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Garrido-Benavent I, de Los Ríos A, Núñez-Zapata J, Ortiz-Álvarez R, Schultz M, Pérez-Ortega S. Ocean crossers: a tale of disjunctions and speciation in the dwarf-fruticose Lichina (lichenized Ascomycota). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107829. [PMID: 37247701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lichens thrive in rocky coastal areas in temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres. Species of the genus Lichina, which form characteristic black fruiting thalli associated with cyanobacteria, often create distinguishable bands in the intertidal and supralittoral zones. The present study uses a comprehensive specimen dataset and four gene loci to (1) delineate and discuss species boundaries in this genus, (2) assess evolutionary relationships among species, and (3) infer the most likely causes of their current geographic distribution in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. A dated phylogeny describes the time frame in which extant disjunctions of species and populations were established. The results showed that the genus is integrated by four species, with Lichina pygmaea, L. confinis and the newly described L. canariensis from rocky seashores in the Canary Islands, occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas L. intermedia is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Lichina intermedia hosted a much higher intraspecific genetic diversity than the other species, with subclades interpreted as species-level lineages by the different species delimitation approaches. However, a conservative taxonomic approach was adopted. This species showed a striking disjunct distribution between Australasia and southern South America. The timing for the observed interspecific and intraspecific divergences and population disjunctions postdated continental plate movements, suggesting that long-distance dispersal across body waters in the two hemispheres played a major role in shaping the current species distributions. Such ocean crossings were, as in L. canariensis, followed by speciation. New substitution rates for the nrITS of the genus Lichina were inferred using a tree spanning the major Ascomycota lineages calibrated using fossils. In conclusion, this work lays the foundation for a better understanding of the evolution through time and space of maritime lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Garrido-Benavent
- Departament de Botànica i Geologia, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E-46100-Burjassot, València, Spain; Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Asunción de Los Ríos
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), Serrano 115 dpdo, E-28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jano Núñez-Zapata
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rüdiger Ortiz-Álvarez
- Department of International Science, Spanish Federation of Science and Technology (FECYT), C/ Pintor Murillo 15, E-28100 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Matthias Schultz
- Herbarium Hamburgense, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain.
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Díaz-Escandón D, Tagirdzhanova G, Vanderpool D, Allen CCG, Aptroot A, Češka O, Hawksworth DL, Huereca A, Knudsen K, Kocourková J, Lücking R, Resl P, Spribille T. Genome-level analyses resolve an ancient lineage of symbiotic ascomycetes. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5209-5218.e5. [PMID: 36423639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ascomycota account for about two-thirds of named fungal species.1 Over 98% of known Ascomycota belong to the Pezizomycotina, including many economically important species as well as diverse pathogens, decomposers, and mutualistic symbionts.2 Our understanding of Pezizomycotina evolution has until now been based on sampling traditionally well-defined taxonomic classes.3,4,5 However, considerable diversity exists in undersampled and uncultured, putatively early-diverging lineages, and the effect of these on evolutionary models has seldom been tested. We obtained genomes from 30 putative early-diverging lineages not included in recent phylogenomic analyses and analyzed these together with 451 genomes covering all available ascomycete genera. We show that 22 of these lineages, collectively representing over 600 species, trace back to a single origin that diverged from the common ancestor of Eurotiomycetes and Lecanoromycetes over 300 million years BP. The new clade, which we recognize as a more broadly defined Lichinomycetes, includes lichen and insect symbionts, endophytes, and putative mycorrhizae and encompasses a range of morphologies so disparate that they have recently been placed in six different taxonomic classes. To test for shared hidden features within this group, we analyzed genome content and compared gene repertoires to related groups in Ascomycota. Regardless of their lifestyle, Lichinomycetes have smaller genomes than most filamentous Ascomycota, with reduced arsenals of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolite gene clusters. Our expanded genome sample resolves the relationships of numerous "orphan" ascomycetes and establishes the independent evolutionary origins of multiple mutualistic lifestyles within a single, morphologically hyperdiverse clade of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Escandón
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E Beckwith, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Carmen C G Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - André Aptroot
- Laboratório de Botânica / Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva s/n Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - David L Hawksworth
- Comparative Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, China
| | - Alejandro Huereca
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kerry Knudsen
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kocourková
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Resl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Transcontinental Dispersal of Nonendemic Fungal Pathogens through Wooden Handicraft Imports. mBio 2022; 13:e0107522. [PMID: 35766379 PMCID: PMC9426497 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01075-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the viability and diversity of fungi harbored in imported wooden handicraft products sold in six retail stores in Florida, United States. Despite being subjected to trade regulations that require various sterilization/fumigation protocols, our study demonstrates high survival and diversity of fungi in wood products originating from at least seven countries on three continents. Among these fungi were nonendemic plant and human pathogens, as well as mycotoxin producers. Several products that are sold for use in food preparation and consumption harbored a novel (to North America) plant and human pathogen, Paecilomyces formosus. In addition, a high number of species isolated were thermophilic and included halophilic species, suggesting adaptability and selection through current wood treatment protocols that utilize heat and/or fumigation with methyl-bromide. This research suggests that current federal guidelines for imports of wooden goods are not sufficient to avoid the transit of potential live pathogens and demonstrates the need to increase safeguards at both points of origin and entry for biosecurity against introduction from invasive fungal species in wood products. Future import regulations should consider living fungi, their tolerance to extreme conditions, and their potential survival in solid substrates. Mitigation efforts may require additional steps such as more stringent fumigation and/or sterilization strategies and limiting use of wood that has not been processed to remove bark and decay.
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