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Teli G, Pal R, Maji L, Sengupta S, Raghavendra NM, Matada GSP. Medicinal Chemistry Perspectives on Recent Advances in Src Kinase Inhibitors as a Potential Target for the Development of Anticancer Agents: Biological Profile, Selectivity, Structure-Activity Relationship. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300515. [PMID: 37563848 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The physiological Src proto-oncogene is a protein tyrosine kinase receptor that served as the essential signaling pathway in different types of cancer. Src kinase receptor is divided into different domains: a unique domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a protein tyrosine kinase domain, and a regulatory tail, which runs from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. Src kinase inhibitors bind in the kinase domain and are activated by phosphorylation. The etiology of cancer involved various signaling pathways and Src signaling pathways are also involved in those clusters. Although the dysregulation of Src kinase resulted in cancer being discovered in the late 19th century it is still considered a cult pathway because it is not much explored by different medicinal chemists and oncologists. The Src kinase regulated through different kinase pathways (MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT3, Hippo kinase, PEAK1, and Rho/ROCK pathways) and proceeded downstream signaling to conduct cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. There are numerous FDA-approved drugs flooded the market but still, there is a huge demand for the creation of novel anticancer drugs. As the existing drugs are accompanied by several adverse effects and drug resistance due to rapid mutation in proteins. In this review, we have elaborated about the structure and activation of Src kinase, as well as the development of Src kinase inhibitors. Our group also provided a comprehensive overview of Src inhibitors throughout the last two decades, including their biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and Src kinase selectivity. The Src binding pocket has been investigated in detail to better comprehend the interaction of Src inhibitors with amino acid residues. We have strengthened the literature with our contribution in terms of molecular docking and ADMET studies of top compounds. We hope that the current analysis will be a useful resource for researchers and provide glimpse of direction toward the design and development of more specific, selective, and potent Src kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Teli
- Integrated Drug Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Pal
- Integrated Drug Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalmohan Maji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhuja Sengupta
- Integrated Drug Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Liu T, Hu W, Dalton HJ, Choi HJ, Huang J, Kang Y, Pradeep S, Miyake T, Song JH, Wen Y, Lu C, Pecot CV, Bottsford-Miller J, Zand B, Jennings NB, Ivan C, Gallick GE, Baggerly KA, Hangauer DG, Coleman RL, Frumovitz M, Sood AK. Targeting SRC and tubulin in mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6532-43. [PMID: 24100628 PMCID: PMC3852199 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antitumor effects of targeting Src and tubulin in mucinous ovarian carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The in vitro and in vivo effects and molecular mechanisms of KX-01, which inhibits Src pathway and tubulin polymerization, were examined in mucinous ovarian cancer models. RESULTS In vitro studies using RMUG-S and RMUG-L cell lines showed that KX-01 inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle at the G2-M phase, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in the KX-01-sensitive cell line, RMUG-S. In vivo studies showed that KX-01 significantly decreased tumor burden in RMUG-S and RMUG-L mouse models relative to untreated controls, and the effects were greater when KX-01 was combined with oxaliplatin. KX-01 alone and in combination with oxaliplatin significantly inhibited tumor growth by reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in vivo. PTEN knock-in experiments in RMUG-L cells showed improved response to KX-01. Reverse phase protein array analysis showed that in addition to blocking downstream molecules of Src family kinases, KX-01 also activated acute stress-inducing molecules. CONCLUSION Our results showed that targeting both the Src pathway and tubulin with KX-01 significantly inhibited tumor growth in preclinical mucinous ovarian cancer models, suggesting that this may be a promising therapeutic approach for patients with mucinous ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heather J. Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 20001, P.R. China
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian H. Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yunfei Wen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad V. Pecot
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas B Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keith A Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David G. Hangauer
- Kinex Pharmaceuticals LLC, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Robert L. Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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A phase 2 study of KX2-391, an oral inhibitor of Src kinase and tubulin polymerization, in men with bone-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:883-92. [PMID: 23314737 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE KX2-391 is an oral non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of Src kinase and tubulin polymerization. In phase 1 trials, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines were seen in patients with advanced prostate cancer. We conducted a single-arm phase 2 study evaluating KX2-391 in men with chemotherapy-naïve bone-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS We treated 31 patients with oral KX2-391 (40 mg twice-daily) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was 24-week progression-free survival (PFS); a 50 % success rate was pre-defined as clinically significant. Secondary endpoints included PSA progression-free survival (PPFS) and PSA response rates. Exploratory outcomes included pharmacokinetic studies, circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration, and analysis of markers of bone resorption [urinary N-telopeptide (uNTx); C-telopeptide (CTx)] and formation [bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP); osteocalcin]. RESULTS The trial closed early after accrual of 31 patients, due to a pre-specified futility rule. PFS at 24 weeks was 8 %, and median PFS was 18.6 weeks. The PSA response rate (≥ 30 % decline) was 10 %, and median PPFS was 5.0 weeks. Additionally, 18 % of men with unfavorable (≥ 5) CTCs at baseline converted to favorable (<5) CTCs with treatment. The proportion of men with declines in bone turnover markers was 32 % for uNTx, 21 % for CTx, 10 % for BAP, and 25 % for osteocalcin. In pharmacokinetic studies, median C max was 61 (range 16-129) ng/mL, and median AUC was 156 (35-348) ng h/mL. Common toxicities included hepatic derangements, myelosuppression, fatigue, nausea, and constipation. CONCLUSION KX2-391 dosed at 40 mg twice-daily lacks antitumor activity in men with CRPC, but has modest effects on bone turnover markers. Because a C max of ≥142 ng/mL is required for tubulin polymerization inhibition (defined from preclinical studies), higher once-daily dosing will be used in future trials.
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Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ. Emerging therapeutic approaches in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 14:206-18. [PMID: 21577233 PMCID: PMC4124621 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although treatment options for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have improved with the recent and anticipated approvals of novel immunotherapeutic, hormonal, chemotherapeutic and bone-targeted agents, clinical benefit with these systemic therapies is transient and survival times remain unacceptably short. Thus, we devote the second section of this two-part review to discussing emerging therapeutic paradigms and research strategies that are entering phase II and III clinical testing for men with metastatic CRPC. We will discuss a range of emerging hormonal, immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, epigenetic and cell survival pathway inhibitors in current clinical trials, with an emphasis on how these therapies may complement our existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Antonarakis
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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KX-01, a novel Src kinase inhibitor directed toward the peptide substrate site, synergizes with tamoxifen in estrogen receptor α positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:391-409. [PMID: 21509526 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
KX-01 is the first clinical Src inhibitor of the novel peptidomimetic class that targets the peptide substrate site of Src providing more specificity toward Src kinase. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of KX-01 as a single agent and in combination with tamoxifen (TAM) on cell growth and apoptosis of ERα positive breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry demonstrated that KX-01 induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Immunofluorescent staining for mitotic phase markers and TUNEL staining indicated that cells had arrested in the mitotic phase and mitotic arrested cells were undergoing apoptosis. KX-01 induced nuclear accumulation of cyclin B1, and activation of CDK1, MPM2, and Cdc25C that is required for progression past the G2/M checkpoint. Apoptosis resulted from activation of caspases 6, 7, 8, and 9. Combinational index analysis revealed that combinations of KX-01 with TAM resulted in synergistic growth inhibition of breast cancer cell lines. KX-01 combined with TAM resulted in decreased ERα phosphorylation at Src-regulated phosphorylation sites serines 118 and 167 that were associated with reduced ERα transcriptional activity. Orally administered KX-01 resulted in a dose dependent growth inhibition of MCF-7 tumor xenografts, and in combination with TAM exhibited synergistic growth inhibition. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that combinational treatment reduced angiogenesis, and ERα signaling in tumors compared to either drug alone that may underlie the synergistic tumor growth inhibition. Combinations of KX-01 with endocrine therapy present a promising new strategy for clinical management of ERα positive breast cancer.
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Edwards J. Src kinase inhibitors: an emerging therapeutic treatment option for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:605-14. [PMID: 20367532 DOI: 10.1517/13543781003789388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Once prostate cancer becomes castration-resistant, bone metastases are a significant problem and treatment options are limited. As a result, there is a need for more effective therapies that have antitumor and anti-bone metastatic effects. Because Src and Src-family kinases (SFKs) are involved in multiple signaling pathways central to prostate cancer development, progression, and metastasis, in addition to normal and pathologic osteoclast activities, Src inhibition represents a valid therapeutic strategy for investigation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Here, current treatment options for advanced prostate cancer, the preclinical rationale behind using Src inhibitors, emerging data from clinical trials of Src inhibitors in prostate cancer, and future therapeutic directions are described. Data published in peer-reviewed journals within the last 20 years or presented at recent European or American Society of Clinical Oncology conferences have been reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will gain an insight into the development of therapeutic Src inhibitors, including dasatinib and saracatinib; an understanding of their effects on prostate cancer cells and the bone microenvironment; and emerging clinical data. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Src is implicated in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, therefore treatment with Src inhibitors warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Edwards
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow Western Infirmary, Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK.
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