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Siew EL, Farris AF, Rashid N, Chan KM, Rajab NF. In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79-4 fibroblasts. Genes Environ 2020; 42:22. [PMID: 32537035 PMCID: PMC7288472 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rare earth minerals of the lanthanide series are widely used in the field of medical and clinical application. Gadolinium (Gd), the most preferred rare earth mineral is frequently used as magnets, superconductors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Increasing production of gadolinium waste, known potent toxicity of this element and lack of information on its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prompts health risk assessment on gadolinium. In this study, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Gadolinium (III) chloride (GdCl3) were investigated using MTT assay, Alkaline Comet assay and Micronucleus assay, respectively. Results Our results demonstrated that the viability of GdCl3 treated V79–4 cells was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 1.0 mM after 24 h of incubation. However, no IC50 values were obtained. GdCl3 showed no significant (p > 0.05) DNA damage both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. However, it induced significant (p < 0.05) clastogenic effect in V79–4 cells at 1.0 mM in the absence of metabolic activation. The clastogenic effect was also seen in the presence of metabolic activation at 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. Conclusion Taken together, our study indicated that GdCl3 had no cytotoxic effect and does not induce DNA damage. However, this study supports that GdCl3 is a probable clastogen. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of free gadolinium ion (Gd3+) for risk assessment on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Ling Siew
- Biocompatibility and Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faizzudin Farris
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noramiwati Rashid
- Biocompatibility and Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- Environmental Health & Industry Safety Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Biocompatibility and Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.,Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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γH2AX prefers late replicating metaphase chromosome regions. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:114-121. [PMID: 30442336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) constitutes a protein pathway to handle eukaryotic DNA lesions in the context of chromatin. DDR engages the recruitment of signaling, transducer, effector, chromatin modifiers and remodeling proteins, allowing cell cycle delay, DNA repair or induction of senescence or apoptosis. An early DDR-event includes the epigenetic phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX on serine 139 of the C-termini, so-called gammaH2AX. GammaH2AX foci detected by immunolabeling on interphase nuclei have been largely studied; nonetheless gammaH2AX signals on mitotic chromosomes are less understood. The CHO9 cell line is a subclone of CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells with original and rearranged Z chromosomes originated during cell line transformation. As a result, homologous chromosome regions have been relocated in different Z-chromosomes. In a first quantitative analysis of gammaH2AX signals on immunolabeled mitotic chromosomes of cytocentrifuged metaphase spreads, we reported that gammaH2AX139 signals of both control and bleomycin-exposed cultures showed statistically equal distribution between CHO9 homologous chromosome regions, suggesting a possible dependence on the structure/function of chromatin. We have also demonstrated that bleomycin-induced gammaH2AX foci map preferentially to DNA replicating domains in CHO9 interphase nuclei. With the aim of understanding the role of gammaH2AX signals on metaphase chromosomes, the relation between 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeled replicating chromosome regions and gammaH2AX signals in immunolabeled cytocentrifuged metaphase spreads from control and bleomycin-treated CHO9 cultures was analyzed in the present work. A quantitative analysis of colocalization between EdU and gammaH2AX signals based on the calculation of the Replication Related Damage Distribution Index (RDDI) on confocal metaphase images was performed. RDDI revealed a colocalization between EdU and gammaH2AX signals both in control and bleomycin-treated CHO9 metaphases, suggesting that replication may be involved in H2AX phosphorylation. The possible mechanisms implicated are discussed.
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Di Tomaso MV, Gregoire E, Martínez-López W. Effects of Valproic Acid on Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes. Genome Integr 2017; 8:4. [PMID: 28250911 PMCID: PMC5320781 DOI: 10.4103/2041-9414.198909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely employed histone deacetylases inhibitors in the clinic is the valproic acid (VA), proving to have a good tolerance and low side effects on human health. VA induces changes in chromatin structure making DNA more susceptible to damage induction and influence DNA repair efficiency. VA is also proposed as a radiosensitizing agent. To know if VA is suitable to sensitize human lymphocytes γ-irradiation in vitro, different types of chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes, either in the absence or presence of VA, were analyzed. For this purpose, blood samples from four healthy donors were exposed to γ-rays at a dose of 1.5 Gy and then treated with two different doses of VA (0.35 or 0.70 mM). Unstable and stable chromosomal aberrations were analyzed by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. Human lymphocytes treated with VA alone did not show any increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. However, a moderate degree of sensitization was observed, through the increase of chromosomal aberrations, when 0.35 mM VA was employed after γ-irradiation, whereas 0.70 mM VA did not modify chromosomal aberration frequencies. The lower number of chromosomal aberrations obtained when VA was employed at higher dose after γ-irradiation, could be related to the induction of a cell cycle arrest, a fact that should be taken into consideration when VA is employed in combination with physical or chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vittoria Di Tomaso
- Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratoire de Dosimétrie Biologique, Institut de Radiobiologie et de Sureté Nucléaire, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; Department of Genetics, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eric Gregoire
- Laboratoire de Dosimétrie Biologique, Institut de Radiobiologie et de Sureté Nucléaire, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Wilner Martínez-López
- Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay; Epigenetics and Genomic Instability Laboratory, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Blackwell BJ, Lopez MF, Wang J, Krastins B, Sarracino D, Tollervey JR, Dobke M, Jordan IK, Lunyak VV. Protein interactions with piALU RNA indicates putative participation of retroRNA in the cell cycle, DNA repair and chromatin assembly. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 2:26-35. [PMID: 22754750 PMCID: PMC3383447 DOI: 10.4161/mge.19032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses suggest that transposable element-derived transcripts are processed to yield a variety of small RNA species that play critical functional roles in gene regulation and chromatin organization as well as genome stability and maintenance. Here we report a mass spectrometry analysis of an RNA-affinity complex isolation using a piRNA homologous sequence derived from Alu retrotransposal RNA. Our data point to potential roles for piALU RNAs in DNA repair, cell cycle and chromatin regulations.
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Pignalosa D, Lee R, Hartel C, Sommer S, Nikoghosyan A, Debus J, Ritter S, Durante M. Chromosome inversions in lymphocytes of prostate cancer patients treated with X-rays and carbon ions. Radiother Oncol 2013; 109:256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hada M, Zhang Y, Feiveson A, Cucinotta FA, Wu H. Association of inter- and intrachromosomal exchanges with the distribution of low- and high-LET radiation-induced breaks in chromosomes. Radiat Res 2011; 176:25-37. [PMID: 21466383 DOI: 10.1667/rr2433.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation on break locations within a chromosome, we exposed human epithelial cells in vitro to (137)Cs γ rays at both low and high dose rates, secondary neutrons at a low dose rate, and 600 MeV/u iron ions at a high dose rate. Breakpoints were identified using multicolor banding in situ hybridization (mBAND), which paints chromosome 3 in 23 different colored bands. For all four radiation scenarios, breakpoint distributions were found to be different from the predicted distribution based on band width. Detailed analysis of chromosome fragment ends involved in inter- or intrachromosomal exchanges revealed that the distributions of fragment ends participating in interchromosomal exchanges were similar between the two low-LET radiation dose rates and between the two high-LET radiation types, but the distributions were less similar between low- and high-LET radiations. For fragment ends participating in intrachromosomal exchanges, the distributions for all four radiation scenarios were similar, with clusters of breaks found in three regions. Analysis of the locations of the two fragment ends in chromosome 3 that joined to form an intrachromosomal exchange demonstrated that two breaks with a greater genomic separation can be more likely to rejoin than two closer breaks, indicating that chromatin folding can play an important role in the rejoining of chromosome breaks. Comparison of the breakpoint distributions to the distributions of genes indicated that the gene-rich regions do not necessarily contain more breaks. In general, breakpoint distributions depend on whether a chromosome fragment joins with another fragment in the same chromosome or with a fragment from a different chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
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Martínez-López W, Marotta E, Di Tomaso M, Méndez-Acuña L, Palitti F. Distribution of UVC-induced chromosome aberrations along the X chromosome of TCR deficient and proficient Chinese hamster cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 701:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nymark P, Kettunen E, Aavikko M, Ruosaari S, Kuosma E, Vanhala E, Salmenkivi K, Pirinen R, Karjalainen A, Knuutila S, Wikman H, Anttila S. Molecular Alterations at 9q33.1 and Polyploidy in Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:468-75. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu LN, Wang X, Zou SQ. Effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor on proliferation of biliary tract cancer cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2578-81. [PMID: 18442209 PMCID: PMC2708373 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) on the growth of biliary tract cancer cell lines (gallbladder carcinoma cell line and cholangiocarcinoma cell line) in vivo and in vitro, and to investigate the perspective of histone deacetylase inhibitor in its clinical application.
METHODS: The survival rates of gallbladder carcinoma cell line (Mz-ChA-l cell line) and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (QBC939, KMBC and OZ cell lines) treated with various doses of TSA were detected by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. A nude mouse model of transplanted gallbladder carcinoma (Mz-ChA-l cell line) was successfully established, and changes in the growth of transplanted tumor after treated with TSA were measured.
RESULTS: TSA could inhibit the proliferation of gallbladder carcinoma cell line (Mz-ChA-l cell line) and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (QBC939, KMBC and OZ cell lines) in a dose-dependent manner. After the nude mouse model of transplanted gallbladder carcinoma (Mz-ChA-l cell line) was successfully established, the growth of cancer was inhibited in the model after treated with TSA.
CONCLUSION: TSA can inhibit the growth of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
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Lafon-Hughes L, Di Tomaso MV, Méndez-Acuña L, Martínez-López W. Chromatin-remodelling mechanisms in cancer. Mutat Res 2008; 658:191-214. [PMID: 18403253 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin-remodelling mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone-tail acetylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation, and ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling processes. Some epigenetic modifications among others have been observed in cancer cells, namely (1) local DNA hypermethylation and global hypomethylation, (2) alteration in histone acetylation/deacetylation balance, (3) increased or decreased poly-ADP-ribosylation, and (4) failures in ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling mechanisms. Moreover, these alterations can influence the response to classical anti-tumour treatments. Drugs targeting epigenetic alterations are under development. Currently, DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors are in use in cancer therapy, and poly-ADP-ribosylation inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials. Epigenetic therapy is gaining in importance in pharmacology as a new tool to improve anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lafon-Hughes
- Genetic Toxicology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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