments for psoriasis, several challenges persist. Continued scientific developments promise the creation of more effective and safer siRNA medications, potentially enhancing the quality of life for psoriasis patients and revolutionizing treatments for other diseases. This article focuses on the most recent research advancements in targeting the pathogenesis of psoriasis with siRNA and explores its future therapeutic prospects.

Expression profile of long-noncoding RNAs MIR31HG, NKILA, and PACER in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

OBJECTIVES

Growing evidence suggests that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an organ-damaging systemic autoimmune illness, may be influenced by long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). This study aimed to assess the relative expression of lncRNAs (MIR31HG, NKILA, and PACER) in patients with SLE to evaluate their role in the disease.

DESIGN AND METHODS

This study involved 70 patients with SLE and 70 apparently healthy control subjects. The expression levels of lnc-MIR31HG, NKILA, and PACER were quantified using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Lnc-MIR31HG, NKILA, and PACER were significantly upregulated in SLE cases compared to controls (P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis revealed a 91.43 % sensitivity of PACER for the diagnosis of SLE at a cutoff point of > 1.46, followed by NKILA with 90 % sensitivity at a cutoff point of > 1.16, and MIR31HG with 85.71 % sensitivity at a cutoff point of > 1.43. MIR31HG had the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of lupus nephritis (86.67 %) at a cutoff point of > 7.19, then NKILA with 80 % sensitivity at a cutoff point of > 8.12, and finally PACER expression with 73.33 % sensitivity at a cutoff point of > 18.19. Moreover, MIR31HG and NKILA revealed a significant correlation with albumin/creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the SLEDAI score. Regression analysis revealed the potential roles of MIR31HG, NKILA, and PACER expression as predictors for SLE.

CONCLUSION

An upregulated lncRNA panel (MIR31HG, NKILA, and PACER) could play a role in the pathogenesis and, hence, the predispositiontoSLE. MIR31HG and NKILA can serve as prognostic markers significantly linked with disease activity.

Multi-Omics Approach to Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis fall within the category of cutaneous immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). The prevalence of IMIDs is increasing in industrialized societies, influenced by both environmental changes and a genetic predisposition. However, the exact immune factors driving these chronic, progressive diseases are not fully understood. By using multi-omics techniques in cutaneous IMIDs, it is expected to advance the understanding of skin biology, uncover the underlying mechanisms of skin conditions, and potentially devise precise and personalized approaches to diagnosis and treatment. We provide a narrative review of the current knowledge in genomics, epigenomics, and proteomics of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. A literature search was performed for articles published until 30 November 2023. Although there is still much to uncover, recent evidence has already provided valuable insights, such as proteomic profiles that permit differentiating psoriasis from mycosis fungoides and β-defensin 2 correlation to PASI and its drop due to secukinumab first injection, among others.

Molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in pathogenesis and diagnosis of auto-immune diseases, with a special focus on lncRNA-based therapeutic approaches

Autoimmune diseases are a diverse set of conditions defined by organ damage due to abnormal innate and acquired immune system responses. The pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders is exceedingly intricate and has yet to be fully understood. The study of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), non-protein-coding RNAs with at least 200 nucleotides in length, has gained significant attention due to the completion of the human genome project and the advancement of high-throughput genomic approaches. Recent research has demonstrated how lncRNA alters disease development to different degrees. Although lncRNA research has made significant progress in cancer and generative disorders, autoimmune illnesses are a relatively new research area. Moreover, lncRNAs play crucial functions in differentiating various immune cells, and their potential relationships with autoimmune diseases have received growing attention. Because of the importance of Th17/Treg axis in auto-immune disease development, in this review, we discuss various molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate the differentiation of Th17/Treg cells. Also, we reviewed recent findings regarding the several approaches in the application of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of human autoimmune diseases, as well as current challenges in lncRNA-based therapeutic approaches to auto-immune diseases.

A bibliometrics study on the status quo and hot topics of pathogenesis of psoriasis based on Web of Science

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease. Great progress has been made in the pathogenesis of psoriasis in recent years, but there is no bibliometric study on the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The purpose of this study was to use bibliometrics method to analyze the research overview and hot spots of pathogenesis of psoriasis in recent 10 years, so as to further understand the development trend and frontier of this field.

METHODS

The core literatures on the pathogenesis of psoriasis were searched in the Web of Science database, and analyzed by VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Bibliometrix in terms of the annual publication volume, country, institution, author, journal, keywords, and so on.

RESULTS

A total of 3570 literatures were included. China and the United States were the main research countries in this field, and Rockefeller University was the main research institution. Krueger JG, the author, had the highest number of publications and the greatest influence, and Boehncke (2015) was the most cited local literature. J INVEST DERMATOL takes the top spot in terms of the number of Dermatol articles and citation frequency. The main research hotspots in the pathogenesis of psoriasis are as follows: (1) The interaction between innate and adaptive immunity and the related inflammatory loop dominated by Th17 cells and IL-23/IL-17 axis are still the key mechanisms of psoriasis; (2) molecular genetic studies represented by Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA); (3) integrated research of multi-omics techniques represented by gut microbiota; and (4) Exploring the comorbidity mechanism of psoriasis represented by Metabolic Syndrome (MetS).

CONCLUSION

This study is a summary of the current research status and hot trend of the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which will provide some reference for the scholars studying the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Signaling pathways and targeted therapies for psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and inflammatory skin disease with a high burden on individuals, health systems, and society worldwide. With the immunological pathologies and pathogenesis of psoriasis becoming gradually revealed, the therapeutic approaches for this disease have gained revolutionary progress. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of less common forms of psoriasis remain elusive. Furthermore, severe adverse effects and the recurrence of disease upon treatment cessation should be noted and addressed during the treatment, which, however, has been rarely explored with the integration of preliminary findings. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind psoriasis pathogenesis, which might offer new insights for research and lead to more substantive progress in therapeutic approaches and expand clinical options for psoriasis treatment. In this review, we looked to briefly introduce the epidemiology, clinical subtypes, pathophysiology, and comorbidities of psoriasis and systematically discuss the signaling pathways involving extracellular cytokines and intracellular transmission, as well as the cross-talk between them. In the discussion, we also paid more attention to the potential metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms of psoriasis and the molecular mechanistic cascades related to its comorbidities. This review also outlined current treatment for psoriasis, especially targeted therapies and novel therapeutic strategies, as well as the potential mechanism of disease recurrence.

Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a disease involving the innate and adaptative components of the immune system, and it is triggered by environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. However, its physiopathology is not fully understood yet. Recent technological advances, especially in genome and epigenome-wide studies, have provided a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to determine the physiopathology of psoriasis and facilitate the development of new drugs. This review intends to summarize the current evidence on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of psoriasis.

MIR31HG, a potential lncRNA in human cancers and non-cancers

Long non-coding RNAs have recently attracted considerable attention due to their aberrant expression in human diseases. LncMIR31HG is a novel lncRNA that is abnormally expressed in multiple diseases and implicated in various stages of disease progression. A large proportion of recent studies have indicated that MIR31HG has biological functions by triggering various signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of human diseases, especially cancers. More importantly, the abnormal expression of MIR31HG makes it a potential biomarker in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a promising target for treatments. This review aims to systematically summarize the gene polymorphism, expression profiles, biological roles, underlying mechanisms, and clinical applications of MIR31HG in human diseases.

Evaluation of the Possible Pathways Involved in the Protective Effects of Quercetin, Naringenin, and Rutin at the Gene, Protein and miRNA Levels Using In-Silico Multidimensional Data Analysis

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are non-essential for plant growth or survival, and they also provide numerous health benefits to humans. They are antioxidants that shield plants from the ill effects of ultraviolet light, pests, and diseases. They are beneficial to health for several reasons, including lowering inflammation, boosting cardiovascular health, and lowering cancer risk. This study looked into the physicochemical features of these substances to determine the potential pharmacological pathways involved in their protective actions. Potential targets responsible for the protective effects of quercetin, naringenin, and rutin were identified with SwissADME. The associated biological processes and protein-protein networks were analyzed by using the GeneMANIA, Metascape, and STRING servers. All the flavonoids were predicted to be orally bioavailable, with more than 90% targets as enzymes, including kinases and lyases, and with common targets such as NOS2, CASP3, CASP9, CAT, BCL2, TNF, and HMOX1. TNF was shown to be a major target in over 250 interactions. To extract the "biological meanings" from the MCODE networks' constituent parts, a GO enrichment analysis was performed on each one. The most important transcription factors in gene regulation were RELA, NFKB1, PPARG, and SP1. Treatment with quercetin, naringenin, or rutin increased the expression and interaction of the microRNAs' hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-30b-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p, and hsa-miR-26a-1-3p. The anticancer effects of hsa-miR-34a-5p have been experimentally confirmed. It also plays a critical role in controlling other cancer-related processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, EMT, and metastasis. This study's findings might lead to a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for flavonoids' protective effects and could present new avenues for exploration.

Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in psoriasis pathogenesis

Psoriasis is a complex genetic skin disorder typically manifested by red, scaly, and itchy plaques most commonly over the scalp, trunk, elbows, and knees. Histopathological features include thickening of the epidermal layer due to hyper-proliferation and abnormal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes along with infiltration of immune cells in the psoriatic skin. It is a chronic inflammatory relapsing disease, and there is currently no permanent cure for psoriasis. Proper medications can reduce the severity of the disease and improve the quality of life of the patients. While the genetic components of psoriasis pathogenesis are well explored, the full understanding of its epigenetic component remains elusive. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are documented to regulate various epigenetic processes that lead to the pathogenesis of different diseases including psoriasis. In this review, we have discussed the molecular interplay of different ncRNAs in psoriasis pathogenesis. The roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in psoriasis are pretty well studied, whereas the roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are emerging. This review provides ideas covering some of the latest findings of different modes of functions played by those different ncRNAs documented in the literature. As an ever-evolving topic, some works are still ongoing as well as there are several fields that need rigorous scientific ventures. We have proposed the areas which claim more explorations to better understand the roles played by the ncRNAs in psoriasis pathogenesis.

Host gene and its guest: short story about relation of long-noncoding MIR31HG transcript and microRNA miR-31

Epigenetics is the changes in a cellular phenotype without changes in the genotype. This term is not limited only to the modification of chromatin and DNA but also relates to some RNAs, like non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), both short and long RNAs (lncRNAs) acting as molecular modifiers. Mobile RNAs, as a free form or encapsulated in exosomes, can regulate neighboring cells or be placed in distant locations. It underlines the vast capacity of ncRNAs as epigenetic elements of transmission information and message of life. One of the amazing phenomena is long non-coding microRNA-host-genes (lnc-MIRHGs) whose processed transcripts function as lncRNAs and also as short RNAs named microRNAs (miRNAs). MIR31HG functions as a modulator of important biological and cellular processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, EMT process, metastasis, angiogenesis, hypoxia, senescence, and inflammation. However, in most cases, the role of MIR31HG is documented only by one study and there is a lack of exact description of molecular pathways implicated in these processes, and for some of them, such as response to irradiation, no studies have been done. In this review, MIR31HG, as an example of lnc-MIRHGs, was described in the context of its known function and its potential uses as a biomarker in oncology.

Pathogenesis, multi-omics research, and clinical treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease involving interactions between keratinocytes and immune cells that significantly affects the quality of life. It is characterized by hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes and excessive infiltration of immune cells in the dermis and epidermis. The immune mechanism underlying this disease has been elucidated in the past few years. Research shows that psoriasis is regulated by the complex interactions among immune cells, such as keratinocytes, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, mast cells, and other immune cells. An increasing number of signaling pathways have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which has prompted the search for new treatment targets. In the past decades, studies on the pathogenesis of psoriasis have focused on the development of targeted and highly effective therapies. In this review, we have discussed the relationship between various types of immune cells and psoriasis and summarized the major signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK-STAT, JNK, and WNT pathways. In addition, we have discussed the results of the latest omics research on psoriasis and the epigenetics of the disease, which provide insights regarding its pathogenesis and therapeutic prospects; we have also summarized its treatment strategies and observations of clinical trials. In this paper, the various aspects of psoriasis are described in detail, and the limitations of the current treatment methods are emphasized. It is necessary to improve and innovate treatment methods from the molecular level of pathogenesis, and further provide new ideas for the treatment and research of psoriasis.

Contribution of the Environment, Epigenetic Mechanisms and Non-Coding RNAs in Psoriasis

Despite the increasing research and clinical interest in the predisposition of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, the multitude of genetic and environmental factors involved in its pathogenesis remain unclear. This complexity is further exacerbated by the several cell types that are implicated in Psoriasis’s progression, including keratinocytes, melanocytes and various immune cell types. The observed interactions between the genetic substrate and the environment lead to epigenetic alterations that directly or indirectly affect gene expression. Changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications that alter DNA-binding site accessibility, as well as non-coding RNAs implicated in the post-transcriptional regulation, are mechanisms of gene transcriptional activity modification and therefore affect the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of Psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the research conducted on the environmental factors contributing to the disease onset, epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs exhibiting deregulation in Psoriasis, and we further categorize them based on the under-study cell types. We also assess the recent literature considering therapeutic applications targeting molecules that compromise the epigenome, as a way to suppress the inflammatory cutaneous cascade.

ILF2 Contributes to Hyperproliferation of Keratinocytes and Skin Inflammation in a KLHDC7B-DT-Dependent Manner in Psoriasis

Background: The extensive involvement of interleukin enhancer binding factor 2 (ILF2) in RNA stability and the inflammatory response is well documented. Aberrant long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, little is known about the role of ILF2 in psoriasis. Objective: To investigate the role of ILF2 and KLHDC7B-DT in psoriasis. Methods: LncRNA expression in psoriatic tissues was measured by lncRNA microarray and qRT-PCR. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), HaCaT cells, and Ker-CT cells stimulated with M5 (IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, oncostatin M, and TNF-α) were used to establish a psoriasis model in vitro. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect the distribution of KLHDC7B-DT and ILF2 in keratinocytes. The proliferative effects of KLHDC7B-DT and ILF2 on keratinocytes were demonstrated by EdU assay and flow cytometry. ELISA was used to detect the secretion levels of cytokines. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) were used to detect the direct binding of KLHDC7B-DT with ILF2. Western blotting was used to detect the proteins related to STAT3/JNK signalling pathways. Results: ILF2 and KLHDC7B-DT were significantly overexpressed in psoriatic tissues and M5-induced keratinocytes. KLHDC7B-DT promoted the proliferation of keratinocytes and induced the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. KLHDC7B-DT could directly bind to ILF2 and activate the STAT3 and JNK signalling pathways. KLHDC7B-DT expression was regulated by ILF2. M5-induced proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in keratinocytes was inhibited after ILF2 knockdown. Furthermore, we found that ILF2 promoted keratinocyte proliferation and the inflammatory response in a KLHDC7B-DT-dependent manner. Conclusions: ILF2 and KLHDC7B-DT are involved in the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and skin inflammation in psoriasis. In addition, ILF2 functions in a KLHDC7B-DT-dependent manner.

LncRNA AGXT2L1-2:2 facilitates keratinocytes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis by interacting with estrogen-related receptor alpha in psoriasis

Our previous studies have revealed that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) AGXT2L1-2:2 was highly expressed in keratinocytes of psoriasis. However, the functions of lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 in keratinocytes remain unknown. Meanwhile, co-expression network analysis indicated lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 could interact with estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα). In this study, interleukin (IL)-17A could stimulate the production of lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 in keratinocytes, thus establishing an in vitro cellular model of psoriasis. Lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 was overexpressed using lentiviral-vector and ERRα was downregulated with small interfering RNA. Then the effects of lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 and ERRα on viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle in IL-17A-stimulated keratinocytes were assessed by CCK-8, EdU assay, and flow cytometry. We found that lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 and ERRα both resulted in higher proliferation ability, lower apoptosis rates, and reduction of G0/G1 phase proportion. Furthermore, lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 could promote the expression of ERRα and siERRα antagonized the effects of lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 on the phenotypes above in IL-17A-induced keratinocytes. In conclusion, lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 was found to promote keratinocytes proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis and the effects of lnc-AGXT2L1-2:2 on keratinocytes are dependent on ERRα.

LncRNA MALAT-1 regulates the growth of interleukin-22-stimulated keratinocytes via the miR-330-5p/S100A7 axis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disorder related to abnormal keratinocyte proliferation. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are significant regulators in the progression of skin diseases. In this study, we explored how lncRNA MALAT-1 controls the pathogenesis of psoriasis by examining its impact on keratinocyte proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis. A psoriasis cell model was established by treating HaCaT keratinocytes with the inflammatory factor, IL-22 (100 ng/ml), for 24 h. The MALAT-1 and S100A7 levels in psoriatic lesions, normal skin tissues, and IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Cell proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis were detected by the MTT assay, western blotting, and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the miRNAs that bind to MALAT-1 and S100A7. The relationships between MALAT-1 or miR-330-5p and S100A7 were assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. The MALAT-1 and S100A7 levels were upregulated in both psoriatic lesion samples and IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells. Silencing MALAT-1 significantly reversed the IL-22-stimulated promotion of HaCaT proliferation and changes in Ki67 and KRT5/14/1/10 protein levels, and MALAT-1 deficiency also reversed the upregulation of TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 protein levels as well as suppression of cell apoptosis. As a ceRNA, MALAT-1 competed with S100A7 to prevent miR-330-5p-induced inhibition of S100A7 expression. There was a negative correlation between miR-330-5p and MALAT-1 (or S100A7) expression in psoriatic lesion tissues. In response to IL-22 treatment, miR-330-5p silencing eliminated the effects of MALAT-1 knockdown in HaCaT cells. Thus, these findings demonstrated that MALAT-1 modulates the IL-22-induced changes in HaCaT cells through the miR-330-5p/S100A7 axis.

The lncRNA H19/miR-766-3p/S1PR3 Axis Contributes to the Hyperproliferation of Keratinocytes and Skin Inflammation in Psoriasis via the AKT/mTOR Pathway

Background

The pathogenesis of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are well studied in psoriasis. However, little is known about how specific lncRNAs and miRNAs affect the mechanism of psoriasis development and which pathways are involved.

Objectives

To explore the role of the lncRNA H19/miR-766-3p/S1PR3 axis in psoriasis.

Methods

miRNA and lncRNA microarrays were performed using IL-22-induced HaCaT cells and psoriatic lesions, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of miR-766-3p and lncRNA H19. Luciferase reporter assays were used to identify miR-766-3p/lncRNA H19 and miR-766-3p/S1PR3 combinations. CCK-8 and ELISA were performed to evaluate the proliferation of keratinocytes and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of S1PR3 and its downstream effector proteins.

Results

MiR-766-3p was upregulated in both HaCaT cells treated with the psoriasis-related cytokine pool (IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1 alpha, oncostatin M, and TNF-alpha) and tissues. Overexpression of miR-766-3p promoted keratinocyte proliferation and IL-17A and IL-22 secretion. LncRNA H19 and S1PR3 were demonstrably combined with miR-766-3p by luciferase reporter assay. lncRNA H19 repressed proliferation and inflammation, which were reduced by the miR-766-3p. AKT/mTOR pathway effected proliferation and inflammation by the lncRNA H19/miR-766-3p/S1PR3 axis.

Conclusions

We established that downregulation of lncRNA H19 promoted the proliferation of keratinocytes and skin inflammation by up-regulating miR-766-3p expression levels and inhibiting activation of S1PR3 through the AKT/mTOR pathway in psoriasis.

The polymorphisms of MIR31HG gene is correlated with alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese Han male population

BACKGROUND

Alcoholic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a multifaceted illness that seriously disturbs the patients' quality of life. The role of lncRNAs in alcoholic ONFH has attracted widespread attention in recent years. This study mainly explored whether MIR31HG polymorphism affects the risk of ONFH.

METHODS

There were 733 males (308 alcohol-induced ONFH patients and 425 healthy controls). Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms from MIR31HG were genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY platform. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) via logistic regression was applied to assess the contribution of MIR31HG variants to alcoholic ONFH susceptibility.

RESULTS

We found that rs10965059 was related to a lower risk of alcoholic ONFH in the overall, age, and necrotic sites analysis. Rs10965064 also showed a risk-reducing effect in the occurrence of alcoholic ONFH patients older than 40 years old.

CONCLUSIONS

We confirmed that MIR31HG variants have a significant correlation with the occurrence of alcoholic ONFH among the Chinese Han male population. our findings may provide new ideas for understanding the effect of MIR31HG on the prevention and diagnosis of alcoholic ONFH.

The Role of Epigenetic Factors in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated disease with an incidence of approximately 2%. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and not yet fully understood. Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In predisposed individuals, multiple trigger factors may contribute to disease onset and exacerbations of symptoms. Environmental factors (stress, infections, certain medications, nicotinism, alcohol, obesity) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms are considered result in modulation of individual gene expression and an increased likelihood of the disease. Studies highlight the significant role of epigenetic factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis. Epigenetic mechanisms in psoriasis include DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic mechanisms induce gene expression changes under the influence of chemical modifications of DNA and histones, which alter chromatin structure and activate transcription factors of selected genes, thus leading to translation of new mRNA without affecting the DNA sequence. Epigenetic factors can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional (via histone modification, DNA methylation) and posttranscriptional levels (via microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs). This study aims to present and discuss the different epigenetic mechanisms in psoriasis based on a review of the available literature.

Dysregulated epigenetic modifications in psoriasis

The observed incidence of psoriasis has been gradually increasing over time (J Am Acad Dermatol, 03, 2009, 394), but the underlying pathogenic factors have remained unclear. Recent studies suggest the importance of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Aberrant epigenetic patterns including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA expression are observed in psoriatic skin. Reversing these epigenetic mechanisms has showed improvement in psoriatic phenotypes, making epigenetic therapy a potential avenue for psoriasis treatment. Here, we summarize relevant evidence for epigenetic dysregulation contributing to psoriasis susceptibility and pathogenesis, and the factors responsible for epigenetic modifications, providing directions for potential future clinical avenues.

Role of the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR/miR-126 axis in an in vitro psoriasis model

Psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by excessive keratinocyte proliferation and persistent skin inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in a number of inflammatory conditions. In the present study, an in vitro psoriasis cell model was established. Human HaCaT keratinocytes were activated using the inflammatory factor IL-22. Briefly, HaCaT cells were starved in serum-free DMEM for 24 h and then stimulated with 100 ng/ml IL-22 in serum-free DMEM for 24 h. Previous research indicated that HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) may participate in the development of psoriasis. First, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis was performed to detect HOTAIR expression. The results indicated that HOTAIR expression was reduced in IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells. Subsequently, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the binding site between HOTAIR and microRNA (miR)-126. The RT-qPCR results indicated that miR-126 expression was increased in IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, the effects of HOTAIR and miR-126 on IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. HaCaT cells were transfected with control-plasmid, HOTAIR-plasmid, HOTAIR-plasmid + mimic control or HOTAIR-plasmid + miR-126 mimic for 24 h. At 24 h post-transfection, the cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IL-22 for 24 h and experiments were conducted. IL-22 induced cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. However, HOTAIR-plasmid inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells. In addition, the western blotting results indicated that HOTAIR-plasmid increased cleaved caspase-3 expression and the cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio, whereas the HOTAIR-plasmid-mediated effects were reversed by miR-126 mimic. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrated that the lncRNA-HOTAIR/miR-126 axis may be implicated in the regulation of psoriasis progression and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for psoriasis.

An update on the role of long non-coding RNAs in psoriasis

Increasing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of vital importance for various biological processes, and dysregulation of lncRNAs is frequently associated with various diseases such as psoriasis. LncRNAs modulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels; however, the specific regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in psoriasis remain largely unexplored. This review provides an overview of recent studies investigating mechanisms and functions of lncRNAs in psoriasis, especially focusing on the role of lncRNAs in keratinocytes, T cells, and dendritic cells.

The eminent roles of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-related disorder in which both genetic and environmental parameters are involved. Recent studies have demonstrated dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the peripheral blood or skin lesions of patients with psoriasis. While a number of lncRNAs such as MEG3, AL162231.4 and NONHSAT044111 have been down-regulated in the course of psoriasis, others including PRINS, MIR31HG, RP6‐65G23.1, MSX2P1, SLC6A14-1:1, NR_003062 have been up-regulated. Moreover, expressions of several miRNAs have been dysregulated in this disorder. Among dysregulated miRNAs are miR-126, miR-143, miR-19a and miR-155 whose diagnostic roles in the psoriasis have also been assessed. Dysregulated non-coding RNAs in this disorder participate in the regulation of chemokine signaling pathway and immune response, control of epidermal development and skin barrier as well as modulation of function of certain subsets of T cells. Besides, these transcripts possibly regulate activity of NF-κΒ, mTOR, MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Besides, expression levels of circRNAs have been decreased in the psoriasis lesions. Massive alterations in the levels of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the psoriasis lesions or peripheral blood of affected individuals show participation of these transcripts in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

LOC285194 inhibits proliferation of human keratinocytes through regulating miR-616/GATA3 pathway

LncRNA LOC285194 has been associated with the occurrence of psoriasis. However, the underlying mechanisms that lead to psoriasis remain unclear. In this study, the expression of LOC285194, miR-616, and GATA3 was determined by western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR, and their relationships were assessed using dual-luciferase reporter assays. The effects of LOC285194 on the proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes were investigated using cell counting kit-8 assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Reduced expression of LOC285194 was detected in the skin lesion samples from patients with psoriasis. Overexpression of LOC285194 led to reduced cell viability, cell cycle arrest, and increased cell apoptosis in keratinocytes, whereas LOC285194 silencing resulted in opposite effects. In addition, LOC285194 was found to negatively regulate miR-616, which modulated GATA3 expression through its direct binding to the 3'-untranslated region of GATA3. Knockdown of GATA3 rescued LOC285194 overexpression-mediated cell viability reduction, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in keratinocytes. Taken together, LOC285194 was found to inhibit keratinocyte growth by sponging miR-616 that regulates GATA3.

Significance of lncRNA MIR31HG in predicting the prognosis for Chinese patients with cancer: a meta-analysis

It is important to clarify the significance of long noncoding RNA MIR31 host gene (lncRNA MIR31HG) in predicting the prognosis for malignant tumors through meta-analysis. Electronic databases were systemically searched, from inception until 2 January 2019, to identify related articles. Meanwhile, the hazard ratios (odds ratios) and 95% CIs were computed for exploring the association between the expression of lncRNA MIR31HG and the survival (pathological variables). Eleven studies with 1041 cases were enrolled into the current meta-analysis. Low expression of lncRNA MIR31HG showed correlation with the dismal overall survival, disease-free survival, high tumor stage and lymph node metastasis among patients with digestive system cancers. Low expression of lncRNA MIR31HG may serve as a potential novel factor to indicate the dismal prognosis and metastasis in patients with digestive system cancers.