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Adegbola PI, Adetutu A. Genetic and epigenetic modulations in toxicity: The two-sided roles of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the environment. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:502-519. [PMID: 38774476 PMCID: PMC11106787 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study emphasizes the importance of considering the metabolic and toxicity mechanisms of environmental concern chemicals in real-life exposure scenarios. Furthermore, environmental chemicals may require metabolic activation to become toxic, and competition for binding sites on receptors can affect the severity of toxicity. The multicomplex process of chemical toxicity is reflected in the activation of multiple pathways during toxicity of which AhR activation is major. Real-life exposure to a mixture of concern chemicals is common, and the composition of these chemicals determines the severity of toxicity. Nutritional essential elements can mitigate the toxicity of toxic heavy metals, while the types and ratio of composition of PAH can either increase or decrease toxicity. The epigenetic mechanisms of heavy metals and PAH toxicity involves either down-regulation or up-regulation of some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) whereas specific small RNAs (sRNAs) may have dual role depending on the tissue and circumstance of expression. Similarly, decrease DNA methylation and histone modification are major players in heavy metals and PAH mediated toxicity and FLT1 hypermethylation is a major process in PAH induced carcinogenesis. Overall, this review provides the understanding of the metabolism of environmental concern chemicals, emphasizing the importance of considering mixed compositions and real-life exposure scenarios in assessing their potential effects on human health and diseases development as well as the dual mechanism of toxicity via genetic or epigenetic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ifeoluwa Adegbola
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adewale Adetutu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Adetutu A, Aborisade AB, Ogunsina FA, Adegbola PI, Olaniyi TD. Ginger mitigated the health risks associated with arsenic-contamination of rats feed via inflammatory and apoptosis regulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115768. [PMID: 38064790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Millions of people around the world are inadvertently exposed to arsenic through drinking water and food. However, food spices possess antioxidants and anti-inflammatory potentials. Therefore, this study evaluated the protective potentials of Zingiber officinale (ginger) against the toxic effects of arsenic in male Wistar rats. Thirty-six Wistar rats were assigned into 6 groups (n = 6); group A1 and A2 (control), group B1 and B2 were fed with arsenic-contaminated feed (3.45x10-3 mg/kg), group C1 and C2 were feed with arsenic-contaminated feed (3.45x10-3 mg) supplemented with ginger respectively for 12 and 24 weeks. The blood, bone marrow, and liver of rats were harvested and prepared for various analyses. Micronucleus and Comet analysis were performed for the genotoxicity assessment every 4 weeks. Activities of AST, ALT, GGT, and SOD, and the concentration of GSH, MDA, protein carbonyl, protein thiol, and total protein, were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Quantification of IL-10, 1 L-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β NF-Ƙβ, and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine was done by ELISA method while Bax, Bcl2, and Erk 1/2 were quantified by immuno-histochemical staining. mRNA expression of cyclin D1 was quantified using qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and statistical significance was accepted when p<0.05. Result showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in the haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell, lymphocyte counts, tail DNA and MnPCE of rats fed arsenic-contaminated feed compared with control. The supplementation with ginger significantly reduced serum activities of AST and GGT (p<0.05). Ginger supplementation also lowered the arsenic indued increases in liver MDA, protein carbonyl and 8-OXdG levels. Ginger restores to near normal the histological changes due to arsenic exposure. In the arsenic-exposed group, liver IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α decreased significantly (p<0.05) at week 24 whereas, NF-Ƙβ and TGF-β increased significantly (p 0.05) at weeks 12 and 24 and TNF-α, Bcl2 at week 24. mRNA expression of cyclin D1 was significantly (p<0.05) downregulated in the arsenic and ginger-supplemented groups. This study showed that long-term consumption of arsenic resulted in immunosuppression, anaemia and activated anti-apoptotic process that was mitigated due to ginger supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adetutu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Bukunmi Aborisade
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Faith Ayotunde Ogunsina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Peter Ifeoluwa Adegbola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Temitope Deborah Olaniyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Lawrence R, Munn K, Naser H, Thomas L, Haboubi H, Williams L, Doak S, Jenkins G. The PIG-A gene mutation assay in human biomonitoring and disease. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:480-493. [PMID: 37926486 DOI: 10.1002/em.22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood cell phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIG-A) gene mutation assay has been extensively researched in rodents for in vivo mutagenicity testing and is now being investigated in humans. The PIG-A gene is involved in glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. A single mutation in this X-linked gene can lead to loss of membrane-bound GPI anchors, which can be enumerated via corresponding GPI-anchored proteins (e.g., CD55) using flow cytometry. The studies published to date by different research groups demonstrate a remarkable consistency in PIG-A mutant frequencies. Moreover, with the low background level of mutant erythrocytes in healthy subjects (2.9-5.56 × 10-6 mutants), induction of mutation post genotoxic exposure can be detected. Cigarette smoking, radiotherapy, and occupational exposures, including lead, have been shown to increase mutant levels. Future applications of this test include identifying new harmful agents and establishing new exposure limits. This mutational monitoring approach may also identify individuals at higher risk of cancer development. In addition, identifying protective agents that could mitigate these effects may reduce baseline somatic mutation levels and such behaviors can be encouraged. Further technological progress is required including establishing underlying mechanisms of GPI anchor loss, protocol standardization, and the development of cryopreservation methods to improve GPI-anchor stability over time. If successful, this assay has the potential be widely employed, for example, in rural and low-income countries. Here, we review the current literature on PIG-A mutation in humans and discuss the potential role of this assay in human biomonitoring and disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lawrence
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Munn
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Hamsa Naser
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Laura Thomas
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Hasan Haboubi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lisa Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Shareen Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gareth Jenkins
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Xi J, Cao Y, Wang Y, You X, Liu W, Wang T, Yin J, Ma J, Wang Z, Wu N, Zhang X, Duan H, Luan Y. PIG-A gene mutation as a mutagenicity biomarker among coke oven workers. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113872. [PMID: 37271276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PIG-A gene mutations can be detected in humans, and PIG-A assays can potentially predict the risk of exposure to carcinogens. However, extensive, population-based studies to validate this are lacking. We studied a cohort of occupational coke oven workers with chronic high exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are well-studied genotoxins classified by the IARC as carcinogenic to humans. Peripheral blood erythrocytes of workers were assessed for gene mutations using a PIG-A assay, and chromosome damage using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test with lymphocytes. Two sample populations from a non-industrialized city and new employees in industrial plants were selected as controls. We observed a significantly elevated PIG-A mutation frequency (MF) and increased frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in coke oven workers, compared with levels in the control groups. We found that the coke oven workers with different lengths of service had a relatively high mutation frequency. Overall, the study findings showed that occupational exposure of coke oven workers increases the genetic damage and the PIG-A MF could be a potential biomarker for risk assessment of carcinogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue You
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiying Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiang Ma
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Cao Y, Wang T, Xi J, Tian W, Liu W, Sun Y, Liu W, You X, Li A, Zhang G, Zhang X, Xia ZL, Luan Y. Benchmark dose estimation among benzene-exposed workers in China: Based on quantitative multi-endpoint genotoxicity assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121765. [PMID: 37142205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous exposure studies, benzene (BZ) has been classified as a human carcinogen and occupational exposure limit (OELs) to BZ has been set to be about 1 ppm around the world. However, health hazards have still been reported with exposure below the OEL. Thus, the OEL needs to be updated to reduce health risk. The overall aim of our study was therefore to generate new OEL for BZ via a benchmark dose (BMD) approach and based on quantitative and multi-endpoint genotoxicity assessments. Genotoxicities were determined using the novel human PIG-A gene mutation assay, the micronucleus (MN) test and the COMET assay in benzene-exposed workers. Among the 104 workers with below current OELs, they exhibited significantly higher PIG-A mutant frequencies (MFs) (15.96 ± 14.41 × 10-6) and MN frequencies (11.55 ± 6.83‰) than among the general subjects (PIG-A MFs: 5.45 ± 4.56 × 10-6, MN frequencies: 4.51 ± 1.58‰), but no difference in the COMET assay. A significant association was also observed between BZ exposures and PIG-A MFs and MN frequencies (P < 0.001). Our results indicate that health hazards were induced among workers with below OEL exposures. Based on results from the PIG-A and MN assays, the lower confidence limit of the BMD (BMDL) were calculated to be 8.71 mg/m3-year and 0.44 mg/m3-year, respectively. Based on these calculations, the OEL for BZ was determined to be lower than 0.07 ppm. This value can be considered by regulatory agencies to set new exposure limits and to better protect workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tongshuai Wang
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Weiying Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry (Shanghai Institute of Occupational Safety & Health), Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wuzhong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry (Shanghai Institute of Occupational Safety & Health), Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xinyue You
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- School of Public Health, 3rd Army University of Medical Science, China
| | - XinYu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China; School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Kowalczyk K, Roszak J, Sobańska Z, Stępnik M. Review of mechanisms of genotoxic action of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (formerly dibenzo[a,l]pyrene). TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2124419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Roszak
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - Z. Sobańska
- Department of Translational Research, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
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