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Najeeb HA, Sanusi T, Saldanha G, Brown K, Cooke MS, Jones GD. Redox modulation of oxidatively-induced DNA damage by ascorbate enhances both in vitro and ex-vivo DNA damage formation and cell death in melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:309-321. [PMID: 38262545 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Elevated genomic instability in cancer cells suggests a possible model-scenario for their selective killing via the therapeutic delivery of well-defined levels of further DNA damage. To examine this scenario, this study investigated the potential for redox modulation of oxidatively-induced DNA damage by ascorbate in malignant melanoma (MM) cancer cells, to selectively enhance both DNA damage and MM cell killing. DNA damage was assessed by Comet and ɣH2AX assays, intracellular oxidising species by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, a key antioxidant enzymatic defence by assessment of catalase activity and cell survival was determined by clonogenic assay. Comet revealed that MM cells had higher endogenous DNA damage levels than normal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells); this correlated MM cells having higher intracellular oxidising species and lower catalase activity, and ranked with MM cell melanin pigmentation. Comet also showed MM cells more sensitive towards the DNA damaging effects of exogenous H2O2, and that ascorbate further enhanced this H2O2-induced damage in MM cells; again, with MM cell sensitivity to induced damage ranking with degree of cell pigmentation. Furthermore, cell survival data indicated that ascorbate enhanced H2O2-induced clonogenic cell death selectively in MM cells whilst protecting HaCaT cells. Finally, we show that ascorbate serves to enhance the oxidising effects of the MM therapeutic drug Elesclomol in both established MM cells in vitro and primary cell cultures ex vivo. Together, these results suggest that ascorbate selectively enhances DNA damage and cell-killing in MM cells. This raises the option of incorporating ascorbate into clinical oxidative therapies to treat MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishyar A Najeeb
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Timi Sanusi
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Gerald Saldanha
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
| | - Karen Brown
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, USA.
| | - George Dd Jones
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, UK.
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Tarin M, Babaie M, Eshghi H, Matin MM, Saljooghi AS. Elesclomol, a copper-transporting therapeutic agent targeting mitochondria: from discovery to its novel applications. J Transl Med 2023; 21:745. [PMID: 37864163 PMCID: PMC10589935 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential element that is involved in a variety of biochemical processes. Both deficiency and accumulation of Cu are associated with various diseases; and a high amount of accumulated Cu in cells can be fatal. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, and cuproptosis are among the proposed mechanisms of copper toxicity at high concentrations. Elesclomol (ELC) is a mitochondrion-targeting agent discovered for the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the synthesis of this drug, its mechanisms of action, and the current status of its applications in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, tuberculosis, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and other copper-associated disorders. We also provide some detailed information about future directions to improve its clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Tarin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Babaie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sh. Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Mehnert JM, Kluger HM. Driver mutations in melanoma: lessons learned from bench-to-bedside studies. Curr Oncol Rep 2013; 14:449-57. [PMID: 22723080 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-012-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of somatic driver mutations in human samples has allowed for the development of a molecular classification for melanoma. Recent breakthroughs in the treatment of metastatic melanoma have arisen as a result of these significant new insights into the molecular biology of the disease, particularly the development of inhibitors of activating BRAF(V600E) mutations. In this article the roles of several mutations known to be involved in the malignant transformation of melanocytes are reviewed including BRAF, PTEN, NRAS, ckit, and p16 as well as some of the emerging mutations in cutaneous and uveal melanoma. The bench to bedside collaborations that resulted in these discoveries are summarized, and potential therapeutic strategies to target driver mutations in specific patient subsets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Mehnert
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Rm 5543, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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DeConti RC, Algazi AP, Andrews S, Urbas P, Born O, Stoeckigt D, Floren L, Hwang J, Weber J, Sondak VK, Daud AI. Phase II trial of sagopilone, a novel epothilone analog in metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1548-53. [PMID: 20924376 PMCID: PMC2990578 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sagopilone is a novel fully synthetic epothilone with promising preclinical activity and a favourable toxicity profile in phase I testing. METHODS A phase II pharmacokinetic and efficacy trial was conducted in patients with metastatic melanoma. Patients had measurable disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-2, adequate haematological, and organ function, with up to 2 previous chemotherapy and any previous immunotherapy regimens. Sagopilone, 16 mg m⁻², was administered intravenously over 3 h every 21 days until progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS Thirty-five patients were treated. Sagopilone showed multi-exponential kinetics with a mean terminal half-life of 64 h and a volume of distribution of 4361 l m⁻² indicating extensive tissue/tubulin binding. Only grade 2 or lower toxicity was observed: these included sensory neuropathy (66%), leukopenia (46%), fatigue (34%), and neutropenia (31%). The objective response rate was 11.4% (one confirmed complete response, two confirmed partial responses, and one unconfirmed partial response). Stable disease for at least 12 weeks was seen in an additional eight patients (clinical benefit rate 36.4%). CONCLUSION Sagopilone was well tolerated with mild haematological toxicity and sensory neuropathy. Unlike other epothilones, it shows activity against melanoma even in pretreated patients. Further clinical testing is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C DeConti
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - A P Algazi
- University of California, San Francisco, MTZ-A741, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - S Andrews
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - P Urbas
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - O Born
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics – Bioanalytics, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Müllerstr, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Stoeckigt
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics – Bioanalytics, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Müllerstr, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Floren
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics – Bioanalytics, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Müllerstr, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Hwang
- University of California, San Francisco, MTZ-A741, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Weber
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - V K Sondak
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - A I Daud
- University of California, San Francisco, MTZ-A741, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Weber JS, Samlowski WE, Gonzalez R, Ribas A, Stephenson J, O'Day S, Sato T, Dorr R, Grenier K, Hersh E. A phase 1-2 study of imexon plus dacarbazine in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. Cancer 2010; 116:3683-91. [PMID: 20564083 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imexon (Amplimexon) is an aziridine compound that increases reactive oxygen species, disrupts mitochondrial membranes, and induces apoptosis. Preclinical studies showed activity against melanoma cell lines and models in mice, and synergy with dacarbazine. The authors evaluated standard doses of dacarbazine combined with increasing doses of imexon to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. METHODS Sixty-eight chemotherapy-naive melanoma patients (1 inoperable stage III and 67 stage IV) were treated with dacarbazine (250 mg/m2) and imexon (570-1300 mg/m2), both daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. RESULTS There were 18 patients in the phase 1, and 50 in the phase 2 component of the study. The MTD of imexon with dacarbazine was 1000 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicities were pulmonary edema and hepatorenal failure. At the MTD, therapy was well tolerated. The most common toxicities (any grade) were vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, fever, and constipation. Among 68 patients, there were 7 treatment-related serious adverse events. Partial response and stable disease rates were 5.9% and 25% for all subjects and 2% and 30% for the phase 2 patients, respectively. Median progression-free and overall survival of all patients were 2.0 and 11.7 months and 2 and 7.5 months for the phase 2 patients, respectively. Overall survival of the 31 patients with normal lactate dehydrogenase levels was >22.5 months. Pharmacokinetics of both drugs were similar to previous reports. CONCLUSIONS Imexon plus dacarbazine was well tolerated. The survival data suggest further evaluation in a randomized phase 2 study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Weber
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Hoyt MT, Palchaudhuri R, Hergenrother PJ. Cribrostatin 6 induces death in cancer cells through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:562-73. [PMID: 20169400 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cribrostatin 6 is a quinone-containing natural product that induces the death of cancer cell lines in culture, and its mechanism of action and scope of activity are unknown. Here we show that cribrostatin 6 has broad anticancer activity, potently inducing apoptotic cell death that is not preceded by any defined cell cycle arrest. Consistent with this data, we find that cribrostatin 6 treated cells have large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, based on transcript profiling experiments and other data, this ROS generation is likely the primary mechanism by which cribrostatin 6 induces apoptosis. Given the success of certain ROS producers as anticancer agents, cribrostatin 6 has potential as a novel chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirth T Hoyt
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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