1
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Hughes B, Bowman J, Stock NL, Burness G. Using mass spectrometry to investigate fluorescent compounds in squirrel fur. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257156. [PMID: 35192622 PMCID: PMC8863215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While an array of taxa are capable of producing fluorescent pigments, fluorescence in mammals is a novel and poorly understood phenomenon. A first step towards understanding the potential adaptive functions of fluorescence in mammals is to develop an understanding of fluorescent compounds, or fluorophores, that are present in fluorescent tissue. Here we use Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) of flying squirrel fur known to fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light to identify potentially fluorescent compounds in squirrel fur. All of the potentially fluorescent compounds we identified were either present in non-fluorescent fur or were not present in all species of fluorescent flying squirrel. Therefore, we suggest that the compounds responsible for fluorescence in flying squirrels may also be present in non-fluorescent mammal fur. Some currently unexplained factor likely leads to excitation of fluorophores in flying squirrel fur. A recently suggested hypothesis that fluorescence in mammals is widely caused by porphyrins is consistent with our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hughes
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University DNA Building, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Naomi L. Stock
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Mizuno G, Yano D, Paitio J, Endo H, Oba Y. Etmopterus lantern sharks use coelenterazine as the substrate for their luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 577:139-145. [PMID: 34517211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lantern shark genus Etmopterus contains approximately 40 species of deep-sea bioluminescent cartilaginous fishes. They emit blue light mainly from the ventral body surface. The biological functions of this bioluminescence have been discussed based on the luminescence patterns, but the bioluminescence mechanism remains uncertain. In this study, we detected both coelenterazine and coelenterazine-dependent luciferase activity in the ventral photophore tissue of Etmopterus molleri. The results suggested that bioluminescence in lantern sharks is produced using coelenterazine as the substrate for the luciferin-luciferase reaction, as some luminous bony fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Mizuno
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daichi Yano
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - José Paitio
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Endo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oba
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan.
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3
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Duchatelet L, Marion R, Mallefet J. A Third Luminous Shark Family: Confirmation of Luminescence Ability for Zameus squamulosus (Squaliformes; Somniosidae). Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:739-744. [PMID: 33529364 DOI: 10.1111/php.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since recently, shark's bioluminescence has been recorded from two Squaliformes families, the Etmopteridae and Dalatiidae. Pictures of luminescence, light organ morphologies and physiology of the luminous control have been described for species of the Etmopteridae and Dalatiidae families. In 2015, a third luminous family, Somniosidae, was assumed to present a bioluminescent species, Zameus squamulosus. Up to now, confirmation of the luminous abilities of Z. squamulosus is lacking. Here, the luminescence of Z. squamulosus was in vivo recorded for the first time confirming the bioluminescence status of the third luminescent shark family. Additionally, photophore histology revealed the conservation of the light organ morphology across the luminous Squaliformes. Light transmittance analysis through the placoid scale added information on the luminescence efficiency and highlighted a new type of bioluminescent-like squamation. All these data reinforced the likelihood that the common ancestor of Dalatiidae, Etmopteridae and Somniosidae may already have been luminescent for counterillumination purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Marion
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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4
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Capretz Batista Da Silva JP, Datovo A. A reappraisal of the pectoral skeleton of lantern sharks (Elasmobranchii: Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). J Morphol 2021; 282:408-418. [PMID: 33355942 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of the articular region of the pectoral girdle and associated basals in Etmopteridae is revised in light of new evidence provided by taxa unavailable for previous studies. Such studies considered that etmopterids plesiomorphically had a single pectoral articular condyle, and only Etmopterus had two separate ones. Our reanalysis indicates that the possession of two separate condyles, one for the articulation of the propterygium and the second for the meso- and metapterygium, is the most widespread condition in this group. However, the presence of two separate articular condyles is not recovered as a synapomorphy for Etmopteridae. Previous studies also proposed that etmopterids lack a hook-like process on the anteroproximal margin of the anteriormost pectoral basal. We document that the hook-like process is plesiomorphically present in Etmopteridae, thus corroborating the hypothesis of closer relationships between this family and the other squaliforms that also share this process, namely Centrophoridae, Dalatiidae, Oxynotidae, and Somniosidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Capretz Batista Da Silva
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Aléssio Datovo
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ictiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Duchatelet L, Moris VC, Tomita T, Mahillon J, Sato K, Behets C, Mallefet J. The megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios, is not a luminous species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242196. [PMID: 33237911 PMCID: PMC7688146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its five meters length, the megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios Taylor, Compagno & Struhsaker, 1983) is one of the rarest big sharks known in the world (117 specimens observed and documented so far). This filter-feeding shark has been assumed to be a luminous species, using its species-specific white band to produce bioluminescence as a lure trap. Another hypothesis was the use of the white band reflectivity to attract prey or for social recognition purposes. However, no histological study has ever been performed to confirm these assumptions so far. Two hypotheses about the megamouth shark's luminescence arose: firstly, the light emission may be intrinsically or extrinsically produced by specific light organs (photophores) located either on the upper jaw white band or inside the mouth; secondly, the luminous appearance might be a consequence of the reflection of prey luminescence on the white band during feeding events. Aims of the study were to test these hypotheses by highlighting the potential presence of specific photophores responsible for bioluminescence and to reveal and analyze the presence of specialized light-reflective structures in and around the mouth of the shark. By using different histological approaches (histological sections, fluorescent in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscopy) and spectrophotometry, this study allows to unravel these hypotheses and strongly supports that the megamouth shark does not emit bioluminescence, but might rather reflect the light produced by bioluminescent planktonic preys, thanks to the denticles of the white band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria C. Moris
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Taketeru Tomita
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, Japan
- Zoological Laboratory, Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Keiichi Sato
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Catherine Behets
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Morphologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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6
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Claes JM, Delroisse J, Grace MA, Doosey MH, Duchatelet L, Mallefet J. Histological evidence for secretory bioluminescence from pectoral pockets of the American Pocket Shark (Mollisquama mississippiensis). Sci Rep 2020; 10:18762. [PMID: 33128012 PMCID: PMC7599239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of pocket shark pectoral pockets has puzzled scientists over decades. Here, we show that the pockets of the American Pocket Shark (Mollisquama mississippiensis) contain a brightly fluorescent stratified cubic epithelium enclosed in a pigmented sheath and in close contact with the basal cartilage of the pectoral fins; cells of this epithelium display a centripetal gradient in size and a centrifuge gradient in fluorescence. These results strongly support the idea that pocket shark's pockets are exocrine holocrine glands capable of discharging a bioluminescent fluid, potentially upon a given movement of the pectoral fin. Such capability has been reported in many other marine organisms and is typically used as a close-range defensive trick. In situ observations would be required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien M Claes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Biosciences Institute, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mark A Grace
- NOAA/NMFS, SEFSC/Mississippi Laboratories, 3209 Fredric St., Pascagoula, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Michael H Doosey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70148, USA
| | - Laurent Duchatelet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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7
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Duchatelet L, Delroisse J, Mallefet J. Bioluminescence in lanternsharks: Insight from hormone receptor localization. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113488. [PMID: 32272132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of the study of their bioluminescence, the deep-sea lanternshark Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus molleri (Chondrichthyes, Etmopteridae) received growing interest over the past ten years. These mesopelagic sharks produce light thanks to a finely tuned hormonal control involving melatonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Receptors of these hormones, respectively the melatonin receptors and the melanocortin receptors, are all members of the G-protein coupled receptor family i.e. coupled with specific G proteins involved in the preliminary steps of their transduction pathways. The present study highlights the specific localization of the hormonal receptors, as well as of their associated G-proteins within the light organs, the so-called photophores, in E. spinax and E. molleri through immunohistofluorescence technic. Our results allow gaining insight into the molecular actors and mechanisms involved in the control of the light emission in Etmopterid sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- University of Mons - UMONS, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Avenue du Champs de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium
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8
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From extraocular photoreception to pigment movement regulation: a new control mechanism of the lanternshark luminescence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10195. [PMID: 32576969 PMCID: PMC7311519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The velvet belly lanternshark, Etmopterus spinax, uses counterillumination to disappear in the surrounding blue light of its marine environment. This shark displays hormonally controlled bioluminescence in which melatonin (MT) and prolactin (PRL) trigger light emission, while α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) play an inhibitory role. The extraocular encephalopsin (Es-Opn3) was also hypothesized to act as a luminescence regulator. The majority of these compounds (MT, α-MSH, ACTH, opsin) are members of the rapid physiological colour change that regulates the pigment motion within chromatophores in metazoans. Interestingly, the lanternshark photophore comprises a specific iris-like structure (ILS), partially composed of melanophore-like cells, serving as a photophore shutter. Here, we investigated the role of (i) Es-Opn3 and (ii) actors involved in both MT and α-MSH/ACTH pathways on the shark bioluminescence and ILS cell pigment motions. Our results reveal the implication of Es-Opn3, MT, inositol triphosphate (IP3), intracellular calcium, calcium-dependent calmodulin and dynein in the ILS cell pigment aggregation. Conversely, our results highlighted the implication of the α-MSH/ACTH pathway, involving kinesin, in the dispersion of the ILS cell pigment. The lanternshark luminescence then appears to be controlled by the balanced bidirectional motion of ILS cell pigments within the photophore. This suggests a functional link between photoreception and photoemission in the photogenic tissue of lanternsharks and gives precious insights into the bioluminescence control of these organisms.
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9
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Duchatelet L, Oury N, Mallefet J, Magalon H. In the intimacy of the darkness: Genetic polyandry in deep-sea luminescent lanternsharks Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus molleri (Squaliformes, Etmopteridae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1523-1529. [PMID: 32246461 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paternity seems common within elasmobranchs. Focusing on two deep-sea shark species, the velvet belly lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax) and the slendertail lanternshark (Etmopterus molleri) we inferred the paternity in 31 E. spinax litters from Norway (three to 18 embryos per litter) and six E. molleri litters from Japan (three to six embryos), using 21 and 10 specific microsatellites, respectively. At least two E. spinax litters were sired from multiple fathers each, with highly variable paternal skew (1:1 to 9:1). Conversely, no clear signal of genetic polyandry was found in E. molleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Oury
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, St Denis Cedex 09, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire Cogitamus, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hélène Magalon
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, St Denis Cedex 09, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire Cogitamus, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Perpignan, France
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10
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Lewis RS, Drake-Stowe KE, Heim C, Steede T, Smith W, Dewey RE. Genetic and Agronomic Analysis of Tobacco Genotypes Exhibiting Reduced Nicotine Accumulation Due to Induced Mutations in Berberine Bridge Like ( BBL) Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:368. [PMID: 32318084 PMCID: PMC7147384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic methodologies for reducing nicotine accumulation in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are of interest because of potential future regulations that could mandate lowering of this alkaloid in conventional cigarettes. Inactivation of tobacco genes such as the Berberine Bridge Like (BBL) gene family believed to encode for enzymes involved in one of the latter steps of nicotine biosynthesis could be a viable strategy for producing new tobacco cultivars with ultra-low leaf nicotine accumulation. We introduced deleterious mutations generated via ethyl methanesulfonate treatment of seed or gene editing into six known members of the BBL gene family and assembled them in different combinations to assess their relative contribution to nicotine accumulation. Significant reductions (up to 17-fold) in percent leaf nicotine were observed in genotypes homozygous for combined mutations in BBL-a, BBL-b, and BBL-c. The addition of mutations in BBL-d1, BBL-d2, and BBL-e had no additional significant effect on lowering of nicotine levels in the genetic background studied. Reduced nicotine levels were associated with reductions in cured leaf yields (up to 29%) and cured leaf quality (up to 15%), evidence of physiological complexities within the tobacco plant related to the nicotine biosynthetic pathway. Further nicotine reductions were observed for a BBL mutant line cultivated under a modified production regime in which apical inflorescences were not removed, but at the expense of further yield reductions. Plants in which BBL mutations were combined with naturally occurring recessive alleles at the Nic1 and Nic2 loci exhibited further reductions in percent nicotine, but no plant produced immeasurable levels of this alkaloid. Findings may suggest the existence of a minor, alternative pathway for nicotine biosynthesis in N. tabacum. The described genetic materials may be of value for the manufacture of cigarettes with reduced nicotine levels and for future studies to better understand the molecular biology of alkaloid accumulation in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey S. Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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11
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Duchatelet L, Delroisse J, Pinte N, Sato K, Ho HC, Mallefet J. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate are Involved in the Control of Shark Bioluminescence. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:37-45. [PMID: 31441051 DOI: 10.1111/php.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among Etmopteridae and Dalatiidae, luminous species use hormonal control to regulate bioluminescence. Melatonin (MT) triggers light emission and, conversely, alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) actively reduces ongoing luminescence. Prolactin (PRL) acts differentially, triggering light emission in Etmopteridae and inhibiting it in Dalatiidae. Interestingly, these hormones are also known as regulators of skin pigment movements in vertebrates. One other hormone, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also members of the skin pigmentation regulators, is here pharmacologically tested on the light emission. Results show that ACTH inhibits luminescence in both families. Moreover, as MT and α-MSH/ACTH receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, we investigated the effect of hormonal treatments on the cAMP level of photophores through specific cAMP assays. Our results highlight the involvement of ACTH and cAMP in the control of light emission in sharks and suggest a functional similarity between skin pigment migration and luminescence control, this latter being mediated by pigment movements in the light organ-associated iris-like structure cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Pinte
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Keiichi Sato
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu-cho, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hsuan-Ching Ho
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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12
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Duchatelet L, Delroisse J, Flammang P, Mahillon J, Mallefet J. Etmopterus spinax, the velvet belly lanternshark, does not use bacterial luminescence. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:516-521. [PMID: 31027729 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are able to produce light using either their own luminous system, called intrinsic bioluminescence, or symbiotic luminous bacteria, called extrinsic bioluminescence. Among bioluminescent vertebrates, Osteichthyes are known to harbor both types of bioluminescence, while no study has so far addressed the potential use of intrinsic/extrinsic luminescence in elasmobranchs. In sharks, two families are known to emit light: Etmopteridae and Dalatiidae. The deep-sea bioluminescent Etmopteridae, Etmopterus spinax, has received a particular interest over the past fifteen years and its bioluminescence control was investigated in depth. However, the nature of the shark luminous system still remains enigmatic. The present work was undertaken to assess whether the light of this shark species originates from a bioluminescent bacterial symbiosis. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analyses, this study supports the conclusion that the bioluminescence in the deep-sea lanternshark, Etmopterus spinax, is not of bacterial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud, 3, 1348, Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- Université de Mons - UMons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, 23 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Université de Mons - UMons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, 23 Place du Parc, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Croix du Sud, 2, 1348, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud, 3, 1348, Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium
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