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Pham YL, Wojnowski W, Beauchamp J. Volatile Compound Emissions from Stereolithography Three-Dimensional Printed Cured Resin Models for Biomedical Applications. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:369-379. [PMID: 36534374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stereolithography three-dimensional printing is used increasingly in biomedical applications to create components for use in healthcare and therapy. The exposure of patients to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from cured resins represents an element of concern in such applications. Here, we investigate the biocompatibility in relation to inhalation exposure of volatile emissions of three different cured commercial resins for use in printing a mouthpiece adapter for sampling exhaled breath. VOC emission rates were estimated based on direct analysis using a microchamber/thermal extractor coupled to a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer. Complementary analyses using comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry aided compound identification. Major VOCs emitted from the cured resins were associated with polymerization agents, additives, and postprocessing procedures and included alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, esters, and terpenes. Total VOC emissions from cubes printed using the general-purpose resin were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those of the cubes printed using resins dedicated to biomedical applications at the respective test temperatures (40 and 25 °C). Daily inhalation exposures were estimated and compared with daily tolerable intake levels or standard thresholds of toxicological concerns. The two resins intended for biomedical applications were deemed suitable for fabricating an adapter mouthpiece for use in breath research. The general-purpose resin was unsuitable, with daily inhalation exposures for breath sampling applications at 40 °C estimated at 310 μg day-1 for propylene glycol (tolerable intake (TI) limit of 190 μg day-1) and 1254 μg day-1 for methyl acrylate (TI of 43 μg day-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lan Pham
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354Freising, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9, 91054Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Wojnowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354Freising, Germany
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Advanced Image Segmentation and Modeling - A Review of the 2021-2022 Thematic Series. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36692662 PMCID: PMC9872408 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-022-00163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical 3D printing is a form of manufacturing that benefits patient care, particularly when the 3D printed part is patient-specific and either enables or facilitates an intervention for a specific condition. Most of the patient-specific medical 3D printing begins with volume based medical images of the patient. Several digital manipulations are typically performed to prescribe a final anatomic representation that is then 3D printed. Among these are image segmentation where a volume of interest such as an organ or a set of tissues is digitally extracted from the volumetric imaging data. Image segmentation requires medical expertise, training, software, and effort. The theme of image segmentation has a broad intersection with medical 3D printing. The purpose of this editorial is to highlight different points of that intersection in a recent thematic series within 3D Printing in Medicine.
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Pham YL, Beauchamp J, Clement A, Wiegandt F, Holz O. 3D-printed mouthpiece adapter for sampling exhaled breath in medical applications. 3D Print Med 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35943600 PMCID: PMC9364600 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-022-00150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing use of 3D printing in the biomedical sciences demonstrates its utility for a wide range of research and healthcare applications, including its potential implementation in the discipline of breath analysis to overcome current limitations and substantial costs of commercial breath sampling interfaces. This technical note reports on the design and construction of a 3D-printed mouthpiece adapter for sampling exhaled breath using the commercial respiration collector for in-vitro analysis (ReCIVA) device. The paper presents the design and digital workflow transition of the adapter and its fabrication from three commercial resins (Surgical Guide, Tough v5, and BioMed Clear) using a Formlabs Form 3B stereolithography (SLA) printer. The use of the mouthpiece adapter in conjunction with a pulmonary function filter is appraised in comparison to the conventional commercial silicon facemask sampling interface. Besides its lower cost - investment cost of the printing equipment notwithstanding - the 3D-printed adapter has several benefits, including ensuring breath sampling via the mouth, reducing the likelihood of direct contact of the patient with the breath sampling tubes, and being autoclaveable to enable the repeated use of a single adapter, thereby reducing waste and associated environmental burden compared to current one-way disposable facemasks. The novel adapter for breath sampling presented in this technical note represents an additional field of application for 3D printing that further demonstrates its widespread applicability in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lan Pham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Clement
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Wiegandt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Member of the German Centre of Lung Research DZL (BREATH), Hannover, Germany.
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Grimaldo Ruiz O, Rodriguez Reinoso M, Ingrassia E, Vecchio F, Maniero F, Burgio V, Civera M, Bitan I, Lacidogna G, Surace C. Design and Mechanical Characterization Using Digital Image Correlation of Soft Tissue-Mimicking Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132639. [PMID: 35808685 PMCID: PMC9269014 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Present and future anatomical models for biomedical applications will need bio-mimicking three-dimensional (3D)-printed tissues. These would enable, for example, the evaluation of the quality-performance of novel devices at an intermediate step between ex-vivo and in-vivo trials. Nowadays, PolyJet technology produces anatomical models with varying levels of realism and fidelity to replicate organic tissues. These include anatomical presets set with combinations of multiple materials, transitions, and colors that vary in hardness, flexibility, and density. This study aims to mechanically characterize multi-material specimens designed and fabricated to mimic various bio-inspired hierarchical structures targeted to mimic tendons and ligaments. A Stratasys® J750™ 3D Printer was used, combining the Agilus30™ material at different hardness levels in the bio-mimicking configurations. Then, the mechanical properties of these different options were tested to evaluate their behavior under uni-axial tensile tests. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to accurately quantify the specimens’ large strains in a non-contact fashion. A difference in the mechanical properties according to pattern type, proposed hardness combinations, and matrix-to-fiber ratio were evidenced. The specimens V, J1, A1, and C were selected as the best for every type of pattern. Specimens V were chosen as the leading combination since they exhibited the best balance of mechanical properties with the higher values of Modulus of elasticity (2.21 ± 0.17 MPa), maximum strain (1.86 ± 0.05 mm/mm), and tensile strength at break (2.11 ± 0.13 MPa). The approach demonstrates the versatility of PolyJet technology that enables core materials to be tailored based on specific needs. These findings will allow the development of more accurate and realistic computational and 3D printed soft tissue anatomical solutions mimicking something much closer to real tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimaldo Ruiz
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Mariana Rodriguez Reinoso
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Ingrassia
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Vecchio
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Filippo Maniero
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Vito Burgio
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Civera
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ido Bitan
- Stratasys Headquarters, 1 Holtzman St. Science Park, Rehovot P.O. Box 2496, Israel;
| | - Giuseppe Lacidogna
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Cecilia Surace
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy; (O.G.R.); (M.R.R.); (E.I.); (F.V.); (F.M.); (V.B.); (G.L.); (C.S.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24. P. C., 10129 Turin, Italy
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