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Calado M, Ferreira R, Pires D, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E, Brites D, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Unravelling the triad of neuroinvasion, neurodissemination, and neuroinflammation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2534. [PMID: 38588024 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, many improvements have been made to control viral replication in the peripheral blood and to treat opportunistic infections. This has increased life expectancy but also the incidence of age-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders and HIV-associated neurodegeneration/neurocognitive impairment and depression collectively referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND encompasses a spectrum of different clinical presentations ranging from milder forms such as asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment or mild neurocognitive disorder to a severe HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Although control of viral replication and suppression of plasma viral load with combination antiretroviral therapy has reduced the incidence of HAD, it has not reversed milder forms of HAND. The objective of this review, is to describe the mechanisms by which HIV-1 invades and disseminates in the CNS, a crucial event leading to HAND. The review will present the evidence that underlies the relationship between HIV infection and HAND. Additionally, recent findings explaining the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of HAND will be discussed, along with prospects for treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Mollace V, Salvemini D, Riley DP, Muscoli C, Iannone M, Granato T, Masuelli L, Modesti A, Rotiroti D, Nisticó R, Bertoli A, Perno C, Aquaro S. The contribution of oxidative stress in apoptosis of human‐cultured astroglial cells induced by supernatants of HIV‐1‐infected macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mollace
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Roccelletta di Borgia, Italy
| | | | | | - Carolina Muscoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Roccelletta di Borgia, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
| | | | - Robert Nisticó
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
| | | | - Carlo‐Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
- IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
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3
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Montaner LJ, Perno C, Crowe S. Macrophage infection by HIV‐1: focus on viral reservoirs and pathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.3.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suzanne Crowe
- Macfarlane Burnet, Centre for Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
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