Association of MYH9-rs3752462 polymorphisms with chronic kidney disease among clinically diagnosed hypertensive patients: a case-control study in a Ghanaian population

The Potential Impact of MYH9 (rs3752462) and ELMO1 (rs741301) Genetic Variants on the Risk of Nephrotic Syndrome Incidence

The kidney lost a lot of protein in the urine when you have nephrotic syndrome (NS). Clinical manifestations mostly common in NS include massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is currently classified into steroid-dependent (SDNS) and steroid-resistant (SRNS) based on the initial response to corticosteroid therapy at presentation. Several reports examined the association of the MYH9 gene (rs3752462, C > T) variant and ELMO1 gene (rs741301 G > A) variant as risk factors for Nephrotic Syndrome. This study aimed to determine the potential effect of the MYH9 gene (rs3752462, C > T) and ELMO1 gene (rs741301) variant on the risk of (NS) among Egyptian Children. This study included two hundred participants involving 100 nephrotic syndrome (NS) cases and 100 healthy controls free from nephrotic syndrome (NS). The MYH9 gene (rs3752462, C > T) variant and ELMO1 gene (rs G > A741301) variant were analyzed by ARMS-PCR technique. Nephrotic syndrome cases include 74% SRNS and 26% SDNS. Higher frequencies of the heterozygous carrier (CT) and homozygous variant (TT) genotypes of the MYH9 (rs3752462, C > T) variant were observed in NS patients compared to the controls with p-value < 0.001. The frequencies of the MYH9 (rs3752462, C > T variant indicated a statistically significant elevated risk of NS under various genetic models, including allelic model (OR 2.85, p < 0.001), dominant (OR 3.97, p < 0.001) models, and the recessive model OR 5.94, p < 0.001). Higher frequencies of the heterozygous carrier (GA) and homozygous variant (AA) genotypes of ELMO1gene (rs G > A741301) variant were observed in NS patients compared to the controls with p-value < 0.001. The frequencies of the ELMO1 (rs G > A741301) variant indicated a statistically significant elevated risk of NS under various genetic models, including allelic model (OR 2.15, p < 0.001), dominant models (OR 2.8, p < 0.001), and the recessive model (OR 4.17, p = 0.001). Both MYH9 and ELMO1 gene variants are significantly different in NS in comparison with the control group (p < 0.001). The MYH9 gene (rs3752462, C > T) and ELMO1gene (rs G > A741301) variants were considered independent risk factors for NS among Egyptian Children.

Vitamin D receptor (BsmI) gene polymorphism and allele frequency among chronic kidney disease patients in south Indian population

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis plays an important role in multiple physiological renal functions. BsmI gene is one among the VDR gene plays a vital role in maintaining this VDR axis and any polymorphism in VDR gene will cause dysfunction of renal tissues. The main objective of the study is to study the link between BsmI VDR gene polymorphism and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This was a case-control study, which includes 100 cases and 100 controls. BsmI gene analysis was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Among 100 CKD study participants, BB (wild-type) genotype of BsmI gene was present in 7 patients (7%), Bb (heterozygous) genotype was present in 23 patients (23%) and bb (mutant) genotype was present in 70 patients (70%). And among 100 controls, 92 subjects were found to have BB genotype and 8 subjects were found to have Bb genotype and none of subjects were found to have bb genotypes. CKD patients with Bb and bb genotypes were found to have significantly elevated serum urea, creatinine and decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) when compared to the BB genotype of BsmI gene. 'b' allele of BsmI gene, Bb and bb genotypes of BsmI gene plays a greater role in Guanine/Adenine single nucleotide polymorphism of BsmI gene in CKD.

Review on Molecular Mechanism of Hypertensive Nephropathy

Hypertension, a prevalent chronic ailment, has the potential to impair kidney function, and thereby resulting in hypertensive nephropathy. The escalating incidence of hypertensive nephropathy attributed to the aging population in urban areas, has emerged as a prominent cause of end-stage renal disease. Nevertheless, the intricate pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy poses considerable obstacles in terms of precise clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper aims to consolidate the research findings on the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy by focusing on the perspective of molecular biology.

Hypertension in African Populations: Review and Computational Insights

Hypertension (HTN) is a persistent public health problem affecting approximately 1.3 billion individuals globally. Treatment-resistant hypertension (TRH) is defined as high blood pressure (BP) in a hypertensive patient that remains above goal despite use of ≥3 antihypertensive agents of different classes including a diuretic. Despite a plethora of treatment options available, only 31.0% of individuals have their HTN controlled. Interindividual genetic variability to drug response might explain this disappointing outcome because of genetic polymorphisms. Additionally, the poor knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypertensive disease and the long-term interaction of antihypertensive drugs with blood pressure control mechanisms further aggravates the problem. Furthermore, in Africa, there is a paucity of pharmacogenomic data on the treatment of resistant hypertension. Therefore, identification of genetic signals having the potential to predict the response of a drug for a given individual in an African population has been the subject of intensive investigation. In this review, we aim to systematically extract and discuss African evidence on the genetic variation, and pharmacogenomics towards the treatment of HTN. Furthermore, in silico methods are utilized to elucidate biological processes that will aid in identifying novel drug targets for the treatment of resistant hypertension in an African population. To provide an expanded view of genetic variants associated with the development of HTN, this study was performed using publicly available databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journal Online, PharmGKB searching for relevant papers between 1984 and 2020. A total of 2784 articles were reviewed, and only 42 studies were included following the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies reported associations with HTN and genes such as AGT (rs699), ACE (rs1799752), NOS3 (rs1799983), MTHFR (rs1801133), AGTR1 (rs5186), while twenty-two studies did not show any association within the African population. Thereafter, an in silico predictive approach was utilized to identify several genes including CLCNKB, CYPB11B2, SH2B2, STK9, and TBX5 which may act as potential drug targets because they are involved in pathways known to influence blood pressure. Next, co-expressed genes were identified as they are controlled by the same transcriptional regulatory program and may potentially be more effective as multiple drug targets in the treatment regimens for HTN. Genes belonging to the co-expressed gene cluster, ACE, AGT, AGTR1, AGTR2, and NOS3 as well as CSK and ADRG1 showed enrichment of G-protein-coupled receptor activity, the classical targets of drug discovery, which mediate cellular signaling processes. The latter is of importance, as the targeting of co-regulatory gene clusters will allow for the development of more effective HTN drug targets that could decrease the prevalence of both controlled and TRH.