|
1
|
Conklin DJ, Guo Y, Jagatheesan G, Kilfoil PJ, Haberzettl P, Hill BG, Baba SP, Guo L, Wetzelberger K, Obal D, Rokosh DG, Prough RA, Prabhu SD, Velayutham M, Zweier JL, Hoetker JD, Riggs DW, Srivastava S, Bolli R, Bhatnagar A. Genetic Deficiency of Glutathione S-Transferase P Increases Myocardial Sensitivity to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Circ Res 2015; 117:437-49. [PMID: 26169370 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) results in the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived unsaturated aldehydes. However, the contribution of aldehydes to myocardial I/R injury has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that removal of aldehydes by glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP) diminishes I/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS In adult male C57BL/6 mouse hearts, Gstp1/2 was the most abundant GST transcript followed by Gsta4 and Gstm4.1, and GSTP activity was a significant fraction of the total GST activity. mGstp1/2 deletion reduced total GST activity, but no compensatory increase in GSTA and GSTM or major antioxidant enzymes was observed. Genetic deficiency of GSTP did not alter cardiac function, but in comparison with hearts from wild-type mice, the hearts isolated from GSTP-null mice were more sensitive to I/R injury. Disruption of the GSTP gene also increased infarct size after coronary occlusion in situ. Ischemia significantly increased acrolein in hearts, and GSTP deficiency induced significant deficits in the metabolism of the unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein, but not in the metabolism of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal or trans-2-hexanal; on ischemia, the GSTP-null hearts accumulated more acrolein-modified proteins than wild-type hearts. GSTP deficiency did not affect I/R-induced free radical generation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, or depletion of reduced glutathione. Acrolein exposure induced a hyperpolarizing shift in INa, and acrolein-induced cell death was delayed by SN-6, a Na(+)/Ca(++) exchange inhibitor. Cardiomyocytes isolated from GSTP-null hearts were more sensitive than wild-type myocytes to acrolein-induced protein crosslinking and cell death. CONCLUSIONS GSTP protects the heart from I/R injury by facilitating the detoxification of cytotoxic aldehydes, such as acrolein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Conklin
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.).
| | - Yiru Guo
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Peter J Kilfoil
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Bradford G Hill
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Shahid P Baba
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Luping Guo
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Karin Wetzelberger
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Detlef Obal
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - D Gregg Rokosh
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Russell A Prough
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Jay L Zweier
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - J David Hoetker
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Roberto Bolli
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.J.C., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., K.W., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Institute of Molecular Cardiology (D.J.C., Y.G., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., D.O., D.G.R., S.S., R.B., A.B.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.J.C., Y.G., G.J., P.J.K., P.H., B.G.H., S.P.B., L.G., D.O., D.G.R., J.D.H., D.W.R., S.S., R.B., A.B), Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (D.O.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (P.J.K., R.A.P., A.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.D.P.); and Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (M.V., J.L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|