Exact methods for categorical data

Exact and Resampling Probability Values for Measures Associated with Ordered R by C Contingency Tables

Permutation procedures to compute exact and resampling probability values associated with measures of association for ordered r × c contingency tables are described. Comparisons with asymptotic probability values demonstrated that exact and resampling permutation procedures were preferred for sparse contingency tables.

Resampling permutation probability values for weighted kappa

A permutation algorithm and associated FORTRAN program are provided for resampling weighted kappa. Program RWK provides the weighted kappa test statistic and the resampling one-sided upper-tail probability value.

Resampling Probability Values for Measures of Ordinal Variation and Consensus

Resampling permutation procedures provide good approximations to exact permutation procedures and are therefore the preferred alternative when large samples render exact tests intractable. Resampling permutation procedures are described for three measures of variation and the three corresponding measures of consensus among ordered categories.