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Smith SE, Livingston P, Carney E, Mardon J, Tallentire VR. Snakes and ladders: An integrative literature review of refugee doctors' workforce integration needs. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023. [PMID: 38102966 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare systems worldwide are facing a workforce crisis; meanwhile, refugee doctors throughout the world face difficulties in accessing work. The aims of this review were to explore the integration needs of refugee doctors into host healthcare systems from the refugee perspective, synthesise the literature to construct a theory of refugee doctor integration needs and explore how these needs are met or challenged on the pathway to full integration. METHODS In this integrative literature review, 11 databases and eight grey literature sources were searched by combining terms for refugee doctor and social integration and limiting to research published in or after 2003. Data were extracted, and quality scoring was completed independently by two researchers. This study utilised template analysis to perform a qualitative synthesis of the data. The multidimensional template included a pre-defined template based on a theoretical framework and a concurrent fully inductive template. RESULTS Twenty-two papers were included, incorporating the views of 339 doctors from 30 different home countries and 10 different host countries. The resultant theory included 'foundations' (rights and responsibilities) and three pillars. The 'learning' pillar included required knowledge and skills acquisition. The 'being' pillar encompassed necessary identity work. The 'connecting' pillar comprised social connections, which impacted all other domains. The random and non-linear path to integration faced by refugee doctors was also presented as a serious game. DISCUSSION This study produced a theory exploring refugee doctors' integration needs and how these are met or challenged. Medical educators developing courses for refugee doctors should attend not only to knowledge and skills acquisition but also social connections, identity work and rights and responsibilities. The theory highlights the central importance of social connections. Medical educators can therefore have a transformative impact on refugee doctors' integration. This may also contribute to society by helping to alleviate the workforce crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Eve Smith
- Scottish Centre for Simulation and Clinical Human Factors, NHS Forth Valley, Larbert, UK
- NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Julie Mardon
- Scottish Centre for Simulation and Clinical Human Factors, NHS Forth Valley, Larbert, UK
- Emergency Medicine and Clinical Integration, NHS Forth Valley, Larbert, UK
| | - Victoria Ruth Tallentire
- Scottish Centre for Simulation and Clinical Human Factors, NHS Forth Valley, Larbert, UK
- NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Education for Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
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Farnham DDT, Goldstone R. A narrative review of refugee & asylum seekers' transitions into & experiences of working in the United Kingdom National Health Service. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:622. [PMID: 37312110 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United Kingdom (UK) has a significant and rising population of refugees and asylum seekers, including many who have previously worked as healthcare professionals. Evidence shows they have struggled to join and successfully work in the UK National Health Service (NHS) despite initiatives designed to improve their inclusion. This paper presents a narrative review based on research surrounding this population to describe the barriers that have impeded their integration and possible ways to overcome them. METHODS We conducted a literature review to obtain peer-reviewed primary research from key databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, EMBASE). The collected sources were individually reviewed against predetermined questions to construct a cohesive narrative. RESULTS 46 studies were retrieved, of which 13 satisfied the inclusion criteria. The vast majority of literature focussed on doctors with minimal research on other healthcare workers. Study review identified numerous barriers impeding the integration of refugee and asylum seeker healthcare professionals (RASHPs) into the workforce that are unique from other international medical graduates seeking employment in the UK. These include experiences of trauma, additional legal hurdles and restrictions on their right to work, significant gaps in work experience, and financial difficulties. Several work experience and/or training programs have been created to help RASHPs obtain substantive employment, the most successful of which have involved a multifaceted approach and an income for participants. CONCLUSIONS Continual work towards improving the integration of RASHPs into the UK NHS is mutually beneficial. Existing research is significantly limited in quantity, but it provides a direction for future programs and support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek David Truong Farnham
- National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital, Dalnair St, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK.
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Al-Haddad M, Jamieson S, Germeni E. International medical graduates' experiences before and after migration: A meta-ethnography of qualitative studies. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 56:504-515. [PMID: 34859484 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION International medical graduates (IMGs) represent a large portion of practising doctors in many countries. Many experience difficulties, including higher rates of complaints against them and lower exam pass rates. The UK's General Medical Council (GMC) recently set targets to 'eliminate disproportionate complaints' and 'eradicate disadvantage and discrimination in medical education'. Our timely meta-ethnography aimed to synthesise existing qualitative literature on the wider personal and professional experiences of IMGs to identify factors affecting IMGs' professional practice (either directly or indirectly). METHODS In September 2019, we systematically searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PsycINFO, ERIC and EdResearch for peer-reviewed qualitative and mixed-methods articles that described experiences of IMGs. We extracted participant quotes and authors' themes from included articles and used the technique of meta-ethnography to synthesise the data and develop new overarching concepts. RESULTS Of the 1613 articles identified, 57 met our inclusion criteria. In total, the articles corresponded to 46 studies that described the experiences of 1142 IMGs practising in all six continents in a range of settings, including primary and secondary care. We developed five key concepts: migration dimensions (issues considered by IMGs when migrating), a challenging start (the stressful early period), degree of dissonance (between the IMG and host country in relation to the four main barriers of language, culture, medical education and belonging), levelling the playing field (interventions to reduce the impact of the barriers) and survive then thrive (adjustments IMGs made). A conceptual model that brings these constructs together in a line of argument is presented. CONCLUSIONS This meta-ethnography, based on a large amount of diverse qualitative studies, is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the experiences and challenges that IMGs face before and after migration. Our results should be used to guide the development of interventions aiming to support IMGs and meet the GMC targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Al-Haddad
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Jamieson
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Evi Germeni
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Zikusooka M, Elci OC, Özdemir H. Job satisfaction among Syrian healthcare workers in refugee health centres. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:140. [PMID: 34775958 PMCID: PMC8591793 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving universal health coverage is subject to the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of health workers. Countries that host refugees and migrants, such as Turkey, must strengthen the capacity of their health systems to increase access to services, especially for refugees and migrants. The Turkish Ministry of Health adapted Syrian refugee healthcare workers in the healthcare services to boost Syrian refugees' access to healthcare. This study aimed to assess job satisfaction and the factors influencing job satisfaction among refugee physicians and nurses working in Refugee Healthcentres (RHCs) in Turkey. METHODS A self-administered, cross-sectional survey targeted all Syrian physicians and nurses working in RHCs across Turkey. The short-form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire(MSQ) was used to assess job satisfaction. In total, 555 nurse/midwives and 336 physicians responded, yielding a total response rate of 56.5%. Descriptive analyses and linear regression tests were conducted to determine the level of job satisfaction and to analyze determinant factors. RESULTS Nurses/midwives reported the highest level of general job satisfaction, followed by specialist physicians and general physicians. Physicians who had worked as specialists in Syria but were now working as general physicians in Turkey had the lowest job satisfaction levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that professional status in Turkey, income, teamwork and team management were significantly associated with job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS To maintain a high level of job satisfaction in refugee healthcare workers, human resources management should consider matching job placements with training specialization and support good leadership and good teamwork. Remuneration that accounts for the cost of living and non-financial incentives could also play a significant role in job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Zikusooka
- Refugee Health Programme, WHO Country Office in Turkey, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Omur Cinar Elci
- Refugee Health Programme, WHO Country Office in Turkey, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Habibe Özdemir
- SIHHAT Project, Migrant Health Department, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
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Khan‐Gökkaya S, Mösko M. Labour Market Integration of Refugee Health Professionals in Germany: Challenges and Strategies. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/imig.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Mösko
- University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg
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Butt MF, Salmon L, Mulamehic F, Hixon A, Moodambail AR, Gupta S. Integrating Refugee Healthcare Professionals In The UK National Health Service: Experience From A Multi-Agency Collaboration. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2019; 10:891-896. [PMID: 31749645 PMCID: PMC6817709 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s213543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Refugee healthcare professionals (RHPs) may encounter several barriers to employment upon moving to the UK, such as conversion of professional qualifications and a lack of familiarity with the recruitment process. The Building Bridges Programme (BBP) is a London-based multi-agency collaboration which helps refugee healthcare professionals seek employment in the UK National Health Service (NHS). METHODS We have kept an electronic database of all RHPs who have participated in the BBP from October 2009 to March 2018. Data collected include gender, language spoken, country of initial medical qualification, immigration status, religion, ethnicity and professional work experience. In this paper, we focus on employment outcomes and determine the proportion (%) of RHPs joining the BBP who enter employment in the NHS. RESULTS Between October 2009 and March 2018, the BBP supported 372 refugee doctors, 42 refugee pharmacists, 69 refugee dentists, 25 refugee biomedical scientists, 4 refugee physiotherapists and 83 refugee nurses. The following are the results for the RHPs who settled into a registered NHS position appropriate to their (home country) professional qualifications: 98/372 (26%) doctors, 4/42 (10%), pharmacists, 17/69 (25%) dentists, 1/25 (9%) biomedical scientists, 1/4 (25%) physiotherapists and 2/83 (2%) nurses. The following are the results for the RHPs who settled in associated healthcare profession positions: 109/372 (29%) doctors, 16/42 (38%) pharmacists, 12/69 (17%) dentists, 10/25 (40%) biomedical scientists, 3/4 (75%) physiotherapists and 34/83 (41%) nurses. CONCLUSION The BBP provides a useful model that is transferable to other countries. Future studies assessing the utility of such programmes should ensure that the long-term employment outcomes of RHPs are more closely tracked. A key limitation of this paper is the absence of a control group of participants who did not join the BPP, which would help to conclusively demonstrate whether participants who joined our programme had a statistically significant improvement in employment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Faysal Butt
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, LondonE1 2AJ, UK
- Cardiology Department, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, LondonE11 1NR, UK
| | - Louise Salmon
- Refugee Assessment and Guidance Unit (RAGU), London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | | | - Avelyn Hixon
- Cardiology Department, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, LondonE11 1NR, UK
| | - Abdul Rehman Moodambail
- Paediatrics Department, Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, LondonE13 8SL, UK
| | - Sandy Gupta
- Cardiology Department, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, LondonE11 1NR, UK
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Ha S, Choi HR, Lee JK, Lee YH. Challenges Experienced By North Korean Refugee Doctors in Acquiring a Medical License in South Korea: A Qualitative Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2019; 39:112-118. [PMID: 31021969 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In general, refugee doctors encounter difficulties in regularly practicing medicine in their host countries. In particular, many barriers impede the efforts of North Korean refugee doctors (NKRDs) who have settled in South Korea to acquire a medical license in the country. This study examines the experiences and opinions of NKRDs in their attempts to acquire permission to legally practice medicine in South Korea and the opinions of South Korean experts regarding this matter. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted among 23 participants divided into 2 groups. The first group comprised 16 NKRDs recruited through snowball sampling, whereas the second group included 7 South Korean doctors experienced in operating programs assisting NKRDs in license acquisition. RESULTS All participating NKRDs perceived that they face grave difficulties at every stage of acquiring a South Korean medical license and, particularly, in gaining recognition for their educational credentials. Furthermore, South Korean experts expressed the necessity of supporting, establishing, and expanding a system in the country whereby NKRDs can acquire a medical license. DISCUSSION Strengthening and changing their clinical competency to meet South Korean standards is the best option for NKRDs to acquire a medical license. Furthermore, the study reveals that the government should eliminate the obstacles in medical license acquisition by NKRDs and support the latter in their efforts to improve and demonstrate their competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ha
- Dr. Ha: Director, The Office of Medical Research and Academic Affairs, Korea University Medical Center, and Association of Healthcare for Korean Unification. Dr. Choi: Doctor, Division of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Dr. Jong Koo Lee: Professor, JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, and Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Mr. Yo Han Lee: Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Greening J, Turner E, Rees G, Winkle C. The MRCPsych post-2015: preparing trainees and improving courses. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.114.013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThis article is aimed primarily at psychiatry trainees, MRCPsych course organisers, College tutors, educational supervisors and clinical supervisors. It describes recent changes to the MRCPsych curriculum and examinations and discusses the different approaches that educators can utilise to best help their trainees. We describe how the content of MRCPsych courses can help prepare trainees for both the written papers and the clinical assessment of skills and competencies (CASC). We discuss ways of incorporating patients and carers into course development, innovative approaches using technology to enhance learning, the role of workplace-based assessments and how international graduates may maximise their pass rate.
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Huijskens EGW, Hooshiaran A, Scherpbier A, van der Horst F. Barriers and facilitating factors in the professional careers of international medical graduates. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2010; 44:795-804. [PMID: 20633219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social and cultural diversity are increasingly important characteristics of the medical professional workforce. Every year, substantial numbers of international medical graduates (IMGs) seek jobs outside the countries in which they were educated. This article concerns IMGs who enter the Netherlands as refugees or as spouses of Dutch citizens. As their non-European medical qualifications are not considered equivalent to the Dutch qualifications, they are required to undertake additional medical training. Because little is known about their professional careers, we set out to identify the barriers that confront and the facilitating factors that support IMGs before, during and after their supplementary medical training. METHODS We invited 58 IMGs who had successfully completed their additional medical training requirements in Maastricht, the Netherlands (1996-2007) to participate in in-depth interviews. They were identified by the university's Institute of Medical Education and from its alumni database. RESULTS Thirty-two IMGs participated and reported a range of issues affecting their attempts to practise medicine in the Netherlands. Reported barriers included difficulties in accessing information on complementary medical education and lack of (financial) support. Perseverance was reported to be essential. Financial and social support were also reported as facilitating factors. Lack of command of the Dutch language and age were seen as barriers to securing employment and entrance to specialisation. CONCLUSIONS The barriers identified have major implications for IMGs wishing to practise medicine in the Netherlands. Better support to overcome the difficulties inherent in migration and career change will result in better trained and acculturated doctors who will be more motivated to contribute to society.
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Glastra F, Vedder P. Learning Strategies of Highly Educated Refugees in the Netherlands: Habitus or Calculation? INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vamos M, Watson N. Coming on board: the assessment of overseas trained psychiatrists by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Australas Psychiatry 2009; 17:38-41. [PMID: 19016365 DOI: 10.1080/10398560802469736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to investigate key concerns of overseas trained psychiatrists (OTPs) in Australia and New Zealand surrounding the assessment of their qualifications and their experience of the Fellowship examination process. METHOD A survey of OTPs progressing towards Fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) was conducted using an online survey instrument. The survey aimed to explore OTPs' views regarding the key issues encountered in their progression to Fellowship and to gauge their level of satisfaction with a range of RANZCP support initiatives. RESULTS Important areas of concern were elicited across a variety of domains, including the examination process itself, issues around immigration, and differences in professional culture and language. The message to the RANZCP was that there were still important areas of dissatisfaction relating to measures taken to address these concerns. CONCLUSIONS The authors recommend specific courses of action to address areas where more support is required, and suggest additional areas where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vamos
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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