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Dawood HM, Barghouth NM, El-Mezayen NS, Ibrahim RS, Shawky E. Metabolomic insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of costus (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.) root extract in propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117784. [PMID: 38253277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipschitz. is one of the most reputed medicinal plants as a traditional medicine in the Arab and Middle East regions in the treatment of thyroid disorders, however, more investigations are needed to fully understand its effectiveness and mechanism of action. AIM OF THE STUDY The primary objective of the study was to assess the impact of Saussurea costus (COST) on the metabolic profiles of propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in rats. This involves a comprehensive examination of serum metabolites using UPLC/QqQ-MS analysis aiming to identify differential metabolites, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and evaluate the potential pharmacological effect of COST in restoring metabolic homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypothyroidism was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by oral administration of propylthiouracil (PTU). UPLC/QqQ MS analysis of serum samples from normal, PTU, and PTU + COST rats was utilized for annotation of intrinsic metabolites with the aid of online Human metabolome database (HMDB) and extensive literature surfing. Multivariate statistical analyses, including orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), discerned variations between the different groups. Serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH in addition to arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in thyroid gland tissues; Phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in liver tissues were assessed by specific ELISA kits. Gene expression for key proteins of the primary evolved pathwayswere quantified by one-step qRT-PCR technique. Histopathological evaluation of thyroid gland tissue was performed by an investigator blinded to the experimental group using light microscope. RESULTS Distinct clustering in multivariate statistical analysis models indicated significant variations in serum chemical profiles among normal, disease, and treated groups. VIP values guided the selection of differential metabolites, revealing significant changes in metabolite concentrations. Subsequent to COST treatment, 43 differential intrinsic metabolites exhibited a notable tendency to revert towards normal levels. Annotated metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), L-acetylcarnitine, gamma-glutamylserine, and others, showed differential regulation in response to PTU and subsequent S. costus treatment. Notably, 21 metabolites were associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) biosynthesis, arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism exhibited significant changes on conducting metabolic pathway analysis. CONCLUSIONS COST improves PTU-induced hypothyroidism by regulating biosynthesis of PUFAs signified by n-3/n-6, ARA and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The study provides us a novel mechanism to explain the improvement of hypothyroidism and associated dyslipidemia by COST, depicts a metabolic profile of hypothyroidism, and gives us another point cut for further exploring the biomarkers and pathogenesis of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Dawood
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Neveen M Barghouth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El-Mezayen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Reham S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Barbagallo F, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Cucinella L, La Vignera S, Nappi RE, Calogero AE. Thyroid diseases and female sexual dysfunctions. Sex Med Rev 2024:qeae021. [PMID: 38600719 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs) have received little attention in the context of thyroid diseases, despite the high prevalence of both conditions. OBJECTIVES This review aims to update and summarize the state of knowledge on the association between thyroid diseases and FSDs and to investigate the complex mechanisms through which thyroid hormone imbalance can impact female sexual health in the context of the biopsychosocial model. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed through the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases, using the following keywords: "female sexual function," "sexual dysfunction," "hypoactive sexual desire disorder," "thyroid disease," "thyroiditis," "hypothyroidism," and "hyperthyroidism." RESULTS To date, well-designed studies that describe the relationship between FSDs and thyroid disorders are lacking. However, despite the limitations on available studies, current data indicate that sexual alterations are frequently associated with thyroid diseases in women. A complex interplay of direct and indirect hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms has been hypothesized, including hormonal changes, neurotransmitter imbalance, reduced nitric oxide release, mood disorders, and other systemic consequences of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone receptors have also been identified in the genitourinary system. CONCLUSIONS In a clinical setting, physicians should investigate the sexuality of patients consulting for thyroid disease. At the same time, an evaluation of thyroid function should be performed in patients presenting with FSD, especially after menopause, when the risk of thyroid diseases and FSDs increases strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Cucinella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 2700, Pavia, Italy
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, 2700, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella E Nappi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 2700, Pavia, Italy
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, 2700, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Chiu HH, Villanueva E, Larrazabal R, Arcellana AE, Jimeno C. Characteristics and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adult Filipinos with Hypothyroidism: A Cross-sectional Study. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2024; 39:53-60. [PMID: 38863914 PMCID: PMC11163316 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.039.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We determined the clinical characteristics and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adult Filipinos with overt hypothyroidism. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study of 151 adults. Patients were recruited by sequential enrollment. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed followed by blood extraction for metabolic parameters and thyroid function tests. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 40.4% (95%CI: 32.5%, 48.7%). Patients with metabolic syndrome have a waist circumference of 88.4 ± 7.7 cm in females and 93.3 ± 9.0 cm in males. The median fasting blood glucose was 111.4 (52.2) mg/dL, median systolic blood pressure of 120 (30) mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of 80 (20) mmHg, median serum triglycerides of 174.3 (114.2) mg/dL, median HDL-C of 42.3 (19.2) mg/dL and a proportion of patients with diabetes (23.0%) and hypertension (44.3%), respectively. The presence of increased waist circumference is the most prevalent component seen among hypothyroid patients. There were no differences in terms of age, sex, etiology of hypothyroidism and anti-TPO levels in those with and without metabolic syndrome. Conclusion The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult Filipinos with hypothyroidism is high. Emphasis must be placed on early screening using waist circumference and metabolic parameters among hypothyroid patients who are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Henrison Chiu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UP College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Santos Medical Center
| | - Emilio Villanueva
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila
| | - Ramon Larrazabal
- Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
| | - Anna Elvira Arcellana
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
| | - Cecilia Jimeno
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
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Abha P, Keshari JR, Sinha SR, Nishant K, Kumari R, Prakash P. Association of Thyroid Function With Lipid Profile in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study in the Indian Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e44745. [PMID: 37809190 PMCID: PMC10555949 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic syndrome is a group of aberrant metabolic indicators including hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting blood glucose, and obesity. It has been reported that thyroid hormones have a strong influence on the cardiovascular system, and hypothyroidism has been linked to metabolic syndrome components. The objective of the study was to find out the association of thyroid function with lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in an apparently healthy adult population visiting the outpatient Department of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS), Patna, Bihar, India. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and HDL levels were tested using the enzymatic photometric method. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4, free T3, and insulin assays were performed using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Results Out of 197 subjects recruited, 86 (51 males and 35 females) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome according to the IDF criteria, and the rest 111 without metabolic syndrome were considered to be the controls. The mean age of subjects with and without metabolic syndrome was 45.8±8.5 and 46.4±9.6 years, respectively. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the present study was 22%. In subjects with metabolic syndrome, most of the clinical and hormonal parameters (waist circumference, waist-height ratio, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, triglycerides, T3, and TSH) were significantly higher (p<0.001) as compared to those without metabolic syndrome. In case of lipid profile, the triglycerides in those with metabolic syndrome (262.8±112.3 mg/dL) were significantly higher (p<0.001) than those without metabolic syndrome (137.9±19.01 mg/dL), while the serum levels of HDL were significantly higher (p<0.001) in group without metabolic syndrome (50.5±3.9 mg/dL) as compared to those with metabolic syndrome (43.4±5.2 mg/dL). Also, the TSH levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in subjects with metabolic syndrome (5.3±3.4 μl/mL) as compared to those without metabolic syndrome (2.6±1.4 μl/mL). Among all the components of metabolic syndrome, waist circumference and HDL showed a significant strong positive correlation (r=0.51) with TSH, and systolic blood pressure (r=0.39), diastolic blood pressure (r=0.39), and fasting blood sugar levels (r=0.44) showed significantly moderate positive correlation with TSH levels. T4 (OR=8.82; 95% CI: 1.56-49.8) and TSH (OR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.19-2.18) levels were observed to have significantly higher odds as risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Conclusion There is a significant association of thyroid function with lipid profile in metabolic syndrome. It was observed that along with metabolic alterations, cardiovascular symptoms of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism are possible. Therefore, while evaluating people with metabolic syndrome, it may be appropriate to look into how well their thyroid glands are functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Abha
- Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - J R Keshari
- Biochemistery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Seema R Sinha
- Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Kumar Nishant
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Bhagalpur, IND
| | - Rekha Kumari
- Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Prem Prakash
- General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
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Mendoza-León MJ, Mangalam AK, Regaldiz A, González-Madrid E, Rangel-Ramírez MA, Álvarez-Mardonez O, Vallejos OP, Méndez C, Bueno SM, Melo-González F, Duarte Y, Opazo MC, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids and their impact on the host thyroid function and diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192216. [PMID: 37455925 PMCID: PMC10349397 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disorders are clinically characterized by alterations of L-3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4), L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood. The most frequent thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroxinemia. These conditions affect cell differentiation, function, and metabolism. It has been reported that 40% of the world's population suffers from some type of thyroid disorder and that several factors increase susceptibility to these diseases. Among them are iodine intake, environmental contamination, smoking, certain drugs, and genetic factors. Recently, the intestinal microbiota, composed of more than trillions of microbes, has emerged as a critical player in human health, and dysbiosis has been linked to thyroid diseases. The intestinal microbiota can affect host physiology by producing metabolites derived from dietary fiber, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have local actions in the intestine and can affect the central nervous system and immune system. Modulation of SCFAs-producing bacteria has also been connected to metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In this review, we discuss how alterations in the production of SCFAs due to dysbiosis in patients could be related to thyroid disorders. The studies reviewed here may be of significant interest to endocrinology researchers and medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Mendoza-León
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Regaldiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique González-Madrid
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ma. Andreina Rangel-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Álvarez-Mardonez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar P. Vallejos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Méndez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ma. Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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Koçak FÖK, Savas S, Saraç ZF. Predictability Of Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed By Body Mass Index For Cardiovascular Risk In Older Patients Treated With Levothyroxine. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022; 26:148-155. [PMID: 35728931 PMCID: PMC9271402 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.22.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the prevalence and metabolic features of two definitions of metabolic syndrome (MS) between older patients with chronic thyroiditis treated with levothyroxine (LT4) and controls. We also assessed the ability of both criteria to predict cardiovascular (CV) risk. Methods This cross-sectional, retrospective study included individuals aged ≥60 years who attended a geriatric outpatient clinic between January 2015 and December 2018. The LT4 treatment group was classified as having high or low CV risk based on the Framingham score. Results This study enrolled 111 patients with chronic thyroiditis treated with LT4 and 131 patients without thyroid disease as the control group. The prevalence of MS according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and American Association of Clinical (AACE) criteria was similar in the LT4 treatment (21.6% and 26.1%, respectively) and the control (30.5% and 34.4%, respectively) groups (p>0.05). While the prevalence of MS and CV risk did not differ significantly between the control and LT4 treatment groups, the prevalence of MS with both definitions was higher among individuals with high CV risk in the LT4 treatment group (p<0.05). For the prediction of CV risk, the sensitivity and specificity of the AACE criteria were higher than those of the WHO criteria in the LT4 treatment group. Conclusions The prevalence of MS in euthyroid patients treated with LT4 was similar to that of patients without thyroid disease. When the LT4 treatment group was classified based on CV risk, MS was more common in those with a high CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özge Kayhan Koçak
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Corresponding Author: Fatma Ozge Kayhan Kocak, MD Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Rektörlüğü Gençlik Caddesi No: 12, Bornova 35040, Izmir, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Sumru Savas
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Fulden Saraç
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Jimoh AK, Ghazali MS, Ogundeji OA, Adeleke BA, Ajani OG, Gabriel-Alayode EO, Popoola GO, Adediran OS. Spectrum of thyroid function test among type 2 diabetic patients attending a rural health facility, southwest Nigeria: A hospital-based study. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221097625. [PMID: 35600708 PMCID: PMC9118895 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221097625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The thyroid gland produces hormones that have significant influence on carbohydrate metabolism; its disorders may affect carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) more than the non-diabetic (NDM) patients as reported in various studies. We determined the spectrum of thyroid function tests (TFTs) profile among T2DM in our rural health facility. Methods: T2DM patients and NDM patients were recruited for the study. The age, educational level, occupation, marital status, and duration of diabetes were extracted from interviewer’s administered questionnaire. The weight, height, body mass indices (BMIs), and the waist and hip circumferences were measured. Waist-hip ratios (WHR) were calculated for all participants. Venous blood was collected and assayed for free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) using a Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) 2nd Generation Autoanalyzer. The mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages were calculated for the variables. The student’s t-test and chi-square test were also determined as appropriate. Results: Seventy-eight patients made up of 56 T2DM and 22 NDM were evaluated in this study. Fifty-one were males while 27 were females; 67.9% and 59.1% of the female participants were T2DM and NDM, respectively. The WHR was significantly higher in T2DM than NDM (0.92 ± 0.05 versus 0.88 ± 0.06). The TSH was higher in T2DM than the NDM. Forty-four (78.6%) of the T2DM had euthyroid (normal) biochemical pattern; 12 (21.4%) showed abnormal biochemical pattern of euthyroid sick syndrome, subclinical hyperthyroid, and subclinical hypothyroid. Thirty (53.6%) of the T2DM were diagnosed less than five years ago. The value of TSH was increasing with the duration of diabetes but not in a statistically significant way. None of the T2DM showed overt hypothyroid or hyperthyroid test result. Conclusion: Thyroid function test may identify diabetics with altered thyroid hormone status that may impact on their metabolic control. Knowledge of the functional state of the thyroid gland can help in achieving a better metabolic control and attenuate the development of complications in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kayode Jimoh
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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SVM-Based Blood Exam Classification for Predicting Defining Factors in Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers have already been proposed as powerful classification features for use in the training of neural network-based and other machine learning and artificial intelligence-based prognostic models in the scientific field of personalized nutrition. In this paper, we construct and study cascaded SVM-based classifiers for automated metabolic syndrome diagnosis. Specifically, using blood exams, we achieve an average accuracy of about 84% in correctly classifying body mass index. Similarly, cascaded SVM-based classifiers achieve a 74% accuracy in correctly classifying systolic blood pressure. Next, we propose and implement a system that achieves an 84% accuracy in metabolic syndrome prediction. The proposed system relies not only on prediction of the body mass index but also on prediction from blood exams of total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. For the aim of self-completeness of the paper, the key concepts with regard to metabolic syndrome are summarized, and a review of previous related work is included. Finally, conclusions are drawn and indications for related future research are outlined.
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Zhang J, Zhu F, Cao Z, Rayamajhi S, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Wu H, Gu Y, Zhang S, Zhang T, Wang X, Thapa A, Dong J, Zheng X, Zhang X, Dong X, Wang X, Sun S, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of subclinical thyroid dysfunction:A prospective cohort study. Food Funct 2022; 13:3431-3440. [PMID: 35234772 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prospective cohort studies linking Ultra-processed foods (UPF) and subclinical thyroid dysfunction (SCTD) are limited, especially in Chinese adults. Objective: We designed a large-scale cohort study to examine whether UPF...
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Fan Zhu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhixia Cao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Sabina Rayamajhi
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yeqing Gu
- Nutrition and Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xuena Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Amrish Thapa
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jun Dong
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Zheng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xinrong Dong
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nutrition and Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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Shin KA, Kim EJ. Association between thyroid hormone and components of metabolic syndrome in euthyroid Korean adults: A population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28409. [PMID: 34941185 PMCID: PMC8701466 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction increases the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. However, the link between thyroid hormones and metabolic syndrome remains debatable, and the effect of sex on their relationship is not completely understood. To elucidate the relationship of thyroid hormones with metabolic syndrome and its components according to sex in euthyroid individuals in South Korea. Adult participants who underwent thyroid tests at our institution between January 2015 and December 2018 and had thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; 0.270-4.200 μIU/mL) and free thyroxine (FT4; 0.93-1.70 ng/dL) levels in the normal range were included. After correcting for age and body mass index, multiple linear regression was performed to assess the association of TSH and FT4 with metabolic syndrome and its components, and logistic regression was performed to estimate the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and its components according to different thyroid hormone quartiles. We included 12,478 men and 7,575 women in this study. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 9.68%. In men, TSH was positively associated with blood pressure and triglycerides, and the odds ratio for high blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia was approximately 1.3 times higher in the fourth quartile than in the first quartile. FT4 associated positively with waist circumference, and a high odds ratio for abdominal obesity in the fourth quartile was observed in both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.239; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.045-1.470) and women (OR, 1.302; 95% CI, 1.029-1.649). A negative association was found between FT4 and triglycerides, and concurrently, the odds ratios for hypertriglyceridemia were lower in the fourth quartile in both men (OR, 0.692; 95% CI, 0.619-0.774) and women (OR: 0.641; 95% CI: 0.512-0.803). In addition, a higher odds ratio for high blood pressure was observed in the fourth quartiles of FT4 and TSH in women. However, there was no association between TSH and FT4 levels and the onset of metabolic syndrome in either of the sexes. Serum TSH and FT4 levels were associated with different metabolic syndrome components in men and women, but there was no association with the onset of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A. Shin
- Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinsung University, Daehak-ro, Jeongmi-myeon, Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Kim
- Medical Laboratory Science, Jeonju Kijeon University, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Aldhafiri FK, Abdelgawad FE, Bakri GMM, Saber T. Thyroid Function Assessment in Saudi Males with Metabolic Syndrome. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:352-359. [PMID: 35399801 PMCID: PMC8985841 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_745_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a multifactor condition associated with cardiovascular risk. Thyroid hormones regulate MetS components via controlling energy homeostasis, lipids, and glucose metabolism. The risk ratio for MetS and related disorders changes between males and females. Aim and Objectives: Study aim to access thyroid functions in Saudi population with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods The current study sought to evaluate the impact of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) in predicting the risk of MetS. A total of 200 (MetS 100 and control 100) Saudi Arabian males were enrolled for the study, and after applying eligibility criteria, the eligible study size was examined for the physical test (chest, abdominal, and general examination with stress on blood pressure measurement) and anthropometric parameters (bodyweight, body mass index, and waist circumference). Results In the present study, the biochemical parameters, such as TSH, FT3, FT4, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high-density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting glucose, and fasting insulin were measured in the study group, and statistical analysis was also performed. The results revealed that the MetS and control differ in terms of physical, anthropometric, and biochemical markers. The study showed that thyroid dysfunction (TD) and MetS are closely associated with the difference in physical, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics. Conclusion The result demonstrated hypothyroidism major risk factor due to TD in MetS. These findings provide a scientific basis for diagnosis and the management of TD, associated MetS, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Khalid Aldhafiri
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathy Elsayed Abdelgawad
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, KSA
| | | | - Tamer Saber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Mehran L, Amouzegar A, Abdi H, Delbari N, Madreseh E, Tohidi M, Mansournia MA, Azizi F. Incidence of Thyroid Dysfunction Facing Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Comparative Study with 9 Years of Follow-Up. Eur Thyroid J 2021; 10:390-398. [PMID: 34540709 PMCID: PMC8406240 DOI: 10.1159/000512665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing thyroid hormones in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients are contradictory. Also, the effect of MetS on thyroid function over time is not yet evaluated. This study investigated the prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) as well as time trends of thyroid hormones in subjects with and without MetS, during a 10-year follow-up in Tehranian adult population. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the framework of Tehran Thyroid Study on 5,786 subjects aged ≥20 years: 4,905 eligible participants entered the study after excluding those with corticosteroid or radioactive iodine use, pregnancy, thyrotropin (TSH) <0.1 and >10 mU/L, and missing data. Physical examinations were performed and serum concentrations of TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were assessed at baseline and 3-year intervals during the follow-up. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement Definition. RESULTS At baseline, there were no difference in median serum concentrations of FT4 and TSH between MetS and non-MetS group after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and TPOAb positivity. Although there was higher risk of overt (42%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (16%) in MetS compared with non-MetS subjects, no significant difference was observed in adjusted ORs for any TD between 2 groups. There were also no significant differences in time trends of TSH, FT4, TPOAb positivity, and incidence rates of TDs between MetS and non-MetS groups during 10 years, after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and TPOAb positivity. CONCLUSION MetS is not associated with thyroid hypofunction considering other important confounders such as age, sex, smoking, BMI, and TPOAb positivity. There is also no difference in the trend of thyroid hormones and incidence of TD between MetS and non-MetS subjects during a 10-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Mehran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Amouzegar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Abdi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Delbari
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Madreseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Fereidoun Azizi, Professor of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19395-4763 Tehran 1985717413 (Iran),
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Sarandi E, Thanasoula M, Anamaterou C, Papakonstantinou E, Geraci F, Papamichael MM, Itsiopoulos C, Tsoukalas D. Metabolic profiling of organic and fatty acids in chronic and autoimmune diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 101:169-229. [PMID: 33706889 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a powerful tool of omics that permits the simultaneous identification of metabolic perturbations in several autoimmune and chronic diseases. Several parameters can affect a metabolic profile, from the population characteristics to the selection of the analytical method. In the current chapter, we summarize the main analytical methods and results of the metabolic profiling of fatty and organic acids performed in human metabolomic studies for asthma, COPD, psoriasis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We discuss the most significant metabolic alterations associated with these diseases, after comparison of either a single patient's group with healthy controls or several patient's subgroups of different disease severity and phenotype with healthy controls or of a patient's group before and after treatment. Finally, we present critical metabolic patterns that are associated with each disease and their potency for the unraveling of disease pathogenesis, prediction, diagnosis, patient stratification and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Sarandi
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Thanasoula
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens, Greece; European Institute of Nutritional Medicine, E.I.Nu.M, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Geraci
- European Institute of Nutritional Medicine, E.I.Nu.M, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Michelle Papamichael
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition & Sport, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition & Sport, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens, Greece; European Institute of Nutritional Medicine, E.I.Nu.M, Rome, Italy.
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Jiang L, Du J, Wu W, Fang J, Wang J, Ding J. Sex differences in subclinical hypothyroidism and associations with metabolic risk factors: a health examination-based study in mainland China. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:100. [PMID: 32631284 PMCID: PMC7339542 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and metabolic risk factors in the general health examination-based population has been widely explored. However, the results have been inconclusive. Additionally, the sex differences in the prevalence of SCH and the association of SCH with metabolic risk factors remain unknown. METHODS We conducted this cross-sectional study using data from health examination-based participants between June 2016 and April 2018 in our health examination centre. Sex differences SCH and the association of SCH with metabolic risk factors were explored. RESULTS The total prevalence of SCH was 3.40% among the 5319 included participants, and 4.90% among the 2306 female participants, which was much higher than the prevalence of 2.26% among the 3013 male participants (p < 0.05). In males, the difference between participants younger than 60 and aged 60 or older was not significant (p = 0.104); while in females, the difference between participants younger than 40 and participants aged 40 or older was statistically significant (p = 0.023). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age (OR = 0.568, p = 0.004), body-mass index (BMI) (OR = 5.029, p < 0.001) and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) (OR = 5.243, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of SCH in females, but no metabolic risk factor was significantly associated with SCH in males. Further analysis revealed that the prevalence was much higher in participants with one or two metabolic risk factors than in those with no above metabolic risk factors regardless of age (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that high BMI and/or high blood pressure are associated with SCH in female participants, and the prevalence of SCH among women with one or two metabolic risk factors ranges from 7.69-14.81%, which indicates that in such a population, serum concentrations of TSH and FT4 may be routinely screened in mainland China. Certainly, prospective, large-scale studies with long follow-up period are still necessary to further verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Jinman Du
- Health Examination Center, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Weizhu Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Jianjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Health Examination Center, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Jinhua Ding
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315000, China.
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15
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Teixeira PDFDS, dos Santos PB, Pazos-Moura CC. The role of thyroid hormone in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820917869. [PMID: 32489580 PMCID: PMC7238803 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820917869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and thyroid dysfunction are common in clinical practice. The objectives of this review are to discuss some proposed mechanisms by which thyroid dysfunctions may lead to MetS, to describe the bidirectional relationship between thyroid hormones (THs) and adiposity and finally, to resume a list of recent studies in humans that evaluated possible associations between thyroid hormone status and MetS or its clinical components. Not solely THs, but also its metabolites regulate metabolic rate, influencing adiposity. The mechanisms enrolled are related to its direct effect on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) utilization, uncoupling synthesis of ATP, mitochondrial biogenesis, and its inotropic and chronotropic effects. THs also act controlling core body temperature, appetite, and sympathetic activity. In a bidirectional way, thyroid function is affected by adiposity. Leptin is one of the hallmarks, but the pro-inflammatory cytokines and also insulin resistance impact thyroid function and perhaps its structure. MetS development and weight gain have been positively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in several studies. Adverse glucose metabolism may be related to hyperthyroidism, but also to reduction of thyroid function or higher serum TSH, as do abnormal serum triglyceride levels. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism have been related to higher blood pressure (BP), that may be consequence of genomic or nongenomic action of THs on the vasculature and in the heart. In summary, the interaction between THs and components of MetS is complex and not fully understood. More longitudinal studies controlling each of all confounding variables that interact with endpoints or exposure factors are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Fátima dos Santos Teixeira
- Endocrine Clinic, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Rocco, 255 – Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Borges dos Santos
- Research Fellow, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Endocrinologist, Instituto Estadual de Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kalra S, Aggarwal S, Khandelwal D. Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening Strategies and Implications for Management. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10:2035-2044. [PMID: 31583645 PMCID: PMC6848627 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-019-00700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) often tend to coexist in patients. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are more common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients than in their nondiabetic counterparts. Current guidelines are neither clear nor specific about the frequency of thyroid function monitoring in T2DM patients. Circulating thyroid hormones affect several different organs and cells, have a major impact on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, and can worsen glycaemic control in T2DM. Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can worsen subclinical DM and cause hyperglycaemia in T2DM patients, increasing the risk of diabetic complications. T2DM reduces thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and impairs the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in the peripheral tissues. Poorly managed T2DM can lead to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, which causes thyroid tissue proliferation and increases nodule formation and goitre size. In addition, while metformin can be beneficial in both T2DM and TD patients, other antidiabetics such as sulfonylureas, pioglitazone, and thiazolidinediones can negatively impact TD. Antithyroid drugs such as methimazole can impair glycaemic control in T2DM patients. Thyrovigilance in T2DM patients and diabetovigilance in TD patients may therefore be necessary to facilitate individualized care and management.Funding: Abbott India Ltd.
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Nazarpour S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Amiri M, Bidhendi Yarandi R, Azizi F. Levothyroxine treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:805-819. [PMID: 31399840 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the benefits of LT4 treatment on pregnancy outcomes in SCH women. STUDY DESIGN PubMed [including Medline], Web of Science, Wiley, Google Scholar, Science direct and Scopus were searched for identifying and retrieving all English articles published up to May 2018 on the effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with SCH compared to untreated or healthy controls. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, both fixed and random effect models were applied to estimate the pooled effect size. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated using the I-squared (I2) and Begg's statistics, respectively. We also explored heterogeneity sources using meta-regression models and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Data of 13 cohort studies and randomized controlled trials with a total of 11,503 participants were analyzed. This meta-analysis showed that pregnant women with SCH treated with levothyroxine had lower chances of pregnancy loss (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66-0.94; I2 = 0%) and higher chances for live birth rates (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.44-5.11; I2 = 25%) than the placebo group. Compared to euthyroid women, SCH patients treated with levothyroxine had higher odds ratio for preterm labor (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.14-2.91; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study showed that the effects of treatment with levothyroxine in SCH pregnant women are not the same for all pregnancy outcomes. Levothyroxine treatment in these patients can reduce pregnancy loss. Considering the limited number of studies available, further studies are warranted to document more precise data on other consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Nazarpour
- Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Parvaneh, Yaman Street, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, 1985717413, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Parvaneh, Yaman Street, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, 1985717413, Iran.
| | - Mina Amiri
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Parvaneh, Yaman Street, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, 1985717413, Iran
| | - Razieh Bidhendi Yarandi
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24 Parvaneh, Yaman Street, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, 1985717413, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gurunath S, Arun K, Krishna AV, Kavya L, Sridhar B. Clinical Evidence of Association Between Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism with Therapeutic Relevance—An Observational Study. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019; X:1-10. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tamang B, Khatiwada S, Gelal B, Shrestha S, Mehta KD, Baral N, Shah GS, Lamsal M. Association of antithyroglobulin antibody with iodine nutrition and thyroid dysfunction in Nepalese children. Thyroid Res 2019; 12:6. [PMID: 31320934 PMCID: PMC6615089 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-019-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity affect thyroid function. Deficiencies of iodine including thyroid disorders have serious impact on child physical and mental development. This study was conducted to investigate iodine nutrition, thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity in the Nepalese children, and explore the association of thyroidal autoimmunity with iodine nutrition and thyroid dysfunction. Methods Five schools from Udayapur district of eastern Nepal were selected for the study. A total of 213 school children aged 6–12 years were enrolled, and anthropometric data, urine samples and blood samples were collected. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) was measured. Independent T test, Man-Whitney test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact test were used for testing statistical significance. Spearman’s correlation analysis was done to find association between variables. Results The median UIC with IQR, mean ± SD fT3, mean ± SD fT4, median TSH and TgAb with IQR was 150.0 μg/L (102.8; 204.0), 2.49 ± 0.83 pg/ml, 1.33 ± 0.42 ng/dl, 2.49 mIU/L (1.58; 4.29), and 21.40 IU/ml (15.54; 31.20) respectively. Elvated TgAb (≥30 IU/ml, thyroid autoimmune condition) was seen in 25.8% (n = 55) children. UIC was less than 100 μg/L in 17.4% (n = 37) of the children. Subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and sublinical hyperthyroidism was seen in 1.4% (n = 3), 3.3% (n = 7) and 3.8% (n = 8) children respectively. A strong association of TgAb with UIC (r = − 0.210, p = 0.002) and thyroid hormones; fT3 (r = − 0.160, p = 0.019), fT4 (r = − 0.275, p < 0.001), and TSH (r = 0.296, p < 0.001) was seen. The relative risk for thyroid autoimmunity in children with UIC less than 100 μg/L was 1.784 (95% CI: 1.108–2.871, p = 0.024). Similarly, children with thyroid autoimmunity had higher relative risk [7.469 (95% CI: 2.790–19.995, p < 0.001)] for thyroid dysfunction. Conclusions School children of eastern Nepal have adequate iodine nutrition. Thyroid autoimmunity is very common, while thyroid dysfunction is sparse in children. An association of thyroid autoimmunity with iodine nutrition and thyroid dysfunction was seen in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binaya Tamang
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | | | - Basanta Gelal
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Shrijana Shrestha
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Kishun Deo Mehta
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Nirmal Baral
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Gauri Shankar Shah
- 4Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Madhab Lamsal
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
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Ebrahimpour A, Vaghari-Tabari M, Qujeq D, Moein S, Moazezi Z. Direct correlation between serum homocysteine level and insulin resistance index in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: Does subclinical hypothyroidism increase the risk of diabetes and cardio vascular disease together? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:863-867. [PMID: 29748035 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism known as mild thyroid disorder without significant sign and symptoms. The correlation between subclinical hypothyroidism and some of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as serum lipids, homocysteine levels and also insulin resistance index is not well established and the current study was conducted to clarify this issue. METHODS AND MATERIALS Seventy four patients with mild elevation in levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) along with normal levels of T3 and T4 were selected as patients group and 74 age and sex matched individuals were selected as healthy control group. Serum insulin, triglyceride, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine levels were measured. Obtained data compared between groups with independent sample t-test. For evaluation of the correlation between mentioned parameters Pearson correlation coefficient method was used. RESULTS Serum levels of LDL-C and total cholesterol significantly increased in SCH group compared to healthy control group. Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOM-IR) and serum homocysteine level significantly elevated in patients with SCH compared to control group. There was a significant direct correlation between HOM-IR and serum homocysteine levels in SCH patients. CONCLUSION Subclinical hypothyroidism likely have significant effect on insulin resistance as major diabetes risk factors and also cardiovascular disease risk factors such as homocysteine. The direct correlation between HOM-IR with serum homocysteine level indicate the possible role of insulin resistance in elevation of serum homocysteine in SCH patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Ebrahimpour
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zoleikha Moazezi
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Bermúdez V, Salazar J, Añez R, Rojas M, Estrella V, Ordoñez M, Chacín M, Hernández JD, Arias V, Cabrera M, Cano-Ponce C, Rojas J. Metabolic Syndrome and Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Type 2 Diabetes-Dependent Association. J Thyroid Res 2018; 2018:8251076. [PMID: 30151097 PMCID: PMC6087593 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8251076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH) is an endocrine alteration that is related to cardiovascular risk factors, including those categorized as components of the Metabolic Syndrome (MS). However, findings in prior reports regarding an association between these alterations are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between both entities in adult subjects from Maracaibo City, Venezuela. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multistage sampling. In this substudy, 391 individuals of both genders were selected and TSH, free T3, and free T4 tests were performed as well as a complete lipid profile, fasting glycaemia, and insulin blood values. ScH was defined according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) criteria: high TSH (≥4.12mUI/L) and normal free T4 (0.9-1,9 ng/dL) in subjects without personal history of thyroid disease. MS components were defined according to IDF/AHA/NHLBI/WHF/IAS/IASO-2009 criteria. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between MS components and ScH diagnosis. RESULTS Of the evaluated population, 10.5% (n=41) was diagnosed with ScH, with a higher prevalence in women (female: 13.6% versus male: 7.7%; χ2=3.56, p=0.05). Likewise, 56.1% (n=23) of the subjects with ScH were diagnosed with MS (χ2=4.85; p=0.03), being hyperglycemia the main associated criterion (χ2=11.7; p=0.001). In multivariable analysis, it was observed that the relationship was exclusive with the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) OR: 3.22 (1.14-9.14); p=0.03. CONCLUSION The relationship between ScH and MS in our population is dependent on the presence of hyperglycemia, specifically T2DM diagnosis, findings that vary from those previously reported in Latin American subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Roberto Añez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Viviana Estrella
- Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Cantón de Samborondón, Provincia de Guayas, Ecuador
| | - María Ordoñez
- Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Cantón de Samborondón, Provincia de Guayas, Ecuador
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Diego Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Colombia
| | - Víctor Arias
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Colombia
| | - Mayela Cabrera
- Lone Star College, Biology Department, Tomball, TX 77381, USA
| | - Clímaco Cano-Ponce
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Deshmukh V, Farishta F, Bhole M. Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional, Epidemiological, Pan-India Study. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2930251. [PMID: 30675157 PMCID: PMC6323507 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2930251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and clinical and epidemiological factors of thyroid dysfunction (TD) in Indian patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 432 adults with an established diagnosis of MetS were enrolled across ten centers in India. Anthropometric measurements and vital signs were noted. Blood samples were tested for hemogram, coagulogram, lipid profile, and thyroid function. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting plasma insulin were used for the calculation of homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Overt hypothyroidism was defined as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) > 4.50 μIU/mL with free thyroxine (FT4) < 0.8 ng/dL and free triiodothyronine (FT3) < 1.4 pg/mL; subclinical hypothyroidism as TSH > 4.50 μIU/mL with FT4 = 0.8-1.8 ng/dL and FT3 = 1.4-4.4 pg/mL; overt hyperthyroidism as TSH < 0.45 μIU/mL with FT4 > 1.8 ng/dL and FT3 > 4.4 pg/mL; and subclinical hyperthyroidism as TSH < 0.45 μIU/mL with FT4 = 0.8-1.8 ng/dL and FT3 = 1.4-4.4 pg/mL. RESULTS About 121 out of 432 patients (28%) were diagnosed with TD (mean age ± SD: 47.9 ± 10.96 years), with women predominance (75% versus 25%). Most patients were in the >45 years of age group (men: 63%; women: 59%). TD was associated with high waist circumference (99.17%), reduced high-density lipoprotein-C (87.60%), raised HOMA-IR (86.78%), systolic blood pressure (77.69%), diastolic blood pressure (59.50%), fasting glucose (58.68%), and triglycerides (33.06%). Overt hypothyroidism was reported in 17.59% (N = 76) of patients. Subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, and subclinical hyperthyroidism were reported in 8.10%, 1.60%, and 0.70% patients with newly occurred TD, respectively. No case of overt hyperthyroidism was present in these patients. CONCLUSION Hypothyroidism was the most common TD in Indian patients with MetS. A large proportion of TD cases diagnosed during the study highlight the need for vigilant thyroid screening in patients with MetS in a real-life setting.
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Sah SK, Khatiwada S, Pandey S, Kc R, Das BKL, Baral N, Lamsal M. Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and uric acid with the metabolic syndrome components. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:269. [PMID: 27006878 PMCID: PMC4777974 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been found to be associated with inflammatory molecules. This study was conducted among 125 MetS patients at B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal to find an association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and serum uric acid with MetS components. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, medical history and blood samples were taken. Estimation of hs-CRP, serum uric acid, blood glucose, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was done. hs-CRP had positive correlation with blood glucose (r = 0.2, p = 0.026) and negative with HDL cholesterol (r = −0.361, p < 0.001). Serum uric acid had positive correlation with waist circumference (r = 0.178, p = 0.047). Patients with elevated hs-CRP and uric acid had higher waist circumference (p = 0.03), diastolic BP (p = 0.002) and lower HDL cholesterol (p = 0.004) than others. Elevated hs-CRP and high uric acid were individually associated with higher odds for low HDL cholesterol (7.992; 1.785–35.774, p = 0.002) and hyperglycemia (2.471; 1.111–5.495, p = 0.029) respectively. Combined rise of hs-CRP and uric acid was associated with severity of MetS (p < 0.001) and higher odds for hyperglycemia (8.036; 2.178–29.647, p = 0.001) as compared to individual rise of hs-CRP or uric acid. The present study demonstrates that hs-CRP and serum uric acid are associated with MetS components, and the combined rise of hs-CRP and uric acid is associated with the increase in severity of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | - Saroj Khatiwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Modern Technical College, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Kc
- Department of Biochemistry, Modern Technical College, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Binod Kumar Lal Das
- Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Nirmal Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Madhab Lamsal
- Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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