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Trakaki A, Marsche G. Current Understanding of the Immunomodulatory Activities of High-Density Lipoproteins. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060587. [PMID: 34064071 PMCID: PMC8224331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins interact with immune cells, macrophages and endothelial cells - key players of the innate and adaptive immune system. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles seem to have evolved as part of the innate immune system since certain HDL subspecies contain combinations of apolipoproteins with immune regulatory functions. HDL is enriched in anti-inflammatory lipids, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and certain saturated lysophospholipids. HDL reduces inflammation and protects against infection by modulating immune cell function, vasodilation and endothelial barrier function. HDL suppresses immune cell activation at least in part by modulating the cholesterol content in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich membrane domains (lipid rafts), which play a critical role in the compartmentalization of signaling pathways. Acute infections, inflammation or autoimmune diseases lower HDL cholesterol levels and significantly alter HDL metabolism, composition and function. Such alterations could have a major impact on disease progression and may affect the risk for infections and cardiovascular disease. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the immune cell modulatory activities of HDL. We focus on newly discovered activities of HDL-associated apolipoproteins, enzymes, lipids, and HDL mimetic peptides.
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Zhao TJ, Zhu N, Shi YN, Wang YX, Zhang CJ, Deng CF, Liao DF, Qin L. Targeting HDL in tumor microenvironment: New hope for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7853-7873. [PMID: 34018609 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma HDL-C levels are closely related to the risk of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other malignancies. As one of the key carriers of cholesterol regulation, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer development through anti-inflammation, antioxidation, immune-modulation, and mediating cholesterol transportation in cancer cells and noncancer cells. In addition, the occurrence and progression of cancer are closely related to the alteration of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells synthesize and secrete a variety of cytokines and other factors to promote the reprogramming of surrounding cells and shape the microenvironment suitable for cancer survival. By analyzing the effect of HDL on the infiltrating immune cells in the TME, as well as the relationship between HDL and tumor-associated angiogenesis, it is suggested that a moderate increase in the level of HDL in vivo with consequent improvement of the function of HDL in the TME and induction of intracellular cholesterol efflux may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Jun Zhao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Neng Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Ning Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zhang
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Feng Deng
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Li Qin
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Erukainure OL, Mesaik MA, Atolani O, Muhammad A, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Pectolinarigenin from the leaves of Clerodendrum volubile shows potent immunomodulatory activity by inhibiting T - cell proliferation and modulating respiratory oxidative burst in phagocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:529-535. [PMID: 28686966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been increasing interest in the use of plant-derived substance as immunomodulators for the treatment and management of inflammatory ailments. Clerodendrum volubile, a leafy vegetable is known for its folkloric applications in the treatments of several inflammatory related ailments, but with little scientific evidence. This study reports the isolation, structure elucidation and in vitro immunomodulatory potentials of pectolinarigenin from C. volubile leaves. The immunomodulatory potentials of the crude methanolic extract and fractions [n-hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n - butanol (BuOH)] were investigated on whole blood, neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic respiratory burst using luminol-amplified chemiluminescence technique. DCM fraction showed higher inhibitory activity on respiratory burst, indicating high suppressive immunomodulatory potency. The DCM fraction was further fractionated using a gravity column chromatography loaded with silica gel. The column was eluted with mixtures of Hex and DCM (92.5:7.5) in increasing order of polarity up to Hex: DCM (88:12) to afford 5,7-Dihydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxyflavone (pectolinarigenin). The structure of the compound was established using data obtained from 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The isolated flavone was investigated for its inhibitory activity of neutrophil phagocytes respiratory burst as well as T - Cell proliferation. The compound exhibited significant activities (at p <0.05) indicating high suppressive immunomodulatory potency. The potent suppressive effect of pectolinarigenin on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) respiratory oxidative burst and T - cell proliferation suggests an immunomodulatory potential and pathway of the flavonoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Nutrition Toxicology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - M Ahmed Mesaik
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa
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Azagury A, Amar-Lewis E, Yudilevitch Y, Isaacson C, Laster B, Kost J. Ultrasound Effect on Cancerous versus Non-Cancerous Cells. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:1560-1567. [PMID: 27067417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that cancer cells whose metastatic potential is low are more vulnerable to mechanical stress-induced trauma to their cytoskeleton compared with benign cells. Because ultrasound induces mechanical stresses on cells and tissues, it is postulated that there may be a way to apply ultrasound to tumors to reduce their ability to metastasize. The difference between low-malignant-potential cancer cells and benign cells could be a result of their different responses to the mechanical stress insonation induced. This hypothesis was tested in vitro and in vivo. Low-malignant-potential cells were found to be more sensitive to insonation, resulting in a significantly higher mortality rate compared with that of benign cells, 89% versus 21%, respectively. This effect can be controlled by varying ultrasound parameters: intensity, duration, and duty cycle. Thus, the results presented in this study suggest the application of ultrasound to discriminate between benign and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Azagury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eliz Amar-Lewis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yana Yudilevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Carol Isaacson
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Brenda Laster
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Joseph Kost
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Scanu A, Luisetto R, Oliviero F, Gruaz L, Sfriso P, Burger D, Punzi L. High-density lipoproteins inhibit urate crystal-induced inflammation in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:587-94. [PMID: 24326007 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation -that is, gouty inflammation, in vivo. METHODS Air pouches raised on the backs of mice were injected with MSU crystals or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in the presence or absence of HDL and/or interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) for 3 h. Leucocyte count and neutrophil percentage in pouch fluids were measured using a haemocytometer and May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining. The cytokine production and expression in the pouch were measured by ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS MSU crystals induced leucocyte infiltration, mostly neutrophils, and the release of IL-1β, IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and IL-1Ra in pouch fluids. TNF remained under the detection limit. MSU crystals triggered IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1 expression in both pouch exudates and membranes, whereas CCL2 and TNF mRNA were not modulated. The co-injection of MSU crystals and HDL inhibited leucocyte influx by 59% and neutrophil infiltration by 83% and, in turn, both protein and mRNA levels of all assessed proinflammatory cytokines were reduced, but not those of IL-1Ra. Similar results were obtained when mice were injected with MSU crystals pretreated with HDL or TNF instead of crystals. When HDL and IL-1Ra were added together they displayed additional inhibition, suggesting different mechanisms of action. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that HDL may represent an important factor in the modulation of gouty inflammation by acting on both tissue and infiltrating cells -that is, synovial tissue and synovial fluid cells. HDL display anti-inflammatory activity, in part, by interacting with crystals but also by directly acting on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scanu
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- Center of Experimental Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Oliviero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lyssia Gruaz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, IARG, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Sfriso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Danielle Burger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, IARG, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. For close to four decades, we have known that high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely correlated with the risk of CVD. HDL is a complex particle that consists of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol and has the ability to carry micro-RNAs. HDL is constantly undergoing remodelling throughout its life-span and carries out many functions. This review summarizes many of the different aspects of HDL from its assembly, the receptors it interacts with, along with the functions it performs and how it can be altered in disease. While HDL is a key cholesterol efflux particle, this review highlights the many other important functions of HDL in the innate immune system and details the potential therapeutic uses of HDL outside of CVD.
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Gudtskova TN, Zhukova GV, Bragina MI, Garkavi LK, Mikholap AI, Barteneva TA. Signs of cell-cell interactions in sarcoma 45 tissue under conditions of antitumor effect caused by injection of magnetite nanoparticles. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 155:793-7. [PMID: 24288768 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes in transplanted sarcoma 45 tissue in outbred albino rats with tumor regression under the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (magnetic fluid) were studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure and cell death types in regressing tumors and signs of cell-cell interactions with participation of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and degranulating mast cells were described. Some possible mechanisms of a pronounced antitumor activity of magnetite nanoparticles were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Gudtskova
- Rostov Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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Hock BD, McKenzie JL. Suppression of CD3/CD28 antibody stimulated responses by human granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: fact or artefact? Immunol Lett 2013; 152:151-2. [PMID: 23727069 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses to CD3/CD28 antibodies are widely used to demonstrate the immunosuppressive activity of added human granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC). Granulocytic populations have the well established capability to chemically modify antibody structure and/or, phagocytose stimulatory CD3/CD28 antibody coated beads. However the possibility that the suppression observed in CD3/CD28 antibody based assays may result from the effects of the G-MDSC on the stimulatory antibodies rather than the T cells is not routinely controlled for experimentally. In the absence of controls to evaluate potential antibody associated artefacts considerable caution should be applied to the use and interpretation of this assay system as a means of defining suppressive G-MDSC populations.
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Native high density lipoproteins (HDL) interfere with platelet activation induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10107-21. [PMID: 23665908 PMCID: PMC3676831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets and lipoproteins play a crucial role in atherogenesis, in part by their ability to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress. While oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL) play a central role in the development of this disease, high density lipoproteins (HDL) represent an atheroprotective factor of utmost importance. As platelet function is remarkably sensitive to the influence of plasma lipoproteins, it was the aim of this study to clarify if HDL are able to counteract the stimulating effects of OxLDL with special emphasis on aspects of platelet function that are relevant to inflammation. Therefore, HDL were tested for their ability to interfere with pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory aspects of platelet function. We are able to show that HDL significantly impaired OxLDL-induced platelet aggregation and adhesion. In gel-filtered platelets, HDL decreased both the formation of reactive oxygen species and CD40L expression. Furthermore, HDL strongly interfered with OxLDL-induced formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates in whole blood, suggesting that platelets represent a relevant and sensitive target for HDL. The finding that HDL effectively competed with the binding of OxLDL to the platelet surface might contribute to their atheroprotective and antithrombotic properties.
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Scanu A, Oliviero F, Gruaz L, Sfriso P, Pozzuoli A, Frezzato F, Agostini C, Burger D, Punzi L. High-density lipoproteins downregulate CCL2 production in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes stimulated by urate crystals. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R23. [PMID: 20149224 PMCID: PMC2875657 DOI: 10.1186/ar2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To investigate whether monosodium urate (MSU) crystals induce the production of CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCP-1) in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and whether this mechanism would be affected by high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Methods Human FLS isolated from synovial tissue explants were stimulated with MSU crystals (0.01 to 0.5 mg/ml) or interleukin (IL)-1β (10 pg/ml) in the presence or absence of HDL (50 and 100 μg/ml). The production and expression of CCL2 was evaluated with ELISA, confocal microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, chemotaxis assay, and real-time quantitative PCR. Results Exposure of FLS to MSU crystals induced CCL2 accumulation in culture medium in a dose- and time-dependent manner, reaching a plateau at 50 to 75 μg/ml MSU crystals and 20 to 24 hours. Although low, the induced CCL2 levels were sufficient to trigger mononuclear cell migration. In resting FLS, CCL2 was localized in small cytoplasmic vesicles whose number diminished with MSU crystal stimulation. Concomitantly, MSU crystals triggered the induction of CCL2 mRNA expression. All these processes were inhibited by HDL, which cause a 50% decrease in CCL2 mRNA levels and a dose-dependent inhibition of the release of CCL2. Similar results were obtained when FLS were pretreated with HDL and washed before activation by MSU crystals or IL-1β, suggesting a direct effect of HDL on the FLS activation state. Conclusions The present results demonstrate that MSU crystals induce FLS to release CCL2 that is stored in vesicles in resting conditions. This mechanism is inhibited by HDL, which may limit the inflammatory process by diminishing CCL2 production and, in turn, monocytes/macrophages recruitment in joints. This study confirms the antiinflammatory functions of HDL, which might play a part in the limitation of acute gout attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scanu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Peshavariya H, Dusting GJ, Di Bartolo B, Rye KA, Barter PJ, Jiang F. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein suppresses leukocyte NADPH oxidase activation by disrupting lipid rafts. Free Radic Res 2010; 43:772-82. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903045304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Murphy AJ, Woollard KJ. High-density lipoprotein: A potent inhibitor of inflammation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:710-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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van Wijk DF, Stroes ESG, Monajemi H. Changing paradigm in HDL metabolism and cellular effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/17584299.4.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Brennan FM, Smith NMG, Owen S, Li C, Amjadi P, Green P, Andersson A, Palfreeman AC, Hillyer P, Foey A, Beech JT, Feldmann M. Resting CD4+ effector memory T cells are precursors of bystander-activated effectors: a surrogate model of rheumatoid arthritis synovial T-cell function. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R36. [PMID: 18353171 PMCID: PMC2452984 DOI: 10.1186/ar2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we described a system whereby human peripheral blood T cells stimulated for 8 days in a cytokine cocktail acquired effector function for contact-dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes. We termed these cells cytokine-activated (Tck) cells and found that the signalling pathways elicited in the responding monocytes were identical whether they were placed in contact with Tck cells or with T cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue. Methods Here, using magnetic beads and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we extensively phenotype the Tck effector cells and conclude that effector function resides within the CD4+CD45RO+, CCR7-, CD49dhigh population, and that these cells are derived from the effector memory CD4+ T cells in resting blood. Results After stimulation in culture, these cells produce a wide range of T-cell cytokines, undergo proliferation and differentiate to acquire an extensively activated phenotype resembling RA synovial T cells. Blocking antibodies against CD69, CD18, or CD49d resulted in a reduction of tumour necrosis factor-α production from monocytes stimulated with CD4+CD45RO+ Tck cells in the co-culture assay. Moreover, blockade of these ligands also resulted in inhibition of spontaneous tumour necrosis factor-α production in RA synovial mononuclear cell cultures. Conclusion Taken together, these data strengthen our understanding of T-cell effector function, highlight the multiple involvement of different cell surface ligands in cell-cell contact and, provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionula M Brennan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK.
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Johannesson M, Hultqvist M, Holmdahl R. Genetics of autoimmune diseases: a multistep process. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 305:259-76. [PMID: 16724810 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29714-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has so far been difficult to identify genes behind polygenic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type I diabetes (T1D). With proper animal models, some of the complexity behind these diseases can be reduced. The use of linkage analysis and positional cloning of genes in animal models for RA resulted in the identification of one of the genes regulating severity of arthritis in rats and mice, the Ncf1 gene. The Ncf1 gene encodes for the Ncf1 protein that is involved in production of free oxygen radicals through the NADPH oxidase complex, which opens up a new pathway for therapeutic treatment of inflammatory diseases. In most cases, however, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) is the sum effect of several genes within and outside the QTL, which make positional cloning difficult. Here we will discuss the possibilities and difficulties of gene identification in animal models of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johannesson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Sweden
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